NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Balfour Declaration, 1917

The Balfour Declaration was a letter dated November 2, 1917 from the British Foreign Secretary Arthur James Balfour, to Lord Rothschild (Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild), a leader of the British Jewish community, for transmission to the Zionist Federation, a private Zionist organization. The letter stated the position, agreed at a British Cabinet meeting on October 31, 1917, that the British government supported Zionist plans for a Jewish "national home" in Palestine, with the condition that nothing should be done which might prejudice the rights of existing communities there. Vintage German letter balance for home use Look up letter in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... November 2 is the 306th day of the year (307th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 59 days remaining. ... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ... The position of Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs was created in the United Kingdoms governmental reorganization of 1782, in which the Northern and Southern Departments became the Home and Foreign Offices. ... Arthur James Balfour, 1st Earl of Balfour (25 July 1848 - March 19, 1930) was a British statesman and the thirty-third Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. ... Lionel Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild (February 8, 1868 - August 27, 1937) was a British banker and zoologist from the international Rothschild financial dynasty. ... This article describes some ethnic, historic, and cultural aspects of the Jewish identity; for a consideration of the Jewish religion, refer to the article Judaism. ... A community usually refers to a group of people who interact and share certain things as a group, but it can refer to various collections of living things sharing an environment, plant or animal. ... A bilingual poster in Romanian and Hungarian promoting a film about Jewish settlement in Palestine, 1930s. ... An organization or organisation (read more about -ize vs -ise) is a formal group of people with one or more shared goals. ... In British politics, the Cabinet is comprised of the most senior government ministers, most of them heads of government departments with the title Secretary of State. The Cabinet is actually a committee of the Privy Council and all Cabinet members are also Privy Councillors and therefore have the prefix of... October 31 is the 304th day of the year (305th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 61 days remaining. ... 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 13-day slower Julian calendar. ... Poster promoting a film about Jewish settlement in Palestine, 1930s: Toward a New Life (in Romanian),The Promised Land (in Hungarian), the small caption (bottom) reads First Palestinian film with sound Zionism is a political movement that supports a homeland for the Jewish people in the Land of Israel, where... This article describes some ethnic, historic, and cultural aspects of the Jewish identity; for a consideration of the Jewish religion, refer to the article Judaism. ... Map of the British Mandate of Palestine. ... For the direction right, see left and right or starboard. ...

Text of the declaration

Language from the Declaration was later incorporated into the Sèvres peace treaty with Turkey and the Mandate for Palestine. The declaration, a typed letter signed in ink by Balfour, reads as follows: The Treaty of SÃ¨vres of August 10, 1920, was a peace treaty between the Entente and Associated Powers[1] and the Ottoman Empire after World War I. The treaty was signed by the Ottoman Government, but Sultan Mehmed VI never signed that treaty. ... Map of the territory under the British Mandate of Palestine. ...

Military and political context

By the standards of international diplomacy, the Balfour Declaration of 1917 is an amazing document, succinctly summarized by Arthur Koestler who wrote that the declaration amounted to "one nation solemnly promised to a second nation the country of a third." Beyond the textual content of the Balfour Declaration - it was made up of just three sentences and some 125 words in total - its significance lies in how it came to pass and what impact it had both on the course of World War I and subsequent events culminating in the formation of Israel. Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ... Arthur Koestler Arthur Koestler (September 5, 1905, Budapest â€“ March 3, 1983, London) was a Hungarian polymath who became a naturalized British subject. ... Combatants Allied Powers: France Italy Russia Serbia United Kingdom United States Central Powers: Austria-Hungary Bulgaria Germany Ottoman Empire Commanders Douglas Haig John Jellicoe Ferdinand Foch Georges Clemenceau Luigi Cadorna Nicholas II Aleksei Brusilov Woodrow Wilson John Pershing Wilhelm II Paul von Hindenburg Reinhard Scheer Franz Josef I Conrad von...

Perhaps the Balfour Declaration can best be appreciated as part of the increasing escalation, both military and political, between the Allies and Central Powers over the course of late-1916 and 1917. By late 1916, the Central Powers, especially Germany, were suffering mightily from the deprivations caused by the Allied blockade. In February of 1917, Germany - in response to this blockade - initiated its own counter-blockade of Britain and attempted to enforce it by a policy of unrestricted submarine warfare. Look up ally in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Triple Alliance. ...

A month later, Tsar Nicholas II abdicated signaling the eventual withdrawal of Russia as an effective adversary to Germany and Austria-Hungary. From the perspective of the Triple Entente, the potential consequences unfolding in Russia were grave. Beyond the loss of a powerful counterforce on Germany’s eastern flank, a defeated or neutral Russia offered the Central Powers the possibility of evading the Allied blockade by importing foodstuffs and war material directly from Russia. Tsar Nicholas II (18 May 1868 to 17 July 1918)1 was the last crowned Emperor of Russia. ...

Although the United States had voted to enter the war in April of 1917, it was not projected to deliver troops in numbers on the continent until Summer of the following year. Additionally the effects on Britain of U-boat sinkings were significant and growing, ramping up to an average of over 500,000 tons per month during the Summer of 1917. After three years of continuous slaughter and with the specter of German troops, freed from assignments in Russia, soon arriving on the Western Front, Britain found herself in a somewhat desperate situation by the Autumn of 1917. A very real question at this time for the Entente leadership was whether the arrival of the Americans would be in time to stave off an Allied defeat.

The war, in a grisly virtual stalemate at this point in time, found both Germany and Britain actively making overtures to the Zionist Movement in order to enlist the resources of this group in assisting their cause. Both sides were well aware of the significant Zionist influence within Bolshevik Russia, the United Kingdom, Germany and the United States. Further, Britain recognized that the natural sentiment of many European Jews was, in fact, with Germany and Austria-Hungary. Following the logic that “my enemy’s enemy is my friend” European Jews tended to view the Central Powers favorably given their role in defeating the overtly anti-Semitic Tsarist government in Russia. Well aware of this sentiment, Imperial Germany during this same period was actively courting the Zionist movement, both domestically and internationally, but was circumscribed in this effort by the fact that Palestine was then a component of the Ottoman Empire – a key ally of Germany within the Central Powers.

By the Summer of 1917, the world had been at war for three years. All major belligerents were facing the common issues of unbelievable casualty levels, the deprivations of an increasingly effective blockade, dwindling financial resources and the unthinkable specter of actually losing this war. No tactic or strategy was beyond consideration if it offered a reasonable chance to gain advantage over the other side.

At the same time the Zionist movement was very active in all forms of negotiations to convince one or more of the major powers to support the goals of the Zionist movement - namely support for Jewish migration to Palestine. Active negotiations were going on in Constantinople, Berlin, Paris, London, New York and Washington. As events turned out, Zionist efforts first proved successful in London.

In December of 1916, the leaders of the British government, locked in a power struggle, resigned and King George V requested a new government be formed. Both the incoming Prime Minster, David Lloyd George, and the new Foreign Minister, Arthur Balfour, were sympathetic to the Zionist cause. Before the war, Lloyd George had served as legal counsel to the Zionists and was familiar with Chaim Weizmann in his previous role as Minister of Munitions. Immediately Zionist efforts focused on London and the British government. Over the course of 1917 there ensued within the British government a protracted and fierce debate involving both Zionist and anti-Zionist Jews over if and how the British government would formally support the Zionist cause. David Lloyd George, 1st Earl Lloyd George of Dwyfor, OM, PC (17 January 1863 â€“ 26 March 1945) was a British statesman and the last member of the Liberal Party to be Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. ...

The anti-Zionists were led by Secretary of State for India Edwin Montagu who viewed support for Zionism, by non-Jews, as a form of antisemitism because it would relocate the center of Jewish life to Palestine and therefore away from the various European and American capitals. There were also fears amongst this group that formal support for Zionism, during the war, could trigger increased anti-semitic activities, specifically within the Ottoman Empire, thereby placing Turkish Jews in harm's way. This debate raged on through the Summer and Autumn of 1917, eventually including members of the American Zionist movement and government, with the pro-Zionists eventually winning the day.

Given this context then, the Balfour Declaration of 1917 can be seen as an effective tool for Britain to serve multiple ends. Seen through British eyes and from the perspective of late 1917, it would serve as a powerful propaganda tool aimed at the world’s Jewish community in hopes of securing additional financial support – cash contributions, loans, grants - to fill the depleted coffers of the Allied governments. Secondly, it would effectively preempt Germany’s ongoing efforts to enlist both informal and formal support from the Zionist movement. In a very real sense whichever side issued such a declaration first would effectively preclude any positive impact of the other side's efforts.

With Russia less than a month away from signing an armistice with Germany, it also delivered a targeted message to the Russian Bolsheviks. At this point in the revolution, the Bolsheviks as a group were, if not predominantly, then by a significant plurality, of Jewish extraction^{[citation needed]}. The message of the Balfour Declaration then, to this group, was that support of Germany, post-armistice, would work directly against the goals of the Zionist cause – as outlined in the Balfour Declaration. Through this tactic, David Lloyd George aimed to keep Germany and a newly-Bolshevik Russia at arm’s length in hope of denying Russian trade and resources to Germany and keeping a maximum number of German troops tied down in the East (and therefore not available for deployment on the Western Front). It was a calculated gamble. Although many, perhaps most Bolsheviks were in fact Jewish^{[citation needed]}, it is also true that a large proportion of Jewish Bolsheviks were not, in fact, Zionists. At the end of the day, this gamble paid off for Britain as the Bolshevik faction within Russia did not overtly cooperate with Germany after the Tsar's abdication. [1]

Finally, the messages within the Balfour Declaration could not help but sow seeds of doubts within the minds of those ruling the Central Powers as to where the loyalty of their own domestic Jewish populations lay. For the Jews of Austria-Hungary, Germany and the Ottoman Empire, the Balfour Declaration put at direct odds their loyalty to state against any Zionist sentiments that they may have harbored. In weighing the actual impact of the Balfour Declaration on the outcome of the war, one must consider both the relative minority of Jews in central Europe who were sympathetic to the Zionist cause with the reality that the Central Powers’ prospects, in terms of winning the war, declined steadily from the point of the declaration's issue to their ultimate defeat ending the war. It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Triple Alliance. ... Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy (or: the k. ... now. ...

Text development and differing views

The record of discussions that led up to the final text of the Balfour Declaration clarifies some details of its wording. The phrase "national home" was intentionally used instead of "state", and the British devoted some effort over the following decades to denying that a state was the intention, including the Churchill White Paper, 1922. However, in private, many British officials agreed with the interpretation of the Zionists that a state would be the eventual outcome.^{[citation needed]} The Churchill White Paper of 3 June 1922 clarified how Britain viewed the Balfour Declaration, 1917. ...

An early draft used the word that in referring to Palestine as a Jewish homeland, which was changed to in Palestine to avoid committing to it being the whole of Palestine. Similarly, an early draft did not include the commitment to not prejudicing the rights of the non-Jewish communities. These changes came about partly as the result of the urgings of Edwin Samuel Montagu, an influential anti-Zionist Jew and Secretary of State for India, who, among others, was concerned that the declaration without those changes could result in increased anti-Semitic persecution. Edwin Samuel Montagu (1879-1924) was a British Liberal polician. ... The office of Secretary of State for India or India Secretary was created in 1858 when India was brought under direct British rule (British Raj). ...

Like the preceding Sykes-Picot Agreement, the declaration is viewed as a gross betrayal of Britain's undertakings to support Arab independence in the Hussein-McMahon Correspondence of 1915–1916. Zones of French and British influence and control established by the Sykes-Picot Agreement The Sykes-Picot Agreement of May 16, 1916 was a secret understanding between the governments of Britain and France defining their respective spheres of post-World War I influence and control in the Middle East. ... The Hussein-McMahon Correspondence during World War I was a 1915-1916 exchange of letters between the Hejazi (the Hejaz later became part of Saudi Arabia) leader Hussein ibn Ali, Sharif of Mecca, and Sir Henry McMahon, British High Commissioner in Egypt, concerning the future political status of the Arab... 1915 (MCMXV) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1916 (MCMXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Negotiation

One of the main Jewish figures who negotiated the granting of the declaration was Dr. Chaim Weizmann, the leading spokesman for organized Zionism in Britain. During the first meeting between Chaim Weizmann and Balfour, in 1906, the Unionist leader was impressed by Weizmann's personality. Balfour asked Weizmann why Palestine—and Palestine alone—could be the basis for Zionism. "Anything else would be idolatry", Weizmann protested, adding: "Mr. Balfour, supposing I were to offer you Paris instead of London, would you take it?" "But Dr. Weizmann", Balfour retorted, "we have London", to which Weizmann rejoined, "That is true, but we had Jerusalem when London was a marsh."^[1] Chaim Weizmann and Harry S. Truman, May 25, 1948 Chaim Azriel Weizmann (Hebrew: ×—×™×™× ×•×™×¦×ž×Ÿ) (also: Chaijim W., Haim W.) (November 27, 1874 â€“ November 9, 1952) chemist, statesman, President of the World Zionist Organization, first President of Israel (elected May 16, 1948, served 1949 - 1952) and founder of a research institute in... 1906 (MCMVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ...

Weizmann was a chemist who managed to synthesize acetone via fermentation. Acetone is needed in the production of cordite, a powerful propellant explosive needed to fire ammunition without generating tell-tale smoke. Germany had cornered supplies of a major source of acetone, calcium acetate and other pre-war processes in Britain were inadequate to meet the increased demand in the Great War. A shortage of cordite would have severely hampered Britain's war effort. The Minister for Munitions David Lloyd-George, who became Prime Minister shortly after, was grateful to Weizmann and also supported him. Balfour asked what payment he would accept in return for the use of his process, Weizmann responded, "There is only one thing I want. A national home for my people." He eventually received both payment for his discovery and a role in the history of the origins of the state of Israel. In chemistry, acetone (also known as propanone, dimethyl ketone, 2-propanone, propan-2-one and Î²-ketopropane) is the simplest representative of the ketones. ... Fermentation in progress Fermentation is a process that is important in anaerobic conditions when there is no oxidative phosphorylation to maintain the production of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) by glycolysis. ... Cordite is a particular family of smokeless propellants made by combining two high explosives: nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin, i. ... The chemical compound calcium acetate is the calcium salt of acetic acid. ... Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ... David Lloyd George, 1st Earl Lloyd George of Dwyfor, OM (January 17, 1863–March 26, 1945) was a British statesman and the last Liberal to be Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. ...

It has been reported that Balfour's Jewish sympathies were influenced by an illicit relationship with the wife of a high-ranking Jewish official.^[2]

It has been claimed--without evidence--that the Zionists promised to embroil the United States into the war in favor of the Allies.

Contradictory assurances

In his November, 2002 interview with the New Statesman magazine, the UK Foreign Secretary, Jack Straw, has blamed Britain's imperial past for many of the modern political problems, including the Arab-Israeli conflict. ^[3] The Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs (commonly referred to as Foreign Secretary) is a member of the British Government responsible for relations with foreign countries, heading the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (often called simply the Foreign Office). ... John Whitaker Jack Straw M.P. (born August 3, 1946, Buckhurst Hill) is a British Labour Party politician. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

"The Balfour declaration and the contradictory assurances which were being given to Palestinians in private at the same time as they were being given to the Israelis—again, an interesting history for us, but not an honourable one," he said.

Footnotes

Jack Straw was/is the name of two famous individuals: John Whitaker Straw (born August 3, 1946), commonly known as Jack Straw, is a British Labour Party politician. ...

See also

1804 print, in which Napoleon grants the Jews freedom to worship, represented by the hand given to the Jewish woman The rise of Napoleon Bonaparte proved an important event in the emancipation of the Jews of Europe from old laws restricting them to Jewish ghettos, as well as the many... The Faisal-Weizmann Agreement was signed on January 3, 1919, by Emir Faisal (son of the King of Hejaz) and Chaim Weizmann (later President of the World Zionist Organization) as part of the Paris Peace Conference, 1919 settling disputes stemming from World War I. It was a short-lived agreement... The Palestine Mandate: The Council of the League of Nations: July 24, 1922. ... On 29 November 1947 the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine or United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181, a plan to resolve the Arab-Israeli conflict in the British Mandate of Palestine, was approved by the United Nations General Assembly, at the UN World Headquarters in New York. ... Image:Declarintion of State of Israel 1948. ... May 14 is the 134th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (135th in leap years). ... 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (the link is to a full 1948 calendar). ... The Madagascar Plan was a policy of the Third Reich government of Nazi Germany to forcibly relocate the entire Jewish population of Europe to the French island colony of Madagascar, off the coast of Africa. ... The British Uganda Program was a plan to give a portion of British East Africa to the Jewish people as a homeland. ...

External links

Arab-Israeli conflict [ v ·d ·e ·h ]

Participants

Individuals

Conflicts

Diplomacy / Peace proposals

Primary:
States and authorities:
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PNA

Yemen

Active organizations:
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Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades

Hezbollah

Palestinian Islamic Jihad

PLO

PRC

Former:
Image File history File links Alaqsalogo. ... The al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades (ÙƒØªØ§Ø¦Ø¨ Ø´Ù‡Ø¯Ø§Ø¡ Ø§Ù„Ø£Ù‚ØµÙ‰) are a Palestinian armed terrorist group closely linked to the Fatah party. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_League_of_Arab_States. ... Flag of the League of Arab States The Arab League or League of Arab States (Arabic: Ø¬Ø§Ù…Ø¹Ø© Ø§Ù„Ø¯ÙˆÙ„ Ø§Ù„Ø¹Ø±Ø¨ÙŠØ©), is an organization of Arab states (compare Arab world). ... Image File history File links Baathparty. ... Bath Party flag The Arab Socialist Bath Party (also spelled Baath or Baath; Arabic: ØØ²Ø¨ Ø§Ù„Ø¨Ø¹Ø« Ø§Ù„Ø¹Ø±Ø¨ÙŠ Ø§Ù„Ø§Ø´ØªØ±Ø§ÙƒÙŠ) was founded in 1945 as a radical, left-wing, secular Arab nationalist political party. ... The Fatah official emblem shows two fists holding rifles and a hand grenade superimposed on a map of the land they claimed as Palestine (roughly, the present State of Israel, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip). ... Fatah (Arabic: ÙØªØ); a reverse acronym from the Arabic name Harakat al-Tahrir al-Watani al-Filastini (literally: Palestinian National Liberation Movement) is a major Palestinian political party and the largest organization in the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), a multi-party confederation. ... Hamas Logo from the Hamas web site: www. ... Hamas (Arabic: â€Ž; acronym: Arabic: â€Ž, or Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya or Islamic Resistance Movement; the Arabic acronym means zeal) is a Palestinian Sunni Islamist organization that currently forms the majority party of the Palestinian National Authority. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Hezbollah. ... Hezbollah[1] (Arabic: â€Ž ,[2] meaning party of God) is a Shia Islamist militant organization based in Lebanon. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine. ... The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) (Arabic Ø§Ù„Ø¬Ø¨Ù‡Ø© Ø§Ù„Ø´Ø¹Ø¨ÙŠØ© Ù„ØªØØ±ÙŠØ± ÙÙ„Ø³Ø·ÙŠÙ† - al-jabhah al-sha`biyyah li-tahrÄ«r filastÄ«n) is a Marxist-Leninist, nationalist Palestinian political and military organization, founded in 1967. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_PIJ.gifâ€Ž Licencing File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... The emblem of the Palestinian Islamic Jihad shows a map of the land they claim as Palestine (roughly, present-day Israel, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip) superimposed on the images of the Dome of the Rock, two fists and two rifles. ... The official PLO emblem shows the Palestinian flag above a map of the land they claim as Palestine (roughly, present-day Israel, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip) Source: [1] This is a copyrighted and/or trademarked logo. ... The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) (Arabic Munazzamat al-Tahrir Filastiniyyah منظمة تحرير فلسطينية ) is a political and paramilitary organization of Palestinian Arabs dedicated to the establishment of an independent Palestinian state to consist of the... Image File history File links Logoprc. ... The Popular Resistance Committees (PRC) are a Palestinian militant network which operates in the Gaza Strip and are regarded as terrorist organizations by Israel and the United States. ...

DFLP

PFLP-GC

PLF

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Image File history File links Dflplogo. ... Flag of the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine. ... Image File history File links Pflp-gc-logo. ... The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine - General Command (Ø§Ù„Ø¬Ø¨Ù‡Ø© Ø§Ù„Ø´Ø¹Ø¨ÙŠØ© Ù„ØªØØ±ÙŠØ± ÙÙ„Ø³Ø·ÙŠÙ† - Ø§Ù„Ù‚ÙŠØ§Ø¯Ø© Ø§Ù„Ø¹Ø§Ù…Ø©) is a left-wing Palestinian nationalist organization, backed by Syria. ... Image File history File links Plf. ... The Palestine Liberation Front (PLF) was founded to create a Palestinian state; it was headquartered first in Lebanon, and later in Tunisia. ... Image File history File links Nidalshabi. ... PPSF symbol The Palestinian Popular Struggle Front (PPSF, occasionally abbr. ... Image File history File links Amal_movement. ... For other uses of Amal, see the disambiguation page. ... Image File history File links SLA_patch. ... The South Lebanon Army (SLA), also South Lebanese Army, (Arabic: Ø¬ÙŠØ´ Ù„Ø¨Ù†Ø§Ù† Ø§Ù„Ø¬Ù†ÙˆØ¨ÙŠ; transliterated: Jaysh LubnÄn al-JanÅ«biyy. ... Image File history File links Pantani. ... Irgun poster showing their view of the Land of Israel Irgun (××¨×’×•×Ÿ), shorthand for Irgun Tsvai Leumi (××¨×’×•×Ÿ ×¦×‘××™ ×œ××•×ž×™, also spelled Irgun Zvai Leumi), Hebrew for National Military Organization, was a clandestine militant Zionist group that operated in the British Mandate of Palestine from 1931 to 1948. ... Image File history File links Lehilogo. ... Lehi emblem Lehi (IPA: , Hebrew acronym for Lohamei Herut Israel, Fighters for the Freedom of Israel, ×œ×—×™ - ×œ×•×—×ž×™ ×—×™×¨×•×ª ×™×©×¨××œ) was an armed underground Zionist faction in Palestine that had as its goal the eviction of the British from Palestine, to allow unrestricted immigration of Jews and the formation of a Jewish state. ... Image File history File links Palestine-Mandate-Ensign-1927-1948. ... Map of the territory under the British Mandate of Palestine. ...

Organizations:
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European Union

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Former:
Image File history File links European_flag. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Nations. ... The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, and social equity. ...

Soviet Union

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Lester B. Pearson
Hosni Mubarak
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Image File history File links Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_United_Arab_Republic. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Canada. ... Lester Bowles Mike Pearson, PC, CC, OM, OBE, MA, LL.D. (April 23, 1897 â€“ December 27, 1972) was a Canadian statesman, diplomat and politician who was made a Nobel Laureate in 1957. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Egypt. ... Muhammad Hosni Said Mubarak (Arabic : Ù…ØÙ…Ø¯ ØØ³Ù†Ù‰ Ø³ÙŠØ¯ Ù…Ø¨Ø§Ø±Ùƒ ) (born May 4, 1928) commonly known as Hosni Mubarak (Arabic: ØØ³Ù†Ù‰ Ù…Ø¨Ø§Ø±Ùƒ ) is the fourth President of Egypt since 14 October 1981 till the present day. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_United_Arab_Republic. ... Gamal Abdel Nasser (January 15, 1918 â€“ September 28, 1970; Arabic: Ø¬Ù…Ø§Ù„ Ø¹Ø¨Ø¯ Ø§Ù„Ù†Ø§ØµØ± name also transliterated as Jamal Abd al-Naser , Jamal Abd An-Nasser, and other variants) was the leader of Egypt from 1954 until his death in 1970. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Egypt_1972. ... Muhammad Anwar Al-Sadat (Ù…ØÙ…Ø¯ Ø£Ù†ÙˆØ±Ø§Ù„Ø³Ø§Ø¯Ø§Øª in Arabic) (December 25, 1918 â€“ October 6, 1981) was an Egyptian politician and served as the third President of Egypt from September 28, 1970 until his assassination on October 6, 1981. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Germany. ... Joschka Fischer Joseph Martin Joschka Fischer (born April 12, 1948) was German foreign minister and Vice Chancellor in the government of Gerhard SchrÃ¶der from 1998 to 2005. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Iran. ... (Persian: , IPA: , transcribed into English as Mahmud or Mahmood, Ahmadinezhad, Ahmadi-Nejad, Ahmadi Nejad, Ahmady Nejad) (born October 28, 1956) is the sixth president of the Islamic Republic of Iran. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Iran. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Iran. ... Seyyed Mohammad Khatami (Persian : Ø³ÛŒØ¯ Ù…ØÙ…Ø¯ Ø®Ø§ØªÙ…ÛŒ), born September 29, 1943 in Ardakan city of Yazd province, is an Iranian intellectual, philosopher and political figure. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Iran. ... Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini founded the Islamic Republic of Iran Imam/Ayatollah Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini ( ) (Persian: Ø±ÙˆØ Ø§Ù„Ù„Ù‡ Ù…ÙˆØ³ÙˆÙŠ Ø®Ù…ÛŒÙ†ÛŒ Arabic: Ø±ÙˆØ Ø§Ù„Ù„Ù‡ Ø§Ù„Ù…ÙˆØ³ÙˆÙŠ Ø§Ù„Ø®Ù…ÙŠÙ†ÙŠ) (May 17, 1900?[1] â€“ June 3, 1989) was a Shi`i Muslim cleric and marja, and the political leader of the 1979 Islamic Revolution of Iran which saw the overthrow of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi... Image File history File links Flag_of_Iraq_1924. ... Faisal bin Husayn (Arabic:ÙÙŠØµÙ„ Ø¨Ù† ØØ³ÙŠÙ† May 20, 1883 â€“ September 8, 1933) was for a short while king of Greater Syria in 1920 and king of Iraq from 1921 to 1933. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Iraq. ... Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti (Arabic: , [1]; born April 28, 1937[2]), was the President of Iraq from July 16, 1979 until April 9, 2003, when he was deposed during the United States-led invasion of Iraq. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Israel. ... Ehud Barak (Hebrew: ×Öµ×”×•Ö¼×“ ×‘Ö¼Ö¸×¨Ö¸×§) (born February 12, 1942, in Mishmar HaSharon kibbutz, then British Mandate of Palestine) is an Israeli politician and was the 10th Prime Minister of Israel from 1999 to 2001. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Israel. ... (August 16, 1913 â€“ March 9, 1992) (Hebrew: ×žÖ°× Ö·×—Öµ× ×‘Ö°Ö¼×’Ö´×™×Ÿ) was a Polish-Jewish head of the Zionist underground group the Irgun, Nobel Peace Prize laureate and the first Likud Prime Minister of Israel. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Israel. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Israel. ... Moshe Dayan Moshe Dayan, DSO (Hebrew: ×ž×©×” ×“×™×™×Ÿ) (May 20, 1915 â€“ October 16, 1981), was an Israeli military leader and politician. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Israel. ... â–¶(?) (Hebrew ×œÖµ×•Ö´×™ ×Ö¶×©Ö°××›Ö¼×•Ö¹×œ ) (Born Levi Skolnick) (Hebrew ×œÖµ×•Ö´×™ ×©Ö°××§×•Ö¹×œÖ°× Ö´×™×§) (October 25, 1895 - February 26, 1969), was the third Prime Minister of Israel from 1963 until his death of a heart attack in 1969. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Israel. ... Golda Meir (Hebrew: ) (born Golda Mabovitz, May 3, 1898; died December 8, 1978) was one of the founders of the State of Israel. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Israel. ... (Hebrew: ×‘Ö¼Ö´× Ö°×™Ö¸×žÖ´×™×Ÿ × Ö°×ªÖ·× Ö°×™Ö¸×”×•Ö¼ (without niqqud: ×‘× ×™×ž×™×Ÿ × ×ª× ×™×”×•), Hebrew transliteration written in English: Binyamin Netanyahu, nicknamed Bibi) (born October 21, 1949, Tel Aviv) was the 9th Prime Minister of Israel. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Israel. ... Ehud Olmert (IPA ; Hebrew: ××”×•×“ ××•×œ×ž×¨×˜; born September 30, 1945) is the 12th and current Prime Minister of Israel. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Israel. ... (Hebrew ×©Ö´××žÖ°×¢×•Ö¹×Ÿ ×¤Ö¶Ö¼×¨Ö¶×¡ without Niqqud: ×©×ž×¢×•×Ÿ ×¤×¨×¡) (born Shimon Perske on August 16, 1923 in Poland, and immigrated with his family to Israel in 1934), is an Israeli politician, who was a supporter of the Labor Party until December 2005, but still holding a status of member. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Israel. ... (Hebrew: ×™Ö´×¦Ö°×—Ö¸×§ ×¨Ö¸×‘Ö´Ö¼×™×Ÿ), (March 1, 1922 â€“ November 4, 1995) was an Israeli politician and general. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Israel. ... (Hebrew: , also known by his diminutive Arik ×Ö¸×¨Ö´×™×§) (born February 27, 1928) is a former Israeli politician and general. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Israel. ... Chaim Weizmann and Harry S. Truman, May 25, 1948 Chaim Azriel Weizmann (Hebrew: ×—×™×™× ×•×™×¦×ž×Ÿ) (also: Chaijim W., Haim W.) (November 27, 1874 â€“ November 9, 1952) chemist, statesman, President of the World Zionist Organization, first President of Israel (elected May 16, 1948, served 1949 - 1952) and founder of a research institute in... Image File history File links Flag_of_Jordan. ... Abdullah I of Jordan King Abdullah I of Jordan (1882 â€“ July 20, 1951) (Arabic: Ø¹Ø¨Ø¯ Ø§Ù„Ù„Ù‡ Ø§Ù„Ø£ÙˆÙ„), also known as Abdullah bin Husayn (Arabic: Ø¹Ø¨Ø¯ Ø§Ù„Ù„Ù‡ Ø¨Ù† ØØ³ÙŠÙ†), was, successively, Emir of Trans-Jordan (1921â€“1946) under a British Mandate, then King of Transjordan (May 25, 1946â€“1949), and finally King of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan... Image File history File links Flag_of_Jordan. ... King Abdullah II bin al-Hussein. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Jordan. ... Hussein bin Talal (Arabic: ; November 14, 1935 â€“ February 7, 1999) was the King of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan from 1952 to 1999. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Hezbollah. ... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Lebanon. ... Fouad Siniora Fouad Siniora (alternative spellings: Fuad Siniora, Fouad Seniora) is the Prime Minister of Lebanon, a position he assumed on 19 July 2005, succeeding Najib Mikati. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Norway. ... Mona Juul is an official in the Norwegian Foreign Affairs Ministry. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Norway. ... Johan JÃ¸rgen Holst Bust by Per Ung 1999 Johan JÃ¸rgen Holst (November 29, 1937 - January 13, 1994) was a Norwegian politician, best known for his involvement with the Oslo Accords. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Norway. ... Terje RÃ¸d-Larsen (born November 22, 1947) is a Norwegian diplomat and sociologist. ... Image File history File links Palestinian_flag. ... Mahmoud Abbas (Arabic: Ù…ØÙ…ÙˆØ¯ Ø¹Ø¨Ø§Ø³) (born March 26, 1935), commonly known by the kunya Abu Mazen (Ø§Ø¨Ùˆ Ù…Ø§Ø²Ù†), was elected President of the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) on January 9, 2005, and took office on January 15, 2005. ... Image File history File links Palestinian_flag. ... Yassir Arafat (Arabic: ) August 24 or August 4, 1929 â€“ November 11, 2004), born in Cairo[1] to Palestinian parents Mohammed Abdel-Raouf Arafat al-Qudwa al-Husseini and also known by the kunya Abu `Ammar (Ø£Ø¨Ùˆ Ø¹Ù…Ù‘Ø§Ø±), was Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) (1969â€“2004); President[1] of the Palestinian... Image File history File links Palestinian_flag. ... Marwan Barghouti in Israeli custody Marwan Barghouti (born June 6, 1959) is a Palestinian leader from the West Bank and a leader of the Fatah movement that forms the backbone of the Palestinian Authority and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). ... Image File history File links Palestinian_flag. ... Ismail Haniya (more frequently Haniyeh) (born 1963) (Arabic: Ø¥Ø³Ù…Ø§Ø¹ÙŠÙ„ Ù‡Ù†ÙŠØ©) is the Prime Minister of the Palestinian National Authority. ... Image File history File links Palestinian_flag. ... Mohammad Amin al-Husayni Mohammad Amin al-Husayni (ca. ... Image File history File links Palestinian_flag. ... Khaled Mashal, also known as Khaled Mashaal (Arabic: Ø®Ø§Ù„Ø¯ Ù…Ø´Ø¹Ù„) (b. ... Image File history File links Palestinian_flag. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Sweden. ... Count Folke Bernadotte of Wisborg (January 2, 1895 - September 17, 1948), or simply Count Bernadotte, was a Swedish diplomat noted for his negotiation of the release of 15,000 mostly Scandinavian prisoners [1] from the German concentration camps in World War II and for his assassination by members of a... Image File history File links Flag_of_Syria. ... Hafez al-Assad (Arabic: â€Ž) (October 6, 1930 â€“ June 10, 2000) was the president of Syria from 1971 to 2000. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Syria. ... Bashar al-Assad (Arabic: â€Ž, ) (born September 11, 1965) is the President of the Syrian Arab Republic, Regional Secretary of the Baath Party, and the son of former President Hafez al-Assad. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Uganda. ... Idi Amin Dada (c. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... Arthur James Balfour, 1st Earl of Balfour, KG, OM, PC (25 July 1848â€“19 March 1930) was a British statesman and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... Ernest Bevin (9 March 1881 - 14 April 1951) was a British labour leader, politician, and statesman, born in the small village of Winsford in Somerset, England. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_States. ... Madeleine Korbel Albright (born Marie Jana KorbelovÃ¡ on May 15, 1937) served as the 64th United States Secretary of State. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_States. ... Ralph Bunche, photographed by Carl Van Vechten, 1951 Ralph Johnson Bunche (August 7, 1904 â€“ December 9, 1971) was an American political scientist and diplomat who received the 1950 Nobel Peace Prize for his mediation in Palestine in the late 1940s that led to an armistice agreement between the Jews and... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_States. ... George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American businessman and politician, was elected in 2000 as the 43rd President of the United States of America, re-elected in 2004, and is currently serving his second term in that office. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_States. ... James Earl Jimmy Carter, Jr. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_States. ... William Jefferson Bill Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III on August 19, 1946) was the 42nd President of the United States, serving from 1993 to 2001. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_States. ... Henry Alfred Kissinger (born Heinz Alfred Kissinger on May 27, 1923) is a German-born Jewish American diplomat, Nobel laureate and statesman. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_States. ... Dennis Ross served as special Middle East envoy and negotiator for Democratic and Republicans US Administrations, first under George H.W. Bush and then under Bill Clinton during both terms. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_States. ... Cyrus Roberts Vance (March 27, 1917–January 12, 2002), was the United States Secretary of State under President Jimmy Carter from 1977 to 1980. ...

1920 Palestine riots
1921 Jaffa riots
1929 Palestine riots
1936–1939 Great Uprising
1947 Jerusalem riots
1948 Arab-Israeli War
1950's Terrorism against Israel
1953 Qibya massacre
1956 Suez Crisis
1967 Six-Day War
1968–1970 War of Attrition
1972 Munich Olympics massacre
1972 Operation Wrath of God
1973 Operation Spring of Youth
1973 Yom Kippur War
1975–1990 Lebanese Civil War
1976 Operation Entebbe
1978 Operation Litani
1979 Iranian Revolution
1981 Operation Opera
1982 Lebanon War
1982-2000 South Lebanon conflict
1985 Operation Wooden Leg
1987–1990 First Intifada
1991 Gulf War
1993 Operation Accountability
1993-present Palestinian suicide attacks
1996 Operation Grapes of Wrath
2000–present Al-Aqsa Intifada
2002 Operation Defensive Shield
2004 Operation Rainbow
2004 Operation Days of Penitence
2006 Operation Summer Rains
2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict
This article describes violent events in the Old City of Jerusalem from April 4-7, 1920. ... On May 1, 1921, a scuffle began in Tel Aviv-Jaffa between rival groups of Jewish Bolsheviks, carrying Yiddish banners demanding Soviet Palestine, and Socialists parading on May Day. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Great Uprising, Great Revolt, or Great Arab Revolt was an uprising during the British mandate by Palestinian Arabs in Palestine which lasted from 1936 to 1939. ... The 1947 Jerusalem Riots occurred following the 1947 UN Partition Plan. ... Combatants Israel Egypt Syria Transjordan Lebanon Iraq Holy War Army Arab Liberation Army Commanders Yaakov Dori, Yigael Yadin Glubb Pasha Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni Hasan Salama. ... Approximately 2,100 Jews living in Mandate Palestine are known to have been killed in political violence from 1920 up until the establishment of the modern State of Israel in 1948. ... The Qibya (also spelt Kibya, Qibieh or Qibye) Massacre (also known as Qibya Raid or Qibya Operation was carried out in October 1953 by Israeli troops in a West Bank village. ... Combatants Israel Great Britain France Egypt Commanders Moshe Dayan Charles Keightley Pierre Barjot Gamal Abdel Nasser Strength 175,000 Israeli 45,000 British 34,000 French 300,000 Casualties 177 Israeli KIA 16 British KIA 91 British WIA 10 French KIA 33 French WIA 1,650 KIA 4,900 WIA... Combatants Israel Egypt Syria Jordan Iraq Commanders Yitzhak Rabin, Moshe Dayan, Uzi Narkiss, Israel Tal, Mordechai Hod, Ariel Sharon Abdel Hakim Amer, Abdul Munim Riad, Zaid ibn Shaker, Hafez al-Assad Strength 50,000 troops (264,000 including mobilized reservists); 197 combat aircraft 280,000 troops (Egypt 150,000; Syria... The War of Attrition was a limited war fought between Egypt and Israel from 1968 to 1970. ... One of the Black September terrorists on the balcony of the Israeli team quarters at the Olympic village The Munich massacre occurred during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, when members of the Israeli Olympic team were taken hostage by the Palestinian terrorist organization Black September, a group... Operation Wrath of God also called Operation Bayonet was a covert operation directed by Israel and the Mossad to eliminate the terrorists who perpetrated the Munich Massacre. ... Operation Spring of Youth took place on the night of April 9 and early morning of April 10, 1973. ... Combatants Israel Egypt Syria Jordan Iraq Commanders Moshe Dayan David Elazar Ariel Sharon Shmuel Gonen Benjamin Peled Israel Tal Rehavam Zeevi Aharon Yariv Yitzhak Hofi Rafael Eitan Abraham Adan Yanush Ben Gal Saad El Shazly Ahmad Ismail Ali Hosni Mubarak Mohammed Aly Fahmy Anwar Sadat Abdel Ghani el-Gammasy Abdul... For the civil conflict of 1958, see Lebanon crisis of 1958. ... Operation Entebbe, also known as the Entebbe incident, was a rescue mission performed by Israels elite Sayeret Matkal to free hostages at the Entebbe Airport in Uganda. ... Operation Litani was the official name of the Israel Defense Forces 1978 invasion of Lebanon up to the Litani river. ... Protestors take to the street in support of Ayatollah Khomeini. ... Combatants Israel Iraq Strength 8 F-16A fighters 6 F-15A fighters Unknown numbers of radar and Anti-aircraft artillery Casualties None 10 Iraqi soldiers and 1 French researcher killed Operation Opera (sometimes referred to as Operation Babylon or Operation Ofra) was an Israeli air strike against the Iraqi Osirak... Combatants Israel Amal Hezbollah PLO Commanders Menachem Begin Ayatollah Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah Imad Mughniyah Yasser Arafat Strength 76,000 15,000 Casualties 675 9,800 The Lebanon War (Hebrew: , Milkhemet Levanon), also known as the Operation Peace of the Galilee (×ž×‘×¦×¢ ×©×œ×•× ×”×’×œ×™×œ, Mivtsa Shlom HaGalil in Hebrew), began June 6, 1982, when... Combatants Hezbollah Israel South Lebanon Army Casualties 1283 1200 Israeli soldiers During the 1982-2000 South Lebanon conflict Hezbollah waged a guerrilla campaign against Israeli forces occupying Southern Lebanon. ... Operation Wooden Leg was the October 1, 1985 Israeli Air Force raid on the Palestinian Liberation Organizations headquarters in Tunis, Tunisia. ... Intifada A poster from 1990 The First Intifada refers to a series of violent incidents between Palestinians and Israelis between 1987 and approximately 1993, when the Oslo accords were signed and the Palestinian National Authority was established. ... Combatants UN Coalition Republic of Iraq Commanders Norman Schwarzkopf Saddam Hussein Strength 660,000 545,000 Casualties 345 dead, 1,000 wounded 25,000 dead, 75,000 wounded The Gulf War (1990â€“1991) (also called the Persian Gulf War, First Gulf War, or Operation Desert Storm) was a conflict between... In July 1993, Israeli Forces launched a massive attack against Lebanon named Operation Accountability in Israel and Seven-Day War in Lebanon, in an attempt to displace the Lebanese and Palestinian refugee population, in order to pressure the Lebanese government and population to withdraw support for Hezbollah[1]. Israeli artillery... This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedias deletion policy. ... Combatants Israel, South Lebanon Army Hezbollah Operation Grapes of Wrath is the Israeli Defense Forces code-name for a sixteen-day military blitz against Lebanon in an attempt to end shelling of Northern Israel by Hezbollah. ... The wreckage of a commuter bus in Jerusalem after a suicide bombing on Tuesday, 18 June 2002. ... Operation Defensive Shield (In Hebrew, ×ž×‘×¦×¢ ×—×•×ž×ª ×ž×’×Ÿ) was a large-scale military operation conducted by the Israeli Defence Forces in April 2002. ... Operation Rainbow (In Hebrew, ×ž×‘×¦×¢ ×§×©×ª ×‘×¢× ×Ÿ) is a controversial military operation which began on May 18, 2004 in the Gaza Strip. ... Combatants Israel Defense Forces Hamas Casualties 5 killed (3 Of them civilians) 104 - 133 killed (42 of them civilians) Operation Days of Penitence (In Hebrew, ×ž×‘×¦×¢ ×™×ž×™ ×ª×©×•×‘×”) was the name used by Israel to describe an Israel Defense Forces operation in the northern Gaza Strip, conducted between September 30, 2004 and October... It has been suggested that 2006 Israel-Hamas crisis be merged into this article or section. ... Combatants Hezbollah Israel Commanders Hassan Nasrallah (Secretary General and Commander of Islamic Resistance)[3] Dan Halutz (CoS), Moshe Kaplinsky[10], Udi Adam (Regional) Strength uncertain; between 5,000 - 20,000 [4] 30,000 ground troops (plus IAF & ISC) [11] Casualties Hezbollah militia: approximately 80 dead confirmed by Hezbollah[5] 440...

1917 Balfour Declaration
1919 Faisal-Weizmann Agreement
1920 Sanremo conference
1922 White Paper
1939 White Paper
1947 UN Partition Plan
1948 Establishment of Israel
1948 UNGA Resolution 194
1949 Armistice Agreements
1964 Palestinian National Covenant
1967 Khartoum Resolution
1967 UNSC Resolution 242
1973 UNSC Resolution 338
1973 UNSC Resolution 339
1974 UNSC Resolution 350
1978 UNSC Resolution 425
1978 Camp David Accords
1979 UNSC Resolution 446
1979 Israel-Egypt peace treaty
1979 UNSC Resolution 452
1980 UNSC Resolution 478
1981 UNSC Resolution 497
1983 Israel-Lebanon agreement
1991 Madrid Conference
1993 Oslo Accords
1994 Israel-Jordan peace treaty
1998 Wye River Memorandum
2000 Camp David Summit
2001 Taba Summit
2001 UNSC Resolution 1373
2002 Beirut Summit and Peace Initiative
2002 Road Map for Peace
2004 UNSC Resolution 1559
2004 UNSC Resolution 1566
2005 UNSC Resolution 1583
2005 Sharm el-Sheikh Summit
2005 Israel's unilateral disengagement plan
2006 Palestinian Prisoners' Document
2006 UNSC Resolution 1701
The Faisal-Weizmann Agreement was signed on January 3, 1919, by Emir Faisal (son of the King of Hejaz) and Chaim Weizmann (later President of the World Zionist Organization) as part of the Paris Peace Conference, 1919 settling disputes stemming from World War I. It was a short-lived agreement... The Sanremo conference was an international meeting held in Sanremo, Italy, from 19-26 April 1920. ... The Churchill White Paper of 3 June 1922 clarified how Britain viewed the Balfour Declaration, 1917. ... The White Paper of 1939, also known as the MacDonald White Paper after Malcolm MacDonald, the British Colonial Secretary who presided over it, was a policy paper issued by the British government under Neville Chamberlain in which the idea of partitioning the British Mandate of Palestine was abandoned in favour... On 29 November 1947 the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine or United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181, a plan to resolve the Arab-Israeli conflict in the British Mandate of Palestine, was approved by the United Nations General Assembly, at the UN World Headquarters in New York. ... Image:Declarintion of State of Israel 1948. ... United Nations General Assembly Resolution 194 [1] was passed on December 11 1948, near the end of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. ... The 1949 Armistice Agreements are a set of agreements signed during 1949 between Israel and its neighbors Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria. ... The Palestinian National Covenant or Palestinian National Charter (Arabic: al-Mithaq al-Watani al-Filastini) is the charter or constitution of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). ... The Khartoum Resolution of September 1, 1967 was issued at the conclusion of a meeting between the leaders of eight Arab countries in the wake of the Six-Day War. ... United Nations Security Council Resolution 242 (S/RES/242) was adopted unanimously by the UN Security Council on November 22, 1967 in the aftermath of the Six Day War. ... The three-line United Nations Security Council Resolution 338 (S/RES/338), approved on October 22, 1973, called for a cease fire in the Yom Kipur War in accordance with a joint proposal by the United States and the Soviet Union. ... United Nations Security Council Resolution 339 (S/RES/339) was adopted in order to bring a cease fire in the Yom Kipur War where Resolution 338 two days before have failed. ... United Nations Security Council Resolution 350, adopted on 31 May 1974, established the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force, to monitor the ceasefire between Israel and Syria in the wake of the Yom Kippur War. ... On March 19, 1978, five days after the Israeli invasion of Lebanon, United Nations Security Council Resolution 425 was adopted, calling on Israel to immediately withdraw its forces from Lebanon and establishing the United Nations Interim Forces In Lebanon (UNIFIL). ... It has been suggested that Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty be merged into this article or section. ... United Nations Security Council Resolution 446 concerned the issue of Israeli settlements in the Arab territories occupied by Israel since 1967, including Jerusalem. This refers to the Palestinian territories of the West Bank including East Jerusalem, Gaza Strip and the Golan Heights. ... The Israel-Egypt peace treaty (Arabic: Ù…Ø¹Ø§Ù‡Ø¯Ø© Ø§Ù„Ø³Ù„Ø§Ù… Ø§Ù„Ù…ØµØ±ÙŠØ© Ø§Ù„Ø¥Ø³Ø±Ø§Ø¦ÙŠÙ„ÙŠØ©; transliterated: Muahadat as-Salam al-Masriyah al-Israyliyah) (Hebrew: ×”×¡×›× ×©×œ×•× ×™×©×¨××œ-×ž×¦×¨×™×; transliterated: Heskem Shalom Yisrael-Mizraim) was signed in Washington, DC, United States, on March 26, 1979, following the Camp David Accords (1978). ... United Nations Security Council Resolution 452 was on the issue of the Israeli settlements in the Palestinian territories of East Jerusalem, the West Bank, Gaza Strip and the Syrian Golan Heights. ... United Nations Security Council Resolution 478 declared that the 1980 Knesset law (the Jerusalem Law) declaring Jerusalem as Israels eternal and indivisible capital was null and void and must be rescinded forthwith. This resolution, not taken under chapter VI or VII of the charter (the binding chapters), advised member... United Nations Security Council Resolution 497 calls on Israel to rescind its annexation of the Golan Heights. ... The May 17 Agreement was a failed US-backed attempt to create peace between Lebanon and Israel during the Lebanese Civil War, by some seen as an illegal agreement imposed while the country was under military occupation, and by others as an attempt at restoring peace and security to Lebanon... The Madrid Conference was hosted by the government of Spain and co-sponsored by the USA and the USSR. It convened on October 30, 1991 and lasted for three days. ... The Oslo Accords, officially called the Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements or Declaration of Principles (DOP), were finalized in Oslo, Norway on August 20, 1993, and subsequently officially signed at a public ceremony in Washington D.C. on September 13, 1993, with Mahmoud Abbas signing for the... The Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace, or Israel-Jordan peace treaty is a peace treaty signed between the State of Israel and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in 1994. ... The Wye River Memorandum was a political agreement negotiated to implement the earlier Interim Agreement of 28 September, 1995 brokered by the United States between Israel and the Palestine Authority completed on October 23, 1998. ... The Middle East Peace Summit at Camp David of July 2000 took place between United States President Bill Clinton, Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak, and Palestinian Authority Chairman Yasser Arafat. ... The Taba summit (or: Taba Summit; Taba Talks; Taba Conference; Taba), also known as the permanent status talks at Taba between Israel and the Palestinian Authority, held from January 21 to January 27, 2001 at Taba in the Sinai peninsula, were peace talks aimed at reaching the final status negotiations... United Nations Security Council Resolution 1373 is a counter-terrorism measure adopted September 28, 2001 following the September 11 terrorist attacks on the United States. ... Israel and the Occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip are at the center of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. ... The road map for peace is a plan to resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict proposed by a quartet of international entities: the United States, the European Union, Russia, and the United Nations. ... United Nations Security Council Resolution 1559 was a resolution adopted by the United Nations Security Council on September 2, 2004. ... United Nations Security Council Resolution 1566 is an anti-terrorism resolution adopted on 8 October 2004. ... United Nations Security Council Resolution 1583 calls on Lebanon to assert full control over its border with Israel (See: Hezbollah). ... The Sharm el-Sheikh Summit of 2005 took place on February 8, (2005), when four Middle Eastern leaders gathered at Sharm el-Sheikh, a town at the southern tip of the Sinai Peninsula, in order to declare their wish to work towards the end of the four-year Al-Aqsa... Israels unilateral disengagement plan (termed in Hebrew: ×ª×•×›× ×™×ª ×”×”×ª× ×ª×§×•×ª Tokhnit HaHitnatkut or ×ª×›× ×™×ª ×”×”×™× ×ª×§×•×ª Tokhnit HaHinatkut in the Disengagement Plan Implementation Law), also known as the disengagement plan, Gaza Pull-Out plan, and Hitnatkut) was a proposal by Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon, adopted by the government and enacted in August 2005, to... The Prisoners document is a document drawn up by Palestinian prisoners who are currently being held in Israeli jails. ... United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701 is a resolution intended to resolve the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict. ...

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