Bagan

Bagan
Burmese:	ပုဂံမ္ရုိ့
- IPA	[bəgàn mjoṵ]
- MLCTS	pu. gam mrui.
Admin. division:	Mandalay Division
Area:	km²
Population:
Coordinates:	21°10'19.59"N, 94°51'36.71"E
Mayor:
Demographics
Ethnicities:	Bamar
Religions:	Buddhism

Bagan (Burmese: ပုဂံမ္ရုိ့; MLCTS: pu. gam mrui.), formerly Pagan, formally titled Arimaddanapura (the City of the Enemy Crusher) and also known as Tambadipa (the Land of Copper) or Tassadessa (the Parched Land), was the ancient capital of several ancient kingdoms in Myanmar. It is located in the dry central plains of the country, on the eastern bank of the Ayeyarwady River, 145 kilometres (90 miles) southwest of Mandalay. Image File history File links Myanmar-outline-map. ... Image File history File links Red_pog. ... For information on how to read IPA transcriptions of English words see here. ... This article or section uses Burmese characters which may be rendered incorrectly. ... Mandalay Division is an administrative division of Myanmar. ... The Bamar (Burmese: ; MLCTS: ; IPA: , also called Burman), are the dominant ethnic group of Myanmar, constituting approximately 68% (30,000,000) of the population. ... Buddhism is a dharmic, non-theistic religion, a philosophy, and a life-enhancing system of psychology. ... This article or section uses Burmese characters which may be rendered incorrectly. ... Places where monarchies maintain rule appear in blue. ... The Ayeyarwady River or Irrawaddy River (Burmese: ; MLCTS: ) is a river that flows through Burma (Myanmar). ... Mandalay (Burmese: ) is the second largest city in Myanmar (formerly Burma) with a population of 927,000 (2005 census), agglomeration 2,5 million. ...

UNESCO has unsuccessfully tried to designate Bagan as a World Heritage Site. The military junta (SPDC) has haphazardly restored ancient stupas, temples and buildings, ignoring original architectural styles and using modern materials that bear no resemblance to the original designs. Likewise, the junta has established a golf course, a paved highway, and is about to open a 61-metre (200-ft) watchtower in the southeastern suburb of Minnanthu. ^[1] UNESCO logo UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established in 1945. ... A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a specific site (such as a forest, mountain, lake, desert, monument, building, complex, or city) that has been nominated and confirmed for inclusion on the list maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, composed of 21 State... State Peace and Development Council is the official name of the government of Myanmar (formerly known as Burma). ... A stupa A stupa (from the Sanskrit) is a type of Buddhist structure found across the Indian subcontinent and Asia. ... This article is about the sport of golf. ...

Architectural styles

The religious buildings of Bagan are often reminiscent of popular architectural styles in the period of their constructions. The most common types are:

• Stupa with a relic-shaped dome
• Stupa with tomb-shaped dome
• Sinhalese-styled stupa
• North Indian model
• Central Indian model
• South Indian model
• Mon model

This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... The Mon (Burmese: ) are an ethnic group in Southeast Asia. ...

History

Main article: Pagan Kingdom

The ruins of Bagan cover an area of 16 square miles. The majority of its buildings were built in the 1000s to 1200s, during the time Bagan was the capital of the First Burmese Empire. It was not until King Pyinbya moved the capital to Bagan in 874 A.D that it became a major city. However, in Burmese tradition, the capital shifted with each reign, and thus Bagan was once again abandoned until the reign of Anawrahta. In 1057, King Anawrahta conquered the Mon capital of Thaton, and brought back the Tripitaka Pali scriptures, Buddhist monks and craftsmen and all of these were made good use of in order to transform Bagan into a religious and cultural centre. With the help of a monk from Lower Burma, Anawrahta made Theravada Buddhism a kind of state religion, and the king also established contacts with Sri Lanka. In the 12th and 13th centuries, Bagan became a truly cosmopolitan centre of Buddhist studies, attracting monks and students from as far as India, Sri Lanka as well as the Thai and and Khmer kingdoms. In 1287, the kingdom fell to the Mongols, after refusing to pay tribute to Kublai Khan. Abandoned by the Burmese king and perhaps sacked by the Mongols, the city declined as a political centre, but continued to florish as a place of Buddhist scholarship. To the north another group of people, the Burmese began infiltrating the area as well. ... Events Sweyn I of Denmark invades England. ... Centuries: 12th century - 13th century - 14th century Decades: 1150s 1160s 1170s 1180s 1190s - 1200s - 1210s 1220s 1230s 1240s 1250s Years: 1200 1201 1202 1203 1204 1205 1206 1207 1208 1209 Events and Trends 1200 University of Paris receives charter from Philip II of France 1202-1204 Fourth Crusade - diverted to... Events March 13 - The bones of Saint Nicephorus are interred in the Church of the Apostles, Constantinople. ... Anawrahta (reigned 1044-1077), also spelled Aniruddha or Anoarahtâ or Anoa-ra-htá-soa, was a ruler of the kingdom of Bagan and the first ruler of a unified Burma. ... Events King Macbeth I of Scotland is killed in battle against Malcolm Canmore. ... Anawrahta (reigned 1044-1077), also spelled Aniruddha or Anoarahtâ or Anoa-ra-htá-soa, was a ruler of the kingdom of Bagan and the first ruler of a unified Burma. ... Thaton is a town in Mon State, in southern Myanmar on the Tenasserim plains. ... The Tripitaka (Sanskrit, lit. ... Pali may refer to: Pāli, a Middle Indo-Aryan language Pali, Rajasthan, a town and district in Rajasthan, western India Pali, a Hawaiian word, meaning cliffs Nuuanu Pali, a region on the Hawaiian island of Oahu Ballaleshwar Pali, the Ganapati temple of pali and place in Maharastra This is... Theravada (Pali; Sanskrit: Sthaviravada) is one of the eighteen (or twenty) Nikāya schools that formed early in the history of Buddhism. ... Khmer can refer to, the: Khmer people, the ethnic group to which the great majority of Cambodians belong to Khmer language Khmer script Khmer Empire, which ruled much of Indochina from the 9th to the 13th centuries. ... For broader historical context, see 1280s and 13th century. ... Mongols (Mongolian: Монгол Mongol, Turkish: MoÄŸollar) are an ethnic group that originated in what is now Mongolia, Russia, and China or more specifically on the Central Asian plateau north of the Gobi desert and south of Siberia. ... Qubilai Khan, Qubilai Khan or the last of the Great Khans (September 23, 1215 - February 18, 1294) (Mongolian: Хубилай хаан, Chinese: ; pinyin: ), was a Mongol military leader. ...

^† Although Anawrahta is accounted for the founding of Bagan, Thamudarit is listed as the "traditional" founder of Bagan in The Glass Palace Chronicle (Hmannan Yazawin). Anawrahta (reigned 1044-1077), also spelled Aniruddha or Anoarahtâ or Anoa-ra-htá-soa, was a ruler of the kingdom of Bagan and the first ruler of a unified Burma. ... King Kyanzittha (Burmese: ; MLCTS: ; IPA: ) was king of Bagan from 1084 to 1113. ... // Winter resort Uzana (Bulgarian - Узана) in Bulgaria is located at the foot of Ispolin peak (1524 m) in Central Balkan National Park. ... Narathihapate was king of Pagan (1254-1287) in northern Myanmar. ... Anawrahta (reigned 1044-1077), also spelled Aniruddha or Anoarahtâ or Anoa-ra-htá-soa, was a ruler of the kingdom of Bagan and the first ruler of a unified Burma. ... The Glass Palace Chronicle (Burmese: ; MLCTS: ; IPA: ) is a historical work written in Burmese commissioned by King Bagyidaw (1819-1837) in 1829, and compiled by scholars to consolidate and compile all works of the history of Burmese rulers. ...

Cultural sites

The Payathonzu Temple is built in the Mon style.

Temples in Pagan.

• Ananda Temple, c.1090, built by Kyanzittha
• Bupaya Pagoda, c.850, demolished by the 1975 earthquake and completely rebuilt
• Dhammayangyi Temple, c.1165, the biggest temple in Bagan, built by Alaungsithu but never finished
• Dhammayazika Pagoda, 1196-98, built by Narapatisithu (Sithu II)
• Gawdawpalin Temple, started by Narapatisithu and finished by Nandaungmya, the superstructure destroyed by the 1975 quake and rebuilt
• Htilominlo Temple, 1218, built by Htilominlo
• Lawkananda Pagoda, built by Anawrahta
• Mahabodhi Temple, Bagan, c. 1218, a smaller replica of the temple in Bodh Gaya, India
• Manuha Temple, built by the captive Mon king Manuha
• Mingalazedi Pagoda, 1268-74, built by Narathihapate
• Myazedi inscription, c. 1113, described as the "Rosetta Stone of Myanmar" with inscriptions in four languages: Pyu, Mon, Old Burmese and Pali, dedicated to Gubyaukgyi Temple by Prince Rajakumar, son of Kyanzittha
• Nanpaya Temple, c.1060-70, Mon style, believed to be either Manuha's old residence or built on the site
• Nathlaung Kyaung Temple, mid 11th.C., Hindu deities "confined" to this temple
• Payathonzu Temple, probably around 1200
• Sein-nyet Ama & Nyima (temple and pagoda, 13th century)
• Shwegugyi Temple, 1131, built by Alaungsithu and where he died
• Shwesandaw Pagoda, c.1070, built by Anawrahta
• Shwezigon Pagoda, 1102, built by Anawrahta, finished by Kyanzittha
• Sulamani Temple, 1183, built by Narapatisithu
• Tan-chi-daung Paya, on the west bank, built by Anawrahta
• Tharabha Gate, c.850, built by King Pyinbya
• Thatbyinnyu Temple, the tallest temple at 61 metres, 12th century, built by Alaungsithu
• Tu-ywin-daung Paya, on the eastern boundary of Bagan, built by Anawrahta

Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1984x1312, 613 KB) Description en: Phaya-thonzu-Group Author: Ralf-André Lettau Date: 20. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1984x1312, 613 KB) Description en: Phaya-thonzu-Group Author: Ralf-André Lettau Date: 20. ... The Payathonzu Temple was recently renovated. ... The Mon (Burmese: ) are an ethnic group in Southeast Asia. ... Bagan, Myanmar Bagan became a central powerbase of the mid 9th century King Anawratha who unified Burma under Theravada Buddhism. ... Bagan, Myanmar Bagan became a central powerbase of the mid 9th century King Anawratha who unified Burma under Theravada Buddhism. ... A view of Ananda Temple Ananda Temple is a Buddhist temple built in 1091 during the reign of King Kyanzittha. ... King Kyanzittha (Burmese: ; MLCTS: ; IPA: ) was king of Bagan from 1084 to 1113. ... Bupaya Pagoda is a famous pagoda located in Bagan (formerly Pagan), along the banks of the Ayeyarwady River. ... 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday. ... Dhammayangyi Temple is Buddhist temple located in Bagan, and was built in the 1100s. ... The Dhammayazika Pagoda is a Buddhist temple located in the village of Pwasaw (located east of Bagan) in Myanmar. ... Gawdawpalin Temple is a Buddhist temple located in Bagan, Myanmar. ... Htilominlo Temple is a Buddhist temple located in Bagan (formerly Pagan), built during the reign of King Htilominlo (also known as Nandaungmya) in 1211. ... Lawkananda Pagoda (also spelt Lokananda, literally joy of the world) is a Buddhist zedi located in Bagan (formerly Pagan). ... Anawrahta (reigned 1044-1077), also spelled Aniruddha or Anoarahtâ or Anoa-ra-htá-soa, was a ruler of the kingdom of Bagan and the first ruler of a unified Burma. ... The Mahabodhi Temple is a Buddhist temple located in Bagan, Myanmar. ... Manuha Temple is a Buddhist temple built in Myinkaba (located near Bagan), by captive Mon King Manuha in 1067, according to King Manuhas inscriptions. ... The Mingalazedi Pagoda (Burmese: ) is a Buddhist temple located in Bagan, Myanmar. ... Narathihapate was king of Pagan (1254-1287) in northern Myanmar. ... Myazedi inscription (also known as Rajakuma inscription or the Gubyaukgyi stone inscription), which was inscribed in 1113 is the oldest surviving stone inscription of the Burmese language. ... Pyu (also written Pyuu, or Pyus) refers to an ancient kingdom (and its language) found in the central and northern regions of what is now Burma. ... Mon may refer to: Monday, the day of the week between Sunday and Tuesday mon (monster) in anime, a sort of monster character Môn or Anglesey, an island in Wales Mon State, a subdivision of Myanmar Mon people, a Southeast Asian ethnicity Mon language Mon, India, a town in... Pali may refer to: Pāli, a Middle Indo-Aryan language Pali, Rajasthan, a town and district in Rajasthan, western India Pali, a Hawaiian word, meaning cliffs Nuuanu Pali, a region on the Hawaiian island of Oahu Ballaleshwar Pali, the Ganapati temple of pali and place in Maharastra This is... King Kyanzittha (Burmese: ; MLCTS: ; IPA: ) was king of Bagan from 1084 to 1113. ... The Nanpaya Temple (literally palace temple) is a Hindu temple located in Myinkaba (a village south of Bagan) in Myanmar. ... The Nathlaung Kyaung Temple (literally shrine confining the spirits) is a Hindu temple dedicated to Vishnu, located in Bagan, Myanmar. ... This article discusses the adherents of Hinduism. ... The Payathonzu Temple was recently renovated. ... Shwegugyi Temple (Burmese: ; literally Great Golden Cave) is a Buddhist temple built during the reign of King Alaungsithu in 1131. ... The Shwesandaw Pagoda is a Buddhist pagoda located in Bagan, Myanmar. ... Anawrahta (reigned 1044-1077), also spelled Aniruddha or Anoarahtâ or Anoa-ra-htá-soa, was a ruler of the kingdom of Bagan and the first ruler of a unified Burma. ... The Shwezigon Pagoda (Burmese: ) is a famous pagoda located in Nyaung U, a town near Bagan, in Myanmar. ... Anawrahta (reigned 1044-1077), also spelled Aniruddha or Anoarahtâ or Anoa-ra-htá-soa, was a ruler of the kingdom of Bagan and the first ruler of a unified Burma. ... King Kyanzittha (Burmese: ; MLCTS: ; IPA: ) was king of Bagan from 1084 to 1113. ... The Sulamani Temple is a Buddhist temple located in the village of Minnanthu (southwest of Bagan) in Myanmar. ... Anawrahta (reigned 1044-1077), also spelled Aniruddha or Anoarahtâ or Anoa-ra-htá-soa, was a ruler of the kingdom of Bagan and the first ruler of a unified Burma. ... Tharabha Gate (also spelt Sarabha or Tharaba) is the primary gateway to Bagan (formerly Pagan), located to the east. ... Thatbyinnyu Temple is 61 metres (201 ft) tall, the tallest in Bagan Thatbyinnyu Temple is a famous temple located in Bagan (formerly Pagan), built in the mid-1100s during the reign of King Alaungsithu. ... Anawrahta (reigned 1044-1077), also spelled Aniruddha or Anoarahtâ or Anoa-ra-htá-soa, was a ruler of the kingdom of Bagan and the first ruler of a unified Burma. ...

Neighbours

• Thaton (to the south, in modern-day Burma) until subdued in 1057
• Nanzhao (to the north, in modern-day Yunnan Province, China)

Thaton is a town in Mon State, in southern Myanmar on the Tenasserim plains. ... Events King Macbeth I of Scotland is killed in battle against Malcolm Canmore. ... Nanzhao (Traditional Chinese: 南詔, Simplified Chinese: 南诏, pinyin: Nánzhāo, Alternate spellings: Nanchao, Nan Chao) was a Bai kingdom that flourished in East Asia during the 8th and 9th centuries. ... Yunnan (Simplified Chinese: 云南; Traditional Chinese: 雲南; pinyin: Yúnnán) is a province of the Peoples Republic of China, located in the far southwestern corner of the country. ...

More photos

A Bagan Buddha, 12th century Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (342x612, 66 KB)Pagan Buddha, 12th century. ... Media:Example. ... (11th century - 12th century - 13th century - other centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 12th century was that century which lasted from 1101 to 1200. ...

Gate tower of Ananda Temple Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1292x1943, 533 KB) en: Ananda Temple Author: Ralf-André Lettau Date: 21. ...

Thatbyinnyu Temple Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1312x1984, 514 KB) en: That-byin-nyu Temple Author: Ralf-André Lettau Date: 21. ...

Note

1. ^ Tourtellot, Jonathan. "Dictators "Defacing" Famed Burma Temples, Editor Says", National Geographic Traveler, 2004-09-03. Retrieved on 2006-05-27.

2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... September 3 is the 246th day of the year (247th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 2006 (MMVI) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... May 27 is the 147th day (148th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar, with 218 days remaining. ...

See also

• History of Buddhism
• Buddhism in Myanmar
• Culture of Myanmar

The History of Buddhism spans from the 6th century BCE to the present, starting with the birth of the Buddha Siddhartha Gautama. ... Buddhism in Myanmar belongs to the Theravada tradition or the southern school. ... The culture of Myanmar has been heavily influenced by Buddhism. ...

References

• Pictorial Guide to Pagan. 2nd ed. Rangoon: Ministry of Culture, 1975.
• Pagan - Art and Architecture of Old Burma Paul Strachan 1989, Kiscadale, Arran, Scotland.
• Glimpses of Glorious Pagan Department of History, University of Rangoon, The Universities Press 1986.
• [The Map of Bagan]Bagan Map. DPS Online Maps.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Bagan

• The Life of the Buddha in 80 Scenes, Ananda Temple Charles Duroiselle, Archaeological Survey of India, Annual Report, Delhi, 1913-14
• The Art and Culture of Burma - the Pagan Period Dr. Richard M. Cooler, Northern Illinois University
• Asian Historical Architecture - Bagan Prof. Robert D. Fiala, Concordia University, Nebraska
• Buddhist Architecture at Bagan Bob Hudson, University of Sydney, Australia
• Images from Bagan and Myanmar
• Temples of Bagan Photo Gallery Alan Ingram

Coordinates: 21°10′N 94°53′E Image File history File links Commons-logo. ... Wikimedia Commons logo by Reid Beels The Wikimedia Commons (also called Commons or Wikicommons) is a repository of free content images, sound and other multimedia files. ... Northern Illinois University was founded on May 22, 1895 by Illinois Governor John P. Altgeld as a training institution for teachers, and was called Northern Illinois State Normal School. ... Concordia University is a large urban university in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, one of Montreals two universities that teach primarily in the English language (the other is McGill University). ... The University of Sydney, established in Sydney in 1850, is the oldest university in Australia. ... Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ...