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Encyclopedia > Backmasking
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Hidden messages

Subliminal messages Image File history File links Gnome-speakernotes. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... A hidden message is information that is not immediately noticeable, and that must be discovered or uncovered and interpreted before it can be known. ... A subliminal message is a signal or message embedded in another object, designed to pass below the normal limits of perception. ...

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Backmasking (also known incorrectly as backward masking)[1] is a recording technique in which a sound or message is recorded backwards onto a track that is meant to be played forwards. Backmasking is a deliberate process, whereas a message found through phonetic reversal may be unintentional. This article is about the theory of reversed messages in normal speech. ... Numerology is any of many systems, traditions or beliefs in a mystical or esoteric relationship between numbers and physical objects or living things. ... Theomatics is a numerological study of the Greek and Hebrew text of the Christian Bible, based upon gematria and isopsephia, that its proponents assert demonstrates the direct intervention of God in the writing of Christian scripture. ... For the book that publicized the codes, see The Bible Code (book). ... The German Lorenz cipher machine, used in World War II for encryption of very high-level general staff messages Cryptography (or cryptology; derived from Greek κρυπτός kryptós hidden, and the verb γράφω gráfo write or λεγειν legein to speak) is the study of message secrecy. ... An animation of a rotationally symmetric ambigram for the word ambigram A mirror-image ambigram for the word Wiki A rotational ambigram for the word Wikipedia A 3-Dimensional ambigram of the letters A, B and C. A rotational ambigram for the word Vegas Gödel, Escher, Bach cover An... Fnord is the typographic representation of disinformation or irrelevant information intending to misdirect, with the implication of a conspiracy. ... The term pareidolia (pronounced or ), first used in 1994 by Steven Goldstein,[1] describes a psychological phenomenon involving a vague and random stimulus (often an image or sound) being perceived as significant. ... Psychorama (or The Precon Process) is the act of communicating subliminal information through film—flashing images on the screen so quickly that they cannot be perceived by the conscious mind, but nonetheless leaving an unconscious imprint on the viewer. ... The Parthenons facade showing an interpretation of golden rectangles in its proportions. ... Steganography is the art and science of writing hidden messages in such a way that no one apart from the intended recipient knows of the existence of the message; this is in contrast to cryptography, where the existence of the message itself is not disguised, but the content is obscured. ... Apophenia is the experience of seeing patterns or connections in random or meaningless data. ... The clustering illusion is the natural human tendency to see patterns where actually none exist. ... The observer-expectancy effect, in science, is a cognitive bias that occurs in science when a researcher expects a given result and therefore unconsciously manipulates an experiment or misinterprets data in order to find it. ... Pattern recognition is a field within the area of machine learning. ... This article does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Backward masking has several meanings: In psychoacoustics, it refers to temporal masking of quiet sounds that occur moments before a louder sound. ... “Sound recorder” redirects here. ... Phonetic reversal is the process of reversing the phonemes of a word or phrase. ...


Backmasking was popularized by The Beatles, who used backward vocals and instrumentation on their 1966 album Revolver.[2] Artists have since used backmasking for artistic, comedic, and satiric effect, on both analog and digital recordings. The technique has also been used to censor words or phrases for "clean" releases of songs. The White Album, see The Beatles (album). ... The Beatles U.S. chronology Alternate cover Cover of the original 1966 U.S. LP Back cover Back cover of the original 1966 UK LP. The main photo was edited in separate parts for the booklet of the 1988 Compact Disc release. ...


Backmasking has been a controversial topic in the United States since the 1980s, when allegations from Christian groups of its use for Satanic purposes were made against prominent rock musicians, leading to record-burning protests and proposed anti-backmasking legislation by state and federal governments. Whether backmasked messages exist and whether backmasking has been employed to enlist the aid of the supernatural are in debate, as is whether backmasking can be used subliminally to affect listeners. For other uses, see Rock music (disambiguation). ...

Contents

History

Development

In 1877 Thomas Edison invented the phonograph, a device that allowed sound to be recorded and reproduced on a rotating cylinder with a stylus (or "needle") attached to a diaphragm mounted at the narrow end of a horn. Emile Berliner invented the familiar lateral-cut disc phonograph record in 1888. His design overtook the Edison phonograph in the 1920s, since Berliner's patent expired in 1918, and others were then free to exploit his invention. “Edison” redirects here. ... “Tonearm” redirects here. ... Sound is a disturbance of mechanical energy that propagates through matter as a wave. ... “Sound recorder” redirects here. ... Modern stylus, used for touch-screen enabled devices such as the Nintendo DS and personal digital assistants Styli used in writing in the Fourteenth Century. ... Emile Berliner with disc record gramophone. ... It has been suggested that Childrens gramophone records be merged into this article or section. ...


In addition to recreating recorded sounds by placing the stylus on the cylinder or disc and rotating it in the same direction as during the recording, one could hear different sounds by rotating the cylinder or disc backwards.[3] In 1878 Edison noted that, when played backwards, "the song is still melodious in many cases, and some of the strains are sweet and novel, but altogether different from the song reproduced in the right way".[4] The backwards playing of records was advised as training for magicians by occultist Aleister Crowley, who suggested in his 1913 book Magick (Book 4) that an adept "train himself to think backwards by external means", one of which was to "listen to phonograph records, reversed."[5] Aleister Crowley, born Edward Alexander Crowley, (12 October 1875 – 1 December 1947; the surname is pronounced // i. ... Cover of Magick, Liber ABA, Book 4 by Aleister Crowley. ... The adept masters the highest of esoterical knowledge. ...

Tape recorders allowed backward recording in recording studios.
Tape recorders allowed backward recording in recording studios.

The 1950s saw the development of musique concrète, an avant-garde form of electronic music which involves editing together fragments of natural and industrial sounds, and the concurrent spread of the use of tape recorders in recording studios.[6] These two trends led to tape music compositions, composed on tape using techniques including reverse tape effects.[7] Download high resolution version (800x790, 72 KB)Image of a reel-to-reel recorder, taken by myself. ... Download high resolution version (800x790, 72 KB)Image of a reel-to-reel recorder, taken by myself. ... Sony reel-to-reel tape recorder. ... A recording studio is a facility for sound recording. ... Musique concrète (French; literally, concrete music), is a style of avant-garde music that relies on natural environmental sounds and other non-musical noises to create music. ... A work similar to Marcel Duchamps Fountain Avant garde (written avant-garde) is a French phrase, one of many French phrases used by English speakers. ... For other uses, see Electronic music (disambiguation). ... In Music, Audio editing is the process of taking recorded sound and changing it directly on the recording medium. ... Sony reel-to-reel tape recorder. ... A recording studio is a facility for sound recording. ... Compact audio cassette Magnetic tape is a non-volatile storage medium consisting of a magnetic coating on a thin plastic strip. ... Reverse tape effects are special effects created by recording sound onto magnetic tape and then physically reversing the tape so that when the tape is played back, the sounds recorded on it are literally heard in reverse. ...


The Beatles, who incorporated the techniques of concrète into their recordings, were responsible for popularizing the concept of backmasking.[2] Singer John Lennon and producer George Martin both claim they discovered the backward recording technique during the recording of 1966's Revolver; specifically the album tracks "Tomorrow Never Knows" and "I'm Only Sleeping," and the single "Rain".[8] Lennon stated that, while under the influence of marijuana, he accidentally played the tapes for "Rain" in reverse, and enjoyed the sound. The following day he shared the results with the other Beatles, and the effect was used first in the guitar solo for "Tomorrow Never Knows", and later in the coda of "Rain".[9][10] According to Martin, the band had been experimenting with changing the speeds of and reversing the "Tomorrow Never Knows" tapes, and Martin got the idea of reversing Lennon's vocals and guitar, which he did with a clip from "Rain". Lennon then liked the effect and kept it.[11][12] Regardless, "Rain" was the first song to feature a backmasked message: "Sunshine … Rain … When the rain comes, they run and hide their heads" (listen ( info); the last line is the reversed first verse of the song).[13] The White Album, see The Beatles (album). ... John Winston Ono Lennon, MBE (October 9, 1940 – December 8, 1980), (born John Winston Lennon, known as John Ono Lennon) was an iconic English 20th century rock and roll songwriter and singer, best known as the founding member of The Beatles. ... For other uses, see George Martin (disambiguation). ... The Beatles U.S. chronology Alternate cover Cover of the original 1966 U.S. LP Back cover Back cover of the original 1966 UK LP. The main photo was edited in separate parts for the booklet of the 1988 Compact Disc release. ... Tomorrow Never Knows is the final track of The Beatles 1966 studio album Revolver, but it was the first to be recorded for the album. ... Im Only Sleeping is a song by The Beatles that appeared on their studio album Revolver (in the US on the Yesterday and Today album). ... Rain is a song by The Beatles, first released in 1966. ... Cannabis (also known as marijuana[1] or ganja[2] in its herbal form and hashish in its resinous form[3]) is a psychoactive product of the plant Cannabis sativa L. subsp. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Image File history File links Rain_backwards. ...


Rumors

The Beatles were involved in the spread of backmasking both as a recording technique and as the center of a controversy. The latter has its roots in an event in 1969, when WKNR-FM DJ Russell Gibb received a phone call from a student at Eastern Michigan University who identified himself as "Tom". The caller asked Gibb about a rumor that Beatle Paul McCartney had died, and claimed that the Beatles song "Revolution 9" contained a backward message confirming the rumor. Gibb played the song backwards on his turntable, and heard "Turn me on, dead man … turn me on, dead man … turn me on, dead man…" (listen ( info)).[14] Gibb began telling his listeners about what he called "The Great Cover-up",[15] and to the original clue were added various others, including the alleged backmasked message "Paul is a dead man, miss him, miss him, miss him", in "I'm So Tired".[14] The "Paul is dead" rumor popularized the idea of backmasking in popular music.[2] For the Wikipedia policy regarding controversial issues in articles, see Wikipedia:Guidelines for controversial articles. ... WNIC is an American adult contemporary radio station based in Detroit, Michigan broadcasting at 100. ... The Paul Is Dead rumor started with a series of events in the 1960s that led fans of the popular rock band The Beatles to believe that bassist Paul McCartney was actually dead and replaced with a look-alike. ... Eastern Michigan University is a comprehensive, co-educational public university located in Ypsilanti, Michigan. ... Sir James Paul McCartney, MBE (born 18 June 1942) is an English singer, songwriter and multi-instrumentalist who first gained worldwide fame as one of the founding members of The Beatles. ... Revolution 9 is an experimental recording which appeared on the Beatles 1968 self-titled LP release (known as the White Album). ... Image File history File links Revolution_9_backwards. ... Im So Tired is a Beatles song from the double-disc album The Beatles (also known as The White Album). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Popular music is music belonging to any of a number of musical styles that are accessible to the general public and are disseminated by one or more of the mass media. ...


Following Gibb's show, many more songs were found to contain audible phrases when reversed. Initially, the search was done mostly by fans of rock music, but in the late 1970s,[16] during the rise of the Christian right in the United States,[17] fundamentalist Christian groups began to claim that backmasked messages could bypass the conscious mind and reach the subconscious, where they would be unknowingly accepted by the listener.[18] In 1981, Christian DJ Michael Mills began stating on Christian radio programs that Led Zeppelin's "Stairway to Heaven" contained hidden messages that were heard by the subconscious.[19] In early 1982, the Praise the Lord Network's Paul Crouch hosted a show with self-described neuroscientist William Yarroll, who argued that rock stars were cooperating with the Church of Satan to place hidden subliminal messages on records.[20] Also in 1982, fundamentalist Christian pastor Gary Greenwald held public lectures on dangers of backmasking, along with at least one mass record-smashing.[21] During the same year, thirty North Carolina teenagers, led by their pastor, claimed that singers had been possessed by Satan, who used their voices to create backward messages, and held a record-burning at their church.[22] For other uses, see Rock music (disambiguation). ... Topics in Christianity Movements · Denominations · Other religions Ecumenism · Preaching · Prayer Music · Liturgy · Calendar Symbols · Art · Criticism Important figures Apostle Paul · Church Fathers Constantine · Athanasius · Augustine Anselm · Aquinas · Palamas · Luther Calvin · Wesley Arius · Marcion of Sinope Archbishop of Canterbury · Catholic Pope Coptic Pope · Ecumenical Patriarch Christianity Portal This box:      The term... Fundamentalist Christianity is a fundamentalist movement, especially within American Protestantism. ... Consciousness is a quality of the mind generally regarded to comprise qualities such as subjectivity, self-awareness, sentience, sapience, and the ability to perceive the relationship between oneself and ones environment. ... See also: Unconscious mind. ... For the bands 1969 self-titled debut album, see Led Zeppelin (album). ... Stairway to Heaven is a popular rock song by the English rock group Led Zeppelin, composed by guitarist Jimmy Page and vocalist Robert Plant, and recorded on their fourth studio album, (Led Zeppelin IV). ... PTL (stands for Praise The Lord or People that Love or Pass the Loot or Pay the Lady) was a conservative religious group and TV network. ... Paul F. Crouch (born March 29, 1934) is the co-founder, chairman, and president of the Trinity Broadcasting Network (TBN), the worlds largest Christian television network. ... Satanism Associated organizations The Church of Satan First Satanic Church Prominent figures Anton LaVey | Blanche Barton | Peter H. Gilmore | Peggy Nadramia | Karla LaVey Associated concepts Left-Hand Path | Pentagonal Revisionism | Suitheism | Survival of the fittest | Might is Right Books and publications The Satanic Bible | The Satanic Rituals | The Satanic Witch...


Allegations of demonic backmasking were also made by social psychologists, parents, and critics of rock music,[23] as well as the Parents Music Resource Center (formed in 1985),[24] which accused Led Zeppelin of using backmasking to promote Satanism.[25] On 1982-04-28's CBS Evening News, Dan Rather discussed the finding of possible backmasked messages, and played reversed sections of songs by Led Zeppelin, Electric Light Orchestra and Styx.[26] The scope of social psychological research. ... The Parents Music Resource Center (PMRC) was an American committee formed in 1985 by four women: Tipper Gore, wife of Senator and later Vice President Al Gore; Susan Baker, wife of Treasury Secretary James Baker; Pam Howar, wife of Washington realtor Raymond Howar; and Sally Nevius, wife of Washington City... Year 1982 (MCMLXXXII) was a common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 118th day of the year (119th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... CBS Evening News is the flagship nightly television news program of the American television network CBS. The network has broadcast this program since 1948, and has used the CBS Evening News title since 1963. ... Daniel Irvin Rather, Jr. ... “ELO” redirects here. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...


Legislation

One result of the furor was the firing of five radio DJs who had encouraged listeners to search for backward messages in their record collections.[27] A more serious consequence was legislation by the state governments of Arkansas and California. The 1983 California bill was introduced to prevent backmasking that "can manipulate our behavior without our knowledge or consent and turn us into disciples of the Antichrist".[28] Involved in the discussion on the bill was a California State Assembly Consumer Protection and Toxic Materials Committee hearing, during which "Stairway to Heaven" was played backwards, and William Yaroll testified.[29] The successful bill made the distribution of records with undeclared backmasking an invasion of privacy for which the distributor could be sued.[21] The Arkansas law passed unanimously in 1983, referenced albums by The Beatles, Pink Floyd, Electric Light Orchestra, Queen and Styx,[17] and mandated that records with backmasking include a warning sticker: "Warning: This record contains backward masking which may be perceptible at a subliminal level when the record is played forward." However, the bill was returned to the state senate by Governor Bill Clinton and defeated.[21] House Resolution 6363, introduced in 1982 by Representative Bob Dornan, proposed mandating a similar label;[30] the bill was referred to the Subcommittee on Commerce, Transportation and Tourism and was never passed.[31] Government action was also called for in the legislatures of Texas and Canada.[21] Official language(s) English Capital Little Rock Largest city Little Rock Largest metro area Little Rock Metropolitan Area Area  Ranked 29th  - Total 53,179 sq mi (137,002 km²)  - Width 239 miles (385 km)  - Length 261 miles (420 km)  - % water 2. ... Official language(s) English Capital Sacramento Largest city Los Angeles Largest metro area Greater Los Angeles Area  Ranked 3rd  - Total 158,302 sq mi (410,000 km²)  - Width 250 miles (400 km)  - Length 770 miles (1,240 km)  - % water 4. ... The California State Assembly chamber California State Assembly Chamber in the State Capitol The California State Assembly is the lower house of the California State Legislature. ... The White Album, see The Beatles (album). ... Pink Floyd are an English rock band that initially earned recognition for their psychedelic rock music, and, as they evolved, for their avant-garde progressive rock music. ... William Jefferson Bill Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III[1] on August 19, 1946) was the 42nd President of the United States, serving from 1993 to 2001. ... Robert Kenneth Bob Dornan (born April 3, 1933) is a Republican and former member of the United States House of Representatives from California and a vocal pro-life advocate. ...

The compact disc made finding backward messages difficult, causing interest in backmasking to decline.
The compact disc made finding backward messages difficult, causing interest in backmasking to decline.

With the advent of compact discs in the 1980s, but prior to the advent of sound editing technology for personal computers in the 1990s, it became more difficult to listen to recordings backwards, and the controversy died down.[23] An image of a compact disc - Pencil included for scale Picture taken by me on March 21, 2004 Released here under the GFDL File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... An image of a compact disc - Pencil included for scale Picture taken by me on March 21, 2004 Released here under the GFDL File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... A compact disc or CD is an optical disc used to store digital data, originally developed for storing digital audio. ... A compact disc or CD is an optical disc used to store digital data, originally developed for storing digital audio. ...


Resurgence

Though the backmasking controversy peaked in the 1980s, the general belief in subliminal manipulation became more widespread in the United States during the following decade,[32] with belief in Satanic backmasking on records persisting into the 1990s.[33] At the same time, the development of sound editing software with audio reversal features simplified the process of reversing audio,[23] which previously could only be done with full fidelity using a professional tape recorder.[18] The Sound Recorder utility, included with all versions of Microsoft Windows following the introduction of Windows 95, allows one-click audio reversal,[34] as does popular open source sound editing software Audacity.[35] Following the growth of the Internet, backmasked message searchers used such software to create websites featuring backward music samples, which became a widely-used method of exploring backmasking in popular music.[23] A digital audio editor is a computer application for audio editing, i. ... Sound Recorder is an audio recording program included in Microsoft Windows. ... Windows redirects here. ... Windows 95 is a consumer-oriented graphical user interface-based operating system. ... Open source refers to projects that are open to the public and which draw on other projects that are freely available to the general public. ... This article is about the audio software. ...


Use

See also: List of backmasked messages
The switch to digital audio made recording backmasked messages quicker and easier.
The switch to digital audio made recording backmasked messages quicker and easier.

Backmasking has been used as a recording technique since the 1960s. In the era of magnetic tape sound recording, backmasking required that the source reel-to-reel tape actually be played backwards, which was achieved by first being wound onto the original takeup reel, then reversing the reels so as to use that reel as the source (this would reverse the stereo channels as well). Digital audio recording has greatly simplified the process.[36] The following is an incomplete list of backmasked messages in music. ... Image File history File links Digital. ... Image File history File links Digital. ... Digital audio comprises audio signals stored in a digital format. ... “Sound recorder” redirects here. ... Magnetic tape has been used for sound recording for more than 75 years. ... A reel-to-reel tape recorder (Sony TC-630), typical of those which were once common audiophile objects. ... Digital audio comprises audio signals stored in a digital format. ...


Backmasked words are unintelligible noise when played forward, but when played backwards are clear speech.[22] Listening to backmasked audio with most turntables requires disengaging the drive and rotating the album by hand in reverse[37] (though some can play records backwards[18]). With magnetic tape, the tape must be reversed and spliced back in to the cassette.[37] Compact discs were difficult to reverse when first introduced, but digital audio editors, which were first introduced in the late 1980s and became popular during the next decade,[38] allow easy reversal of audio from digital sources.[23] “Tonearm” redirects here. ... Compact audio cassette Magnetic tape is a non-volatile storage medium consisting of a magnetic coating on a thin plastic strip. ... A compact disc or CD is an optical disc used to store digital data, originally developed for storing digital audio. ... A digital audio editor is a computer application for audio editing, i. ...


Satanic backmasking

Although the Satanic backmasking controversy involved mainly classic rock songs whose authors denied any intent to promote Satanism, backmasking has been used by heavy metal bands to insert Satanic messages in their lyrics or imagery. Still, the majority of bands that use Satanic imagery have not been shown to be Satanists, and many bands have utilized Satanic imagery solely for commercial reasons.[39] For example, thrash metal band Slayer included at the start of the band's 1985 album Hell Awaits a deep backmasked voice chanting "Join Us" over and over at increasing volumes (listen ( info)).[40][41][42] However, Slayer vocalist Tom Araya states that the band's use of Satanic imagery was "solely for effect".[43] Cradle of Filth, another band that has employed Satanic imagery, released a song entitled "Dinner at Deviant's Palace", consisting almost entirely of ambient sounds and a reversed reading of the Lord's Prayer[44] (a backwards reading of the Lord's Prayer is reportedly a major part of the Black Mass).[19][45] For the magazine, see Classic Rock (magazine). ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... “Heavy metal” redirects here. ... Thrash metal is a subgenre of heavy metal music, one of the extreme metal subgenres that is characterised by its signature high speed and aggression. ... For other uses, see Slayer (disambiguation). ... Hell Awaits (1985) was the second full-length album by Slayer, released through Metal Blade Records. ... Image File history File links Hell_Awaits_backwards. ... Tom Araya (born Tomás Enrique Araya June 6, 1961 in Valparaíso, Chile) is the bassist and lead vocalist of the American thrash metal band Slayer. ... Cradle of Filth is a heavy metal band formed in Suffolk, England in 1991. ... The Sermon on the Mount by Carl Heinrich Bloch. ... // the people of hte black mass religion should ill go worship god insted. ...


Aesthetic use

Backmasking is often used for aesthetic purposes, i.e., to enhance the meaning or sound of a track.[46] During the Judas Priest subliminal message trial, lead singer Rob Halford admitted to recording the words "In the dead of the night, love bites" backwards into the track "Love Bites", from the 1984 album Defenders of the Faith. Asked why he recorded the message, Halford stated that "When you're composing songs, you're always looking for new ideas, new sounds."[47] For other uses, see Judas priest (curse). ... Robert John Arthur Halford (born August 25, 1951) is an English singer and songwriter, best known as the lead vocalist for the heavy metal band Judas Priest. ... Defenders of the Faith is the 10th album by British heavy metal band Judas Priest. ...


A well-known example of a hidden message is recorded backwards into Pink Floyd's 1979 song "Empty Spaces": "…congratulations. You've just discovered the secret message. Please send your answer to Old Pink, care of the funny farm, Chalfont." (voice in background) "Roger! Carolyn is on the phone!"[48] This line may refer to former lead singer Syd Barrett, who is thought to have suffered a nervous breakdown years earlier.[48] Pink Floyd are an English rock band that initially earned recognition for their psychedelic rock music, and, as they evolved, for their avant-garde progressive rock music. ... Empty Spaces is a song by the British progressive rock band Pink Floyd. ... Funny farm is a slang term for a psychiatric hospital. ... The name Chalfont could refer to: The Chalfonts - A group of three villages (Chalfont St Giles, Chalfont St Peter and Little Chalfont) in Buckinghamshire, England. ... Roger Keith Syd Barrett (6 January 1946 – 7 July 2006) was an English singer, songwriter, guitarist, and artist. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...


One backmasking technique is to reverse an earlier part of a song. Missy Elliott used this technique in one of her songs, "Work It",[49] as did Jay Chou ("You Can Hear", from Ye Hui Mei),[50] At the Drive-In ("300 MHz", from Vaya),[51] and Lacuna Coil ("Self Deception", from Comalies).[52] A related technique is to reverse an entire instrumental track. John Lennon originally wanted to do so with "Rain", but objections by producer George Martin and bandmate Paul McCartney cut the backward section to 30 seconds.[9] The Stone Roses have made heavy use of this technique in songs including "Don't Stop",[53] "Guernica", and "Simone",[54] which are all backwards versions of other Stone Roses tracks, sometimes overdubbed with new vocals. Melissa Arnette Elliott (born July 1, 1971 in Portsmouth, Virginia), better known as Missy Elliott, is an American rapper, singer, songwriter, MC, and record producer. ... Work It is a hip hop song written by American rapper/singer Missy Elliott and her producer Tim Timbaland Mosley for Elliotts critically acclaimed fourth studio album Under Construction (2002). ... Jay Chou (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: Zhōu Jiélún; Wade-Giles: Chou Chieh-lun; Pe̍h-ōe-jÄ«: Chiu Kia̍t-lûn), born 18 January 1979, is a World Music Award-winning Taiwanese musician, singer, and producer. ... Ye Hui Mei (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is the 4th album by the Taiwanese R&B and Rap artist (and composer) mega star, Jay Chou, and was first released on July 31, 2003. ... At the Drive-In was an American band from El Paso, Texas that existed from 1993 to 2001. ... Most experimental release by At The Drive-In, released 1999. ... Lacuna Coil is an alternative metal/gothic metal band from Milan, Italy. ... Comalies is an album by the Gothic metal band Lacuna Coil originally released October 8, 2002 on Century Media. ... John Winston Ono Lennon, MBE (October 9, 1940 – December 8, 1980), (born John Winston Lennon, known as John Ono Lennon) was an iconic English 20th century rock and roll songwriter and singer, best known as the founding member of The Beatles. ... Rain is a song by The Beatles, first released in 1966. ... For other uses, see George Martin (disambiguation). ... Sir James Paul McCartney, MBE (born 18 June 1942) is an English singer, songwriter and multi-instrumentalist who first gained worldwide fame as one of the founding members of The Beatles. ... The Stone Roses were an influential English rock band from Manchester formed in 1984. ...


Artists often use backmasking of sounds or instrumental audio to produce interesting sound effects.[36][55] One such sound effect is the reverse echo. When done on tape, such use of backmasking is known as reverse tape effects. One example is Matthew Sweet's 1999 album In Reverse, which includes reversed guitar parts which were played directly onto a tape running in reverse.[56] For live concerts, the guitar parts were played live on stage using a backward emulator.[57] Reverse echo or reverb is a slightly unusual sound effect created as the result of recording an echo or delayed signal of an audio recording whilst being played backwards. ... Reverse tape effects are special effects created by recording sound onto magnetic tape and then physically reversing the tape so that when the tape is played back, the sounds recorded on it are literally heard in reverse. ... Sidney Matthew Sweet (born c. ... In Reverse is the seventh album by alternative rock musician Matthew Sweet. ...


Humorous and parody messages

The manual for the popular sound program SoX pokes fun at subliminal messages. The description of the "reverse" option says "Included for finding Satanic subliminals."

A common use of backmasking is hiding a comedic or parodical message backwards in a song. The B-side of the 1966 Napoleon XIV single "They're Coming to Take Me Away Ha-Haaa!" is a reversed version of the entire forwards record, entitled "!aaaH-aH ,yawA eM ekaT oT gnimoC er'yehT". It reached #3 in the US charts, and #4 in the UK.[58] Image File history File links A screenshot of the man page for the SoX program, which includes a joke about backward messages. ... Image File history File links A screenshot of the man page for the SoX program, which includes a joke about backward messages. ... Sound eXchange, abbreviated SoX, is a free digital audio editor which is licensed under the GPL and distributed by Chris Bagwell through Sourceforge. ... In recorded music, the terms A-side and B-side refer to the two sides of 7 inch vinyl records on which singles have been released since the 1950s. ... Napoleon XIV was the pseudonym of record producer Jerry Samuels (b 1938 New York City) who had moderate success with the song Theyre Coming to Take Me Away Ha-Haaa!, released in 1966 (reaching #4 on the UK Singles Chart that year). ... Theyre Coming To Take Me Away, Ha-Haaa! is a hit 1966 novelty song by Napoleon XIV (aka Jerry Samuels). ...


"Weird Al" Yankovic included in "Nature Trail to Hell", from 1984s "Weird Al" Yankovic in 3-D, a backmasked voice which declares that "Satan eats Cheez Whiz" (listen ( info)).[23] Another early example can be found on the J. Geils Band track "No Anchovies, Please", from 1980s album Love Stinks. The message, disguised as a foreign-sounding language spoken under the narration, is, "It doesn't take a genius to tell the difference between chicken shit and chicken salad."[18] This article is about the musician himself. ... Nature Trail to Hell is an original song by Weird Al Yankovic. ... Singles from In 3-D Released: February 28, 1984 Released: April 1984 Released: June 4, 1984 Weird Al Yankovic In 3-D, sometimes referred to simply as In 3-D, is the second album by Weird Al Yankovic, released in 1984. ... Country of origin United States Region, town Source of milk Cow Pasteurised Yes Texture thick, viscous liquid Aging time n/a Certification Cheez Whiz is a thick processed cheese sauce or spread introduced by Kraft Foods in 1952. ... Image File history File links Nature_Trail_To_Hell_backwards. ... The J. Geils Band was an American music group formed 1967 in Worcester, Massachusetts that had a successful blues-rock/R&B-influenced sound in the 1970s, before moving towards a more pop-influenced sound in the 1980s, which brought them MTV airplay and their 1982 international hit single Centerfold... Love Stinks is an episode of the animated television show Tiny Toon Adventures. ...

Styx, after being accused of Satanic backmasking, included an actual backmasked message in Kilroy Was Here: "Annuit Cœptis, Novus Ordo Seclorum".

Electric Light Orchestra and Styx, following their involvement in the 1980s backmasking controversy, released songs that parody the allegations made against them. ELO, after being accused of Satanic backmasking on their 1974 album Eldorado, included backmasked messages in two songs on their next album, 1975's Face The Music.[59] "Down Home Town" begins with a voice twice repeating (in reverse) "Pass the mighty waterfall".[60] And the opening instrumental "Fire On High" contains the backmasked message "The music is reversible, but time is not. Turn back! Turn back! Turn back!" (listen ( info)).[61] In 1983 ELO released an entire album, Secret Messages, in response to the controversy.[62] Among the many backmasked messages on the album are: "Welcome to the big show" (2x);[18] "Thank you for listening"; "Look out there's danger ahead"; "Hup two three four"; "Time After Time"; and "You're playing me backwards".[60] Styx also released an album in response to allegations of Satanic backmasking:[63] 1983's Kilroy Was Here, which deals with an allegorical group called the "Majority for Musical Morality" that outlaws rock music.[17] A sticker on the album cover contains the message, "By order of the Majority for Musical Morality, this album contains secret backward messages", and the song "Heavy Metal Poisoning" does in fact contain the backmasked Latin words "Annuit Cœptis, Novus Ordo Seclorum" ("God has favored our undertakings; a new order for the ages")—part of the Great Seal which encircles the pyramid on the back of the American dollar bill.[30] Download high resolution version (643x648, 568 KB)The Great Seal of the United States, reverse side. ... Download high resolution version (643x648, 568 KB)The Great Seal of the United States, reverse side. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Kilroy Was Here is a rock opera/concept album by the rock band Styx. ... Insert non-formatted text here Reverse side of the Great Seal of the United States Annuit CÅ“ptis (sometimes misspelled Daniel, due to unfamiliarity with conventional Latin spelling) is one of two mottos (the other being Novus Ordo Seclorum) on the reverse side of the Great Seal of the United... Reverse side of the Great Seal of the United States The phrase Novus Ordo Seclorum (Latin for New Order of the Ages) appears on the reverse of the Great Seal of the United States, first designed in 1782 and printed on the back of the American dollar bill since 1935. ... “ELO” redirects here. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Eldorado is a 1974 concept album by the Electric Light Orchestra. ... Back cover Face the Music is an album by Electric Light Orchestra. ... Fire On High is a haunting instrumental song with a disturbing intro by Electric Light Orchestra from their 1975 album Face the Music. ... Image File history File links Elofireonhighreverce. ... Secret Messages is an album by Electric Light Orchestra. ... Kilroy Was Here is a rock opera/concept album by the rock band Styx. ... Latin was the language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ... Insert non-formatted text here Reverse side of the Great Seal of the United States Annuit CÅ“ptis (sometimes misspelled Daniel, due to unfamiliarity with conventional Latin spelling) is one of two mottos (the other being Novus Ordo Seclorum) on the reverse side of the Great Seal of the United... Reverse side of the Great Seal of the United States The phrase Novus Ordo Seclorum (Latin for New Order of the Ages) appears on the reverse of the Great Seal of the United States, first designed in 1782 and printed on the back of the American dollar bill since 1935. ... Obverse The Great Seal of the United States is used to authenticate certain documents issued by the United States government. ... For the US one-dollar coin, see United States dollar coin. ...


Iron Maiden's 1983 album Piece of Mind features a short backwards message, included by the band in response to allegations of Satanism that were surrounding them at the time.[64] Between the songs "The Trooper" and "Still Life" is inebriated drummer Nicko McBrain doing an impression of Idi Amin Dada: "'What ho', sed de t'ing wid de t'ree bonce [said the thing with the three heads]. Don't meddle wid t'ings you don't understand," followed by a belch.[65] This article is about the band. ... Piece of Mind is the fourth studio album by British heavy metal band Iron Maiden. ... The Number of the Beast (2005) The Trooper (live) (2005) The Reincarnation of Benjamin Breeg (2006) The Trooper is a song written by Iron Maiden bass player Steve Harris. ... Michael Henry McBrain (born June 5, 1952 in Hackney, London, England) is the drummer for heavy metal band Iron Maiden. ... Idi Amin Dada (mid-1920s[1]–16 August 2003) was an army officer and president of Uganda. ... The process of burping, also known as a belching or eructation, is an often audible release through the mouth of gas that has accumulated in the stomach or esophagus. ...


Some messages chastise or poke fun at the listener who is playing the song backwards. One such message was included by "Weird Al" Yankovic in "I Remember Larry", from the 1996 album Bad Hair Day, on which Yankovic lightly chastises the listener with the backmasked remark, "Wow, you must have an awful lot of free time on your hands" (listen ( info)).[66] Similarly, the B-52's song "Detour Through your Mind", from the 1986 LP Bouncing off the Satellites, contains the message, "I buried my parakeet in the backyard. Oh no, you're playing the record backwards. Watch out, you might ruin your needle."[67] Meanwhile, Christian rock group Petra included in their song "Judas Kiss", from 1982s More Power To Ya, the message, "What are you looking for the devil for, when you ought to be looking for the Lord?"[18] It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Bad Hair Day. ... Singles from Bad Hair Day Released: March 12, 1996 Released: May 7, 1996 Released: November 26, 1996 Bad Hair Day is the ninth album by Weird Al Yankovic, released in 1996. ... Image File history File links I_Remember_Larry_backwards. ... The B-52s are a New Wave rock band formed in Athens, Georgia, an important center of alternative rock. ... Bouncing off the Satellites is the fourth studio album by New Wave band The B-52s, released in 1986. ... Christian rock (occasionally abbreviated CR) is a form of rock music played by bands whose members are Christian and who often focus the lyrics on matters concerned with the Christian faith. ... Petra, which means rock, massive in Greek, is a Christian Rock band formed in the 1970s. ... Judas Kiss is a crime thriller noted for the strong involvement of woman in the production of the film. ... More Power To Ya is the fifth studio release of the legendary Christian Rock band, Petra. ...


Critical or explicit messages

Frank Zappa used backmasking to avoid censorship.

Backmasking has also been used to record statements perhaps too critical or explicit to be used forwards. Frank Zappa used backmasking to avoid censorship of the track "Hot Poop", from We're only in it for the Money (1968). The released version contains at the end of its side "A" the backmasked message "Better look around before you say you don't care. / Shut your f...ing mouth 'bout the length of my hair. / How would you survive / If you were alive / shitty little person?" . This profanity-laced verse, originally from the song "Mother People", was censored by Verve Records, so Zappa edited the verse out, reversed it, and inserted it elsewhere in the album as "Hot Poop" (though even in the backward message the word "fucking" is censored).[68] Another example is found in Roger Waters' 1991 album Amused to Death, on which Waters recorded a backward message, possibly critical of film director Stanley Kubrick, who had refused to let Waters sample a breathing sound from 2001: A Space Odyssey.[69] The message appears in the song "Perfect Sense Part 1", in which Waters' backmasked voice says, "Julia, however, in light and visions of the issues of Stanley, we have changed our minds. We have decided to include a backward message, Stanley, for you and all the other book burners."[70] Image File history File links Zappa. ... Image File history File links Zappa. ... Frank Vincent Zappa[1] (December 21, 1940 – December 4, 1993) was an American composer, musician, and film director. ... Hot Poop is a piece by Frank Zappa and The Mothers of Invention from the 1968 album Were Only in It for the Money. ... The Mothers of Invention chronology Alternate cover Zappas intended cover was changed to this portion of the inside sleeve. ... George Roger Waters (born September 6, 1943) is an English rock musician; singer, guitarist, bassist, songwriter, and composer. ... Amused to Death is a solo album by former Pink Floyd member Roger Waters, released in 1992 (see 1992 in music). ... “Kubrick” redirects here. ...


Censorship

A further use of backmasking is to censor words and phrases deemed inappropriate on radio edits and "clean" album releases.[71] For example, The Fugees' clean version of the album The Score contains various backmasked profanities;[71] thus, when playing the album backwards, the censored words are clearly audible among the backward gibberish.[72] When used with the word "shit", this type of backmasking results in a sound similar to "ish". As a result, "ish" became a euphemism for "shit".[73] For other uses, see Censor. ... A radio edit is a remix of a musical performance to make it more suitable for broadcast to the general public via radio. ... The Fugees are a critically acclaimed music band from the United States, popular during the mid-1990s, whose repertoire includes primarily hip hop, with elements of soul, and Caribbean music (particularly reggae). ... The Score is a 1996 album released by The Fugees. ... Look up Profanity in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Euphemism is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant to the listener; or in the case of doublespeak, to make it less troublesome for the speaker. ...


Accusations

Artists who have been accused of backmasking include Led Zeppelin, The Beatles, Pink Floyd, Electric Light Orchestra, Queen, Styx, AC/DC, Judas Priest, The Eagles,[74] The Rolling Stones,[74] Jefferson Starship,[30] Black Oak Arkansas,[30] Rush,[75] Britney Spears,[76] and Eminem.[23] For the bands 1969 self-titled debut album, see Led Zeppelin (album). ... The White Album, see The Beatles (album). ... Pink Floyd are an English rock band that initially earned recognition for their psychedelic rock music, and, as they evolved, for their avant-garde progressive rock music. ... “ELO” redirects here. ... Queen are an English rock band formed in 1970 in London by guitarist Brian May, singer Freddie Mercury and drummer Roger Taylor, with bassist John Deacon joining the following year. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... This article is about about the band. ... For other uses, see Judas priest (curse). ... The Eagles are an American rock music group that originally came together in Los Angeles, California in the early 1970s. ... “Rolling Stones” redirects here. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Black Oak Arkansas, 1972 Black Oak Arkansas is an American Southern rock band named after the bands hometown of Black Oak, Arkansas. ... Rush is a Canadian rock band comprising bassist, keyboardist, and lead vocalist Geddy Lee, guitarist Alex Lifeson, and drummer and lyricist Neil Peart. ... Britney Jean Spears (born December 2, 1981) is a Grammy Award-winning[1] American pop singer, dancer, actress, author and songwriter. ... Marshall Bruce Mathers III (born October 17, 1972), better known as Eminem or Slim Shady, is a Grammy and Academy Award-winning American rapper, record producer and actor from the Detroit, Michigan area. ...


Electric Light Orchestra was accused of hiding a backward Satanic message in their 1974 album Eldorado. The title track, "Eldorado", was said to contain the message "He is the nasty one / Christ, you're infernal / It is said we're dead men / Everyone who has the mark will live."[30] ELO singer and songwriter Jeff Lynne responded by calling this accusation (and the related charge of being "devil-worshippers") "skcollob",[62] and stating that the message "is absolutely manufactured by whoever said, 'That's what it said.' It doesn't say anything of the sort."[77] The group included several backward messages in later albums in response to the accusations. “ELO” redirects here. ... Eldorado is a 1974 concept album by the Electric Light Orchestra. ... Eldorado is the title track from the 1974 album of the same name by the Electric Light Orchestra. ... Jeff Lynne (born December 30, 1947) is a Grammy Award-winning English rock songwriter, singer, guitarist and record producer. ... Look up bollocks in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...


In 1981, Styx was accused of putting the backward message "Satan move through our voices" (listen ( info)) on the song "Snowblind", from Paradise Theatre.[17] Guitarist James Young called these charges "rubbish",[78] and responded, "If we want to make a statement, we'll do it in a way that people can understand us and not in a way where you have to go out and buy a $400 tape player to understand us."[63] In 1983, the band released a concept album, Kilroy Was Here, satirizing the Moral Majority. This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ... Image File history File links Snowblind_backwards. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Paradise Theatre is a concept album released by the rock band Styx in January 1981 (see 1981 in music). ... James J.Y. Young (born 14 November 1949, on the South Side of Chicago, Illinois) is a guitarist and member of the rock band, Styx. ... Kilroy Was Here is a rock opera/concept album by the rock band Styx. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...


A well-known alleged message is found in rock group Led Zeppelin's 1971 song "Stairway to Heaven". The backwards playing of a portion of the song purportedly results in words beginning with "Here's to my sweet Satan" (listen ( info)).[79] But Swan Song Records issued a statement to the contrary: "Our turntables only play in one direction—forwards".[19] And Led Zeppelin vocalist Robert Plant denied the accusations in an interview: "To me it's very sad, because 'Stairway To Heaven' was written with every best intention, and as far as reversing tapes and putting messages on the end, that's not my idea of making music."[80] Another widely-known alleged message, "It's fun to smoke marijuana", in Queen's song "Another One Bites the Dust", is similarly disclaimed by the group's spokesperson.[23] For the bands 1969 self-titled debut album, see Led Zeppelin (album). ... Stairway to Heaven is a popular rock song by the English rock group Led Zeppelin, composed by guitarist Jimmy Page and vocalist Robert Plant, and recorded on their fourth studio album, (Led Zeppelin IV). ... Image File history File links STH_reverse. ... Swan Song Records was a record label launched by Led Zeppelin on May 10, 1974. ... Robert Anthony Plant (born August 20, 1948, West Bromwich, West Midlands, England) is an English rock singer and songwriter, most famous for his membership in the rock band Led Zeppelin, but also for his successful solo career. ... Queen are an English rock band formed in 1970 in London by guitarist Brian May, singer Freddie Mercury and drummer Roger Taylor, with bassist John Deacon joining the following year. ... Another One Bites the Dust is a 1980 funk/rock song from the English rock band Queen, written by bassist John Deacon and was a worldwide crossover hit (hitting number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, hitting #2 on the R&B charts, and the Disco Top 100). ...


Subliminal persuasion

Further information: Subliminal message

Accusations have been made by various groups that backmasking can be used to create subliminal messages. A subliminal message is a signal or message embedded in another object, designed to pass below the normal limits of perception. ... A subliminal message is a signal or message embedded in another object, designed to pass below the normal limits of perception. ...


Fundamentalist Christian groups

Various fundamentalist Christian groups have declared that Satan—or Satan-influenced musicians—use backmasked messages to subliminally alter behavior. Pastor Gary Greenwald claimed that subliminal messages backmasked into rock music induce listeners towards sex and drug use.[81] Minister Jacob Aranza wrote in his 1982 book Backward Masking Unmasked that rock groups "are using backmasking to convey satanic and drug related messages to the subconscious."[82] Christian DJ Michael Mills argued in 1981 that "the subconscious mind is being successfully affected by the repetition of beat and lyrics—being affected through a subliminal message."[83] Mills has toured the country warning Christian parents about subliminal messages in rock music.[21] Fundamentalist Christianity is a fundamentalist movement, especially within American Protestantism. ... For other uses, see Rock music (disambiguation). ...


Some Christian websites have claimed that backmasking is widely used for Satanic purposes.[22] The web page for Alabama group Dial-the-Truth Ministries argues for the existence of Satanic backmasking in "Stairway to Heaven", saying that the song contains the backward message, "It's my sweet Satan … Oh I will sing because I live with Satan."[84] The website of Australian group Bible Believers quotes from Jacob Aranza's Backward Masking Unmasked regarding William Yarroll's proposed physiology of the mechanism by which messages in music reach the subconscious: Dial-the-Truth Ministries is a controversial online website alleging Christian rock music to be a tool of Satan, based in Pinson, Alabama, USA. The website archives extensive articles asserting that such popular Christian artists as DC Talk and Jars of Clay are actually under the influence of Satan. ... Stairway to Heaven is a popular rock song by the English rock group Led Zeppelin, composed by guitarist Jimmy Page and vocalist Robert Plant, and recorded on their fourth studio album, (Led Zeppelin IV). ...

[A]t the base of the brain there is a "check valve", the Reticular Activating System. Based on prior programmed values, emotional responses, and our conditioning, a message will be accepted or rejected … If this interpretive process fails to match the message to the logical, conscious brain hemisphere, it is passed on into the next hemisphere for further evaluation. If the left conscious brain can find no known matching information, the creative right takes over the decoding process. As the right hemisphere mirrors the strange message … the message is acknowledged and stored.

The Bible Believers website also quotes from a 1983 Psychology Today issue in which a Dr. Silverman writes that "the perception of stimuli too weak to be consciously recognized … is a real phenomenon that has been demonstrated beyond any reasonable doubt."[85]


PMRC

In 1985, Dr. Joe Stuessy testified to the United States Congress at the Parents Music Resource Center hearings that: Type Bicameral Houses Senate House of Representatives President of the Senate President pro tempore Dick Cheney, (R) since January 20, 2001 Robert C. Byrd, (D) since January 4, 2007 Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi, (D) since January 4, 2007 Members 535 plus 4 Delegates and 1 Resident Commissioner Political... The Parents Music Resource Center (PMRC) was an American committee formed in 1985 by four women: Tipper Gore, wife of Senator and later Vice President Al Gore; Susan Baker, wife of Treasury Secretary James Baker; Pam Howar, wife of Washington realtor Raymond Howar; and Sally Nevius, wife of Washington City...

The message [of a piece of heavy metal music] may also be covert or subliminal. Sometimes subaudible tracks are mixed in underneath other, louder tracks. These are heard by the subconscious but not the conscious mind. Sometimes the messages are audible but are backward, called backmasking. There is disagreement among experts regarding the effectiveness of subliminals. We need more research on that.[86]

Stuessy's written testimony stated that:

Some messages are presented to the listener backwards. While listening to a normal forward message (often somewhat nonsensical), one is simultaneously being treated to a backwards message (in other words, the lyric sounds like one set of words going forward, and a different set of words going backwards). Some experts believe that while the conscious mind is absorbing the forward lyric, the subconscious is working overtime to decipher the backwards message.[86]

Court cases

Serial killer Richard Ramirez, on trial in 1988, stated that AC/DC's music, and specifically the song "Night Prowler" on Highway to Hell, inspired him to commit murder.[84] Reverse speech advocate David John Oates claimed that Highway to Hell, on the same album, contains backmasked messages including "I'm the law", "my name is Lucifer", and "she belongs in hell".[87] AC/DC's Angus Young responded that "you didn't need to play [the album] backwards, because we never hid [the messages]. We'd call an album Highway To Hell, there it was right in front of them."[88] This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This article is about about the band. ... Night Prowler is the final song on the album Highway to Hell by AC/DC. Additionally, it is the final song recorded with original frontman Bon Scott, before his tragic passing in 1980. ... Alternate cover Australian cover Highway to Hell is the sixth studio album by Australian hard rock band AC/DC, released in July 1979. ... This article is about the theory of reversed messages in normal speech. ... David John Oates is perhaps the leading proponent of Reverse speech. ... Highway to Hell is a song by AC/DC, the opening track of their 1979 album Highway to Hell and the twelfth track on AC/DC Live. ... Angus McKinnon Young, born on 31 March 1955, in Glasgow, Scotland) is a guitarist and songwriter who has been the lead guitarist of Australian hard rock band AC/DC since the group was formed in 1973. ...


In 1990, British heavy metal band Judas Priest was sued over a suicide pact made by two Nevada schoolboys. The lawsuit by their families claimed that the 1978 Judas Priest album Stained Class contained hidden messages, including the forward subliminal words "Do it" in the song "Better By You, Better Than Me" , and various backward subliminal messages. The case was dismissed by the judge for insufficient evidence of Judas Priest's placement of subliminal messages on the record,[89] and the judge's ruling stated that "The scientific research presented does not establish that subliminal stimuli, even if perceived, may precipitate conduct of this magnitude. There exist other factors which explain the conduct of the deceased independent of the subliminal stimuli."[90] Judas Priest members commented that if they wanted to insert subliminal commands in their music, messages leading to the deaths of their fans would be counterproductive, and they would prefer to insert the command "Buy more of our records."[91] “Heavy metal” redirects here. ... For other uses, see Judas priest (curse). ... A suicide pact describes the suicides of two or more individuals in an agreed-upon plan. ... Official language(s) English Capital Carson City Largest city Las Vegas Area  Ranked 7th  - Total 110,567 sq mi (286,367 km²)  - Width 322 miles (519 km)  - Length 490 miles (788 km)  - % water 0. ... Stained Class is the fourth album by the British heavy metal group Judas Priest, released in 1978. ...


Skepticism

Skeptic Michael Shermer claims that the emergence of the Paul is dead phenomenon, including the alleged message at the end of "I'm So Tired", was caused by faulty perception of a pattern. Shermer argues that the human brain evolved with a strong pattern recognition ability that was necessary to process the large amount of noise in man's environment, but that today this ability leads to false positives.[92] Stanford University psychology professor Brian Wandell postulates that the observance of backward messages is a mistake arising from this pattern recognition facility, and argues that subliminal persuasion theories are "bizarre" and "implausible."[37] Rumors of backmasking in popular music have been described as auditory pareidolia.[93] James Walker, president of Christian research group Watchman Fellowship, states that "You could take a Christian hymn, and if you played it backwards long enough at different speeds, you could make that hymn say anything you want to"; Led Zeppelin publicist BP Fallon concurs, saying that "Play anything backwards, and you'll find something." Eric Borgos of audio reversal website talkbackwards.com[94] states that "Mathematically, if you listen long enough, eventually you'll find a pattern",[23] while Jeff Milner of popular backmasking site jeffmilner.com[79] recounts, "Most people, when I show them the site, say that they’re not able to hear anything, until, of course, I show them the reverse lyrics."[95] This article is about the psychological term. ... Michael Shermer Michael Shermer (born September 8, 1954 in Glendale, California) is a science writer, historian of science, founder of The Skeptics Society, and editor of its magazine Skeptic, which is largely devoted to investigating and debunking pseudoscientific and supernatural claims. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Im So Tired is a Beatles song from the double-disc album The Beatles (also known as The White Album). ... Pattern recognition is a field within the area of machine learning. ... For the Irish mythological figure, see Naoise. ... A false positive, also called false alarm, exists when a test reports, incorrectly, that it has found a signal where none exists in reality. ... “Stanford” redirects here. ... The term pareidolia (pronounced or ), first used in 1994 by Steven Goldstein,[1] describes a psychological phenomenon involving a vague and random stimulus (often an image or sound) being perceived as significant. ... An editor has expressed a concern that the subject of the article does not satisfy the notability guideline for Biographies. ...


Audio engineer Evan Olcott claims that messages by artists including Queen and Led Zeppelin are coincidental phonetic reversals, in which the spoken or sung phonemes form new combinations of words when listened to backwards.[11] Olcott states that "Actually engineering or planning a phonetic reversal is next to impossible, and even more difficult when trying to design it with words that fit into a song."[24] Phonetic reversal is the process of reversing the phonemes of a word or phrase. ... In human language, a phoneme is the theoretical representation of a sound. ...


In 1985, psychologists John Vokey and J. Don Read conducted a study using Psalm 23 from the Bible, Queen's "Another One Bites the Dust", and other sound passages made up for the experiment. Vokey and Read concluded that if backmasking does exist, it is ineffective. Participants had trouble noticing backmasked phrases when the samples were played forwards, were unable to judge the types of messages (Christian, Satanic, or commercial), and were not led to behave in a certain way as a result of being exposed to the backmasked phrases. Vokey concluded that "we could find no effect of the meaning of engineered, backward messages on listeners’ behaviour, either consciously or unconsciously."[96] Similar results to Vokey and Read's were obtained by D. Averill in 1982.[97] A 1988 experiment by T.E. Moore found "no evidence that listeners were influenced, consciously or unconsciously, by the content of the backward messages."[32] In 1992, an experiment found that exposure to backward messages did not lead to significant changes in attitude.[98] Psychology professor Mark D. Allen says that "delivering subliminal messages via backward masking is totally and ridiculously impossible".[99] The theme of this psalm casts God in the role of protector and provider. ... This Gutenberg Bible is displayed by the United States Library. ... Queen are an English rock band formed in 1970 in London by guitarist Brian May, singer Freddie Mercury and drummer Roger Taylor, with bassist John Deacon joining the following year. ... Another One Bites the Dust is a 1980 funk/rock song from the English rock band Queen, written by bassist John Deacon and was a worldwide crossover hit (hitting number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, hitting #2 on the R&B charts, and the Disco Top 100). ...


The finding of backward Satanic messages has been explained as caused by the observer-expectancy effect. The Skeptic's Dictionary states that "you probably won't hear [backmasked] messages until somebody first points them out to you. Perception is influenced by expectation and expectation is affected by what others prime you for."[100] In 1984, S. B. Thorne and P. Himelstein found that "when vague and unfamiliar stimuli are presented, [test subjects] are highly likely to accept suggestions, particularly when the suggestions are presented by someone with prestige and authority."[101] Vokey and Read concluded from their 1985 experiment that "the apparent presence of backward messages in popular music is a function more of active construction on the part of the perceiver than of the existence of the messages themselves."[21] The observer-expectancy effect, in science, is a cognitive bias that occurs in science when a researcher expects a given result and therefore unconsciously manipulates an experiment or misinterprets data in order to find it. ... The Skeptics Dictionary is a web site with a collection of cross-referenced skeptical essays by Robert Todd Carroll, PhD. It primarily exposes claims that its editors consider pseudoscientific (sometimes in a pseudoskeptical fashion though). ...


See also

The following is an incomplete list of backmasked messages in music. ... Phonetic reversal is the process of reversing the phonemes of a word or phrase. ... This article is about the theory of reversed messages in normal speech. ... A subliminal message is a signal or message embedded in another object, designed to pass below the normal limits of perception. ...

References

Notes

  1. ^ Backward(s) masking has two other meanings; see backward masking. See also Crispen, Bob. Backward Masking … another pious fraud. The Crispen Family. Retrieved on 2006-09-01.
  2. ^ a b c Sullivan, Mark (October 1987). "'More Popular Than Jesus': The Beatles and the Religious Far Right". Popular Music 6 (3): 313-326. 
  3. ^ Kittler, Friedrick. The Gramaphone. Adventures in CyberSound. Australian Centre for the Moving Image. Retrieved on 2007-03-01.
  4. ^ Blecha, 48
  5. ^ Crowley, Aleister [1913] (1997). Magick (Book 4). Weiser, 648. ISBN 0877289190. 
  6. ^ White, Ray. Musique Concrète. myweb.tiscali.co.uk/whitefiles/. Retrieved on 2007-03-11.
  7. ^ Peters, Michael. The Birth of Loop: A Short History of Looping Music. loopers-delight.com. Retrieved on 2007-03-10.
  8. ^ Mugan, Chris. "Subliminal advertising: The voice within", The Independent, 2006-10-13. Retrieved on 2007-03-10. 
  9. ^ a b Stevens, John (2002). The Songs of John Lennon: The Beatles Years. Berklee Press, 149, 155-156. ISBN 0634017950. 
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Angus McKinnon Young, born on 31 March 1955, in Glasgow, Scotland) is a guitarist and songwriter who has been the lead guitarist of Australian hard rock band AC/DC since the group was formed in 1973. ... Malcolm Mitchell Young, born January 6, 1953 in Glasgow, Scotland, is a founding member of, rhythm guitarist, backing vocalist and co-songwriter for the Australian hard rock band, AC/DC. Though his younger brother Angus is the more visible of the brothers, Malcolm has been described as the business and... Mojo is a popular music magazine published monthly in the United Kingdom. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 76th day of the year (77th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... February 28 is the 59th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 156th day of the year (157th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 26th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 110th day of the year (111th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1982 (MCMLXXXII) was a common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar). ... is the 255th day of the year (256th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 105th day of the year (106th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 60th day of the year (61st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Robert Todd Carroll (1945-), Ph. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 362nd day of the year (363rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Skeptics Dictionary is a web site with a collection of cross-referenced skeptical essays by Robert Todd Carroll, PhD. It primarily exposes claims that its editors consider pseudoscientific (sometimes in a pseudoskeptical fashion though). ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era. ... is the 108th day of the year (109th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Bibliography

  • Blecha, Peter (2004). Taboo Tunes: A History of Banned Bands and Censored Songs. Backbeat Books. ISBN 0879307297. 
  • Denisoff, R. Serge (1988). Inside MTV. Transaction. ISBN 0887388647. 
  • Patterson, R. Gary (2004). Take a Walk on the Dark Side: Rock and Roll Myths, Legends, and Curses. Fireside. ISBN 0743244230. 
  • Poundstone, William (1983). "Secret Messages on Records", Big Secrets. New York City: William Morrow and Company. ISBN 0-688-04830-7.  Chapter also available with commentary by Malinda McCall.
  • Poundstone, William (1986). "Backward Messages on Records", Bigger Secrets. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0395453976. 
  • Vokey, John R. (2002). "Subliminal Messages", Psychological Sketches (PDF), 6th edition, Lethbridge, Alberta: Psyence Ink, 223–246. Retrieved on 2006-07-05. 
  • Zusne, Leonard; Warren H. Jones (1989). Anomalistic Psychology: A Study of Magical Thinking. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 78. ISBN 0805805087. 

William Poundstone is an American author, columnist, and skeptic. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ... William Poundstone is an American author, columnist, and skeptic. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 186th day of the year (187th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

  • Jeff Milner's Backmasking Page—a Flash player with forward and backward versions of songs claimed to contain backmasking; the focus of the Wall Street Journal article
  • Backmask Flash—flash clips of possible backmasked messages from Albino Blacksheep
  • TalkBackwards.com—allows uploaded music to be reversed
  • Hidden and Satanic Messages In Rock Music—1981 radio interview with Michael Mills

  Results from FactBites:
 
Backmask Online - Your Backmasking Source (346 words)
Backmasking is the art of hiding messages in audio by dubbing backwards messages into a recording.
From this, bands even started to make backmasked messages that were meant to mock bands that put serious backmasked messages in their songs.
When backmasked messages were found in a couple Beatles songs, fans believed them to be true and the rumors were spread throughout the world.
Backmasking - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (2603 words)
Their volunteers had trouble even noticing the backmasked phrase when the tape was played forward, were unable to judge the type of message (whether it was Christian, Satanic, or commercial) it contained, and were not led to behave in any certain way as a result of being "exposed" to the backmasked phrase.
Backmasking was used by Frank Zappa in his earliest albums to avoid censorship.
Backmasking is often used to censor words and phrases deemed as inappropriate on radio edits and edited album releases.
  More results at FactBites »


 

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