Neo-Kantianism means a revived or modified type of philosophy along the lines of that laid down by Immanuel Kant in the eighteenth century. It has some more specific reference in later German philosophy. There are two notable groupings: the Baden School of Wilhelm Windelband, Heinrich Rickert and Emil Lask; and the somewhat later Marburg School of Hermann Cohen, Ernst Cassirer and Paul Natorp.

It has been observed that philosophy of a generally Kantian persuasion is a hardy perennial. While the concerns of neo-Kantians vary widely, many attempts in particular to go back to before Hegel's influence must reckon with Kant. The traffic is two-way, with the other style of observation that once arrived at Kant, Hegel is not far behind. Therefore the classification cannot be be considered stable beyond all questioning.