Bai Chongxi in uniform

Bai Chongxi (Traditional Chinese: 白崇禧; Hanyu Pinyin: Bái Chóngxǐ; Wade-Giles: Pai Ch'ung-hsi) (18 March 1893 – 1 December 1966), also spelled Pai Chung-hsi, was a Chinese Muslim general in the National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of China (ROC). He was a warlord with a sphere of influence centred around Guangxi Province, commanding his own troops and governing Guangxi with autonomy, though part of the Republic of China. Although independent from the central government, he was often a close ally of Chiang Kai-Shek in the politics of the Republic of China. This is contrasted with other warlord "allies" like Feng Yuxiang, who were uncooperative. Headshot from http://www. ... Headshot from http://www. ... Traditional Chinese characters are one of two standard sets of printed Chinese characters. ... Pinyin is a system of romanization (phonemic notation and transcription to Roman script) for Standard Mandarin, where pin means spell and yin means sound. The most common variant of pinyin in use is called Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: HànyÇ” PÄ«nyÄ«n), also known as scheme... Wade-Giles, sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a Romanization (phonetic notation and transliteration) system for the Chinese language based on Mandarin. ... March 18 is the 77th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (78th in leap years). ... 1893 (MDCCCXCIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... December 1 is the 335th (in leap years the 336th) day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1966 calendar). ... The Hui people (Chinese: 回族; Pinyin: ) are a Chinese ethnic group, typically distinguished by their practice of the Islamic religion. ... A General is an officer of high military rank. ... The National Revolutionary Army (NRA) (Chinese: 國民革命軍; pinyin: guo2 min2 ge2 ming4 jun1) was the national army of the Republic of China. ... Motto: Three Principles of the People (三民主義 San-min Chu-i) Anthem: National Anthem of the Republic of China Capital Taipei (de facto)  Nanking (de jure)1  Largest city Taipei Mandarin (GuóyÇ”) Government Semi-presidential system  - President Chen Shui-bian  - Vice President Annette Lu  - Premier Su Tseng-chang Establishment Xinhai... Warlord is a term that refers to one who has de facto military control of a subnational area, due to armed forces which are personally obedient to — somewhat circularly — that warlord. ... Guangxi (Zhuang: Gvangjsih; old orthography: ; Simplified Chinese: 广西; Traditional Chinese: 廣西; Pinyin: GuÇŽngxÄ«; Wade-Giles: Kuang-hsi; Postal System Pinyin: Kwangsi), full name Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (Zhuang: Gvangjsih Bouxcuengh Swcigih; old orthography: ; Simplified Chinese: 广西壮族自治区; Traditional Chinese: 廣西壯族自治區; Pinyin: GuÇŽngxÄ« Zhuàngzú ZìzhìqÅ«) is a Zhuang autonomous region of... Chiang Kai-shek (October 31, 1887 – April 5, 1975) was a Chinese military and political leader who assumed the leadership of the Kuomintang (KMT) after the 1925 death of Sun Yat-sen. ... The Republic of China (ROC) currently has jurisdiction over Taiwan, Kinmen, Matsu, and the Pescadores Islands (Penghu) and several smaller islands. ... Feng Yü-hsiang (Traditional Chinese:馮玉祥, Simplified Chinese: 冯玉祥, pinyin: Féng Yùxíang; 1882-1948) was a warlord during the early years of the Republic of China. ...

Warlord era

Bai Chongxi Born Omar Chong xi Bai was born in Guilin, Guangxi Province and given the courtesy name Jiansheng (健生). He is a descended of a persian merchant of the name Baiderluden, the Baidurluden's changed their surname to Pai. Bai had been classmates at the Guangxi Military Cadre Training School in Guilin with Huang Shaohong, and Li Zongren. It was a modern-style school, run by Cai E, and its graduates modernized the Guangxi forces. position of Guilin in Guangxi Guilin in Guangxi Guilin (Chinese: æ¡‚æž—; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Kuei-lin, Postal System Pinyin: Kweilin; Zhuang: Gveilinz) is one of Chinas most picturesque cities, with a population of 670,000, situated in the northeast of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of the Peoples... Cha can also refer to a Latin American dance, also called the Cha-cha-cha. ... Huang Shaoxiong or Huang Shaohong, Huang Shaohong (1895-1966) was a warlord in Guangxi Province, and governed Guangxi as part of the New Guangxi clique, though the later part of the Warlord Era and a leader in the later years of the Republic of China. ... Li Tsung-jen (李宗仁 Pinyin: Lǐ Zōngrén) (August 13, 1890 - January 13, 1969), courtesy name Delin (德鄰), was vice-president and acting president of the Republic of China and adversary of Chiang Kai-shek. ... Cai E (Simplified Chinese: 蔡锷; courtesy: Songpo; December 18, 1882- November 8, 1916) Chinese revolutionary leader and militarist. ...

Bai rose to fame during the warlord era by allying with Huang Shaohong (a fellow deputy commander of the Model Battalion of the Guangxi First Division) and Li Tsung-jen as supporters of the Kuomintang leader Sun Yat-sen. This alliance, called the New Guanxi Clique, proceeded to move against the Guangxi warlord Lu Rongting (陸榮廷) in 1924. The coalition's efforts brought Guangxi Province under ROC jurisdiction, and Pai and Li represented a new generation of Guangxi leaders. The Warlord era represents the period in the history of the Republic of China from 1916 to the mid-1930s when the country was divided by various military cliques, and this division continued until the fall of the nationalist government in mainland China in many regions, such as in Sichuan... Huang Shaoxiong or Huang Shaohong, Huang Shaohong (1895-1966) was a warlord in Guangxi Province, and governed Guangxi as part of the New Guangxi clique, though the later part of the Warlord Era and a leader in the later years of the Republic of China. ... General Li Tsung-jen 南哥的姑公(1890–1969) Li Tsung-jen (南哥的姑公) (李宗仁 Pinyin: Lǐ Zōngrén) (August 13, 1890 - January 13, 1969), courtesy name Delin (å¾·é„°), was vice-president and acting president of the Republic of China and adversary of Chiang Kai-shek. ... The Chinese Nationalist Party (Traditional Chinese: 中國國民黨; Simplified Chinese: 中国国民党; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Tongyong Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chung-kuo Kuo-min-tang), commonly known as the Kuomintang (KMT), is a centre-right political party in the Republic of China on Taiwan, and is currently the largest political party in terms of sitting Legislative... Sun Yat-sen (Chinese: 孫逸仙) (November 12, 1866–March 12, 1925) was a Chinese revolutionary and political leader who is often referred to as the father of modern China. Sun played an instrumental and leadership role in the eventual overthrow of the Qing Dynasty in 1911. ... (1858 - 1927) Lu Rongting, 陸榮廷, was born in 1856, in Wuming in Guangxi province in China. ... 1924 (MCMXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar). ...

During the Northern Expedition (1926-1928), Bai was the Chief of Staff of the National Revolutionary Army and was credited with many victories over the northern warlords, often using speed, maneuver and surprise to defeat larger enemy forces. He led the Eastern Route Army which conquered Hangzhou and Shanghai in 1927. As garrison commander of Shanghai, Bai also took part in the purge of Communist elements of the National Revolutionary Army on April 4, 1927 and of the labour unions in Shanghai. Bai also commanded the forward units which first entered Beijing and was credited with being the senior commander on site to complete the Northern Expedition. For many of his battlefield exploits during the Northern expedition, he was given the laudatory nickname Xiao Zhuge, literally meaning "little Zhuge Liang," of the Three Kingdoms fame. Zhuge Liang is universally considered by Chinese to be the foremost strategist of all time. This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The National Revolutionary Army (NRA) (Chinese: 國民革命軍; pinyin: guo2 min2 ge2 ming4 jun1) was the national army of the Republic of China. ...   (Chinese: ; pinyin: Hángzhōu; Postal map spelling: Hangchow) is a sub-provincial city in China and the capital of Zhejiang province. ... Shanghai (Chinese: ; pinyin:  ; Shanghainese: ), situated on the banks of the Yangtze River Delta in East China, is the largest city of the Peoples Republic of China and the eighth largest in the world. ... April 4 is the 94th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (95th in leap years). ... 1927 (MCMXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ... A union (labor union in American English; trade union, sometimes trades union, in British English; either labour union or trade union in Canadian English) is a legal entity consisting of employees or workers having a common interest, such as all the assembly workers for one employer, or all the workers... Zhuge Liang (181 - 234) was one of the greatest Chinese strategist of the Three Kingdoms era, as well as a statesman, engineer, scholar, and inventor. ... The Three Kingdoms in 262, on the eve of the conquest of Shu. ...

At the end of the Northern Expedition, Chiang Kai-shek began to agitate to get rid of the Guangxi forces. At one time in 1929, Bai had to escape to Vietnam to avoid harm. From 1930 to 1936, Bai was instrumental in the Reconstruction of Guangxi, which became a "model" province with a progressive administration. Guangxi supplied over nine hundred thousand troops toward the war effort against Japan. Chiang Kai-shek (October 31, 1887 – April 5, 1975) was a Chinese military and political leader who assumed the leadership of the Kuomintang (KMT) after the 1925 death of Sun Yat-sen. ... Progressivism is a term that refers to a broad school of contemporary international social and political philosophies. ...

Second Sino-Japanese War

Formal hostilities broke out on 7 July 1937 between China and Japan with the Marco Polo Bridge Incident outside of Beijing. On 4 August 1937, Bai rejoined the Central Government at the invitation of Chiang Kai-shek. During the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945), he was the Deputy Chief of the General Staff responsibe for operations and training. He was the key strategist who convinced Chiang to adopt a "Total War" strategy in which China would trade space for time, adopt guerrilla tactics behind enemy lines, and disrupt enemy supply lines at every opportunity. When the better armed and trained Japanese troops advanced, the Chinese would adopt a scorched earth campaign in the enemy's path to deny them local supply. Bai was also involved in many key campaigns including the first major victory at the Battle of Tai'erzhuang in Shandong Province in the Spring of 1938 when he teamed up with General Li Zongren to defeat a superior enemy. China managed to check and delay the Japanese advance for several months. Subsequently, he was appointed the Commander of the Field Executive Office of the Military Council in Guilin, with responsibility for the 3rd, 4th, 7th and 9th War Zones. In that capacity he oversaw the successful defense of Changsha, capital of Hunan Province. Between 1939 and 1942, the Japanese attacked Changsha three times and were repelled each time. Bai also directed the Battle of South Guangxi and Battle of Kunlun Pass to retake South Guangxi. July 7 is the 188th day of the year (189th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 177 days remaining. ... 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Lukouchiao Incident. ... August 4 is the 216th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (217th in leap years), with 149 days remaining. ... 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... Combatants Republic of China Empire of Japan Commanders Chiang Kai-shek, Mao Tse-Tung, Yan Xishan, Feng Yuxiang, Zhu De, He Yingqin Hideki Tojo, Matsui Iwane, Jiro Minami, Kesago Nakajima, Toshizo Nishio, Yasuji Okamura. ... A scorched earth policy is a military tactic which involves destroying anything that might be useful to the enemy while advancing through or withdrawing from an area. ... The Battle of Taierzhuang (Traditional Chinese: 臺兒莊會戰; Simplified Chinese: 台儿庄会战; pinyin: ) was a battle of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1938, between armies of Chinese Kuomintang and Japan, and is sometimes considered as a part of Battle of Xuzhou. ... Shandong (Simplified Chinese: 山东; Traditional Chinese: 山東; pinyin: Shāndōng; Wade-Giles: Shan-tung) is a coastal province of eastern Peoples Republic of China. ... Li Tsung-jen (李宗仁 Pinyin: Lǐ Zōngrén) (August 13, 1890 - January 13, 1969), courtesy name Delin (德鄰), was vice-president and acting president of the Republic of China and adversary of Chiang Kai-shek. ... Mao Zedong Museum in Changsha Changsha (Simplified Chinese: é•¿æ²™; Traditional Chinese: é•·æ²™; Pinyin: Chángshā; Wade-Giles: Chang-sha) is the capital of Hunan, a province of Southcentral China, located on the lower reaches of Xiangjiang river, a branch of the Yangtze River. ... Combatants National Revolutionary Army, China Imperial Japanese Army, Japan Commanders Strength 120,000 troops in 12 armies 70,000 troops in 4 divisions Casualties The Battle of South Guangxi (Traditional: 桂南會戰; Simplified: 桂南会战; Hanyu Pinyin: ), was one of the 22 major engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial Japanese Army during... Combatants National Revolutionary Army, China Imperial Japanese Army, Japan Commanders Du Yuming Masao Nakamura Strength  ?  ? Casualties 27,000 men 8000 men The Battle of Kunlun Pass (Traditional Chinese: 崑崙關戰役, Simplified Chinese: 昆仑关战役; pinyin: KÅ«nlúnguān Zhàngyì) was series of battles between the Japanese and the Chinese in contention for...

Chinese Civil War

Following the Surrender of Japan in 1945, the Chinese Civil War resumed in full-fleged fighting. In the Spring of 1946, the Chinese Communists were active in Manchuria. A crack unit of 100,000 strong under the Communist general Lin Biao occupied a key railroad junction at Sipingjie. Kuomintang forces could not dislodge Lin after several attempts. Chiang Kai-shek then sent Bai to oversee the operation. After some redeployment, the Nationalist forces were able to thoroughly defeat Lin's forces after a two day pitched battle. This was to be the first and only major victory for the Kuomintang in the 1946-1949 stage of the civil war before the fall of mainland China to the Chinese Communists. The surrender of Japan in August 1945 brought World War II to a close. ... Combatants Chinese Nationalists Chinese Communists Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Mao Zedong Strength 4,300,000 (July 1946) 3,650,000 (June 1948) 1,490,000 (June 1949) 1,200,000 (July 1946) 2,800,000 (June 1948) 4,000,000 (June 1949) The Chinese Civil War (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese... The Communist Party of China (CPC) (official name, though almost universally known in English as the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)) (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: Zhōngguó Gòngchǎndǎng) is the ruling political party of the Peoples Republic of China, a position guaranteed by the countrys... Manchuria (Manchu: Manju; Traditional Chinese: 滿洲; Simplified Chinese: 满洲; pinyin: Mǎnzhōu, Russian: ) is a vast territorial region in northeast Asia. ... An artistic rendition of Mao Zedong and Lin Biao as his heir apparent in the style of socialist realism in the prime of the Cultural Revolution. ... Siping (Chinese: ; pinyin: Sìpíng), formerly Ssupingkai (Chinese: ; pinyin: Sìpíngjiē), is a city in Jilin province in Northeast China. ...

In June 1946, Bai was appointed Minister of National Defense. It turned to be a post without power as Chiang began to bypass Bai on major decisions regarding the Chinese Civil War. Chiang would hold daily briefings in his residence without inviting him and began to direct frontline troops personally down to the division level, bypassing the chain of command. The Civil War went poorly for the Kuomintang as Chiang's strategy of holding onto provincial capitals and leaving the countryside to the Communists very quickly caused the downfall of his forces which had a 4:1 numerical superiority at the beginning of the conflict.

Involvement in Taiwan

The riots following the 228 Incident of 28 February 1947 that broke out in Taiwan due to poor governance by the central government appointed officials and the garrison forces causing many casualties of both native Taiwanese and mainland residents. Bai was sent as Chiang Kai-shek's personal representative on a fact finding mission and to help pacify the populace. After a two week tour, including interviews with various segments of the Taiwan population, Bai made sweeping recommendations, including replacement of the governor, and prosecution of his chief of secret police. He also granted amnesty to student violators of peace on the condition that their parents take custody and guarantee subsequent proper behavior. For his forthright actions, native Taiwanese held him in high regard. During the 228 Incident, a crowd of angry people gathered in downtown Taipei. ... February 28 is the 59th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1947 (MCMXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1947 calendar). ... // Secret police (sometimes political police) are a police organization which operates in secrecy for the national purpose of maintaining national security against internal threats to the state. ... Look up Amnesty in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Bai had another falling out with Chiang when he supported General Li Zongren, his fellow Guangxi comrade-in-arms, for the vice presidency in the 1948 general election when Li won against Chiang's hand picked candidate, Sun Fo. Chiang then removed Bai from the Defense Minister post and assigned him the responsibility for Central and South China. Bai's forces were the last ones to leave the mainland for Hainan Island and eventually to Taiwan. He and Chiang never reconciled and he lived in semi-retirement until he died of cerebral thrombosis on 1 December 1966 at the age of 73. Li Tsung-jen (李宗仁 Pinyin: Lǐ Zōngrén) (August 13, 1890 - January 13, 1969), courtesy name Delin (德鄰), was vice-president and acting president of the Republic of China and adversary of Chiang Kai-shek. ... Sun Ke or Sun Fo (Chinese: 孫科）(October 21, 1891–September 13, 1973) was a high-ranking official in the government of the Republic of China. ... Not to be confused with the unrelated provinces of Henan and Hunan Hainan (海南; pinyin: Hǎinán) is a province of the Peoples Republic of China, located at the southern end of the country. ... A thrombus or blood clot is the final product of blood coagulation, through the aggregation of platelets and the activation of the humoral coagulation system. ... December 1 is the 335th (in leap years the 336th) day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1966 (MCMLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (the link is to a full 1966 calendar). ...

Bai is buried in the Muslim Cemetery in Taipei, Taiwan. Nickname: the City of Azaleas Government Official Website City of Taipei Mayor Ma Ying-jeou Capital District Xinyi Geographical characteristics Area  - Total  - % water Ranked 16 of 25 271. ...

Impact

Bai's reputation as a strategist was well known as documented in Barbara Tuchman's book Stilwell and American Experience in China. Evans Carlson, a United States Army colonel, noted that Bai "was considered by many to be the keenest of Chinese military men." Edgar Snow went even further, calling him "one of the most intelligent and efficient commanders boasted by any army in the world." Barbara Wertheim Tuchman (January 30, 1912 – February 6, 1989) was an American historian and author. ... The United States Army is the largest branch of the United States armed forces and has primary responsibility for land-based military operations. ... Edgar Snow (b. ...

Bai is the father of Kenneth Hsien-yung Pai, Chinese author and playwright now living in the United States. Kenneth Hsien-yung Pai (白先勇, pinyin: Bái Xiānyǒng, born July 11, 1937) is a writer who has been described as a melancholy pioneer. ...