The neutrality of this article is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page.

Alternate meaning: Bohai Sea

Balhae, also known as Bohai in Chinese (698 - 926) was an ancient kingdom occupying parts of Manchuria, Primorsky Krai, and the northern part of the Korean peninsula. After Goguryeo's capital and southern territories fell to Unified Silla, Dae Jo-young, the leader of Goguryeo remnants, established what he considered the successor to Goguryeo. Balhae was conquered by the Khitans in 926. Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ... Hangul also refers to a word processing application widely used in Korea. ... It has been suggested that Sino-Korean be merged into this article or section. ... McCune-Reischauer romanization is one of the two most widely used Korean language romanization systems, along with the Revised Romanization of Korean, which replaced (a modified) McCune-Reischauer as the official romanization system in South Korea in 2000. ... The Revised Romanization of Korean (Korean: 국어의 로마자 표기법; 國語의 로마字 表記法) is the official Korean language romanization system in South Korea. ... Traditional Chinese characters are one of two standard character sets of printed contemporary Chinese written language. ... Simplified Chinese characters (Simplified Chinese: 简体字; Traditional Chinese: 簡體字; pinyin: jiǎntǐzì; also called 简化字/簡化字, jiǎnhuàzì) are one of two standard character sets of printed contemporary Chinese written language. ... Pinyin (拼音, Pīnyīn) literally means join (together) sounds (a less literal translation being phoneticize, spell or transcription) in Chinese and usually refers to Hànyǔ Pīnyīn (汉语拼音, literal meaning: Han language pinyin), which is a system of... Wade-Giles, sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a Romanization (phonetic notation and transliteration) system for the Chinese language based on Mandarin. ... A map showing the location of the Bohai Sea. ... Manchuria (Manchu: Manju; Traditional Chinese: 滿洲; Simplified Chinese: 满洲; pinyin: MÇŽnzhōu, Russian: ) is a vast territorial region in northeast Asia. ... Administrative center Vladivostok Area - total - % water Ranked 26th - 165,900 km² - negligible Population - Total - Density Ranked 26th - est. ... The Korean Peninsula is a peninsula in East Asia. ... Goguryeo (traditional dates 37 B.C. – A.D. 668) was a kingdom in northern Korea and a large part of Manchuria. ... Unified Silla is the name often applied to the Korean kingdom of Silla after 668. ... Old Book of the Tang described Dae Jo young, the founder of Balhae, as a Goguryeo eccentric. ... The Khitan, in Chinese Qidan (契丹 Pinyin: Qìdān), were an ethnic group which dominated much of Manchuria and was classified in Chinese history as one of the Tungus ethnic groups (東胡族 dōng hú zú). They established the Liao dynasty in 907, which was then conquered in 1125 by the...

History

History of Korea
Gojoseon, Jin Proto-Three Kingdoms:  Buyeo, Okjeo, Dongye  Samhan Three Kingdoms:  Goguryeo  Baekje  Silla, Gaya Unified Silla, Balhae  Later Three Kingdoms Goryeo   Khitan wars   Mongol invasions Joseon  Hideyoshi's Invasions of Korea  Korean Empire Japanese Occupation  Provisional Gov't Divided Korea  Korean War North, South Korea Image File history File links Korea_unified_vertical. ... Joseon dynasty court architecture This article is about the history of Korea, through the division of Korea before the Korean War. ... Gojoseon (ancient Joseon, to distinguish the later Joseon Dynasty) was the first Korean kingdom. ... Jin was an early Iron Age state which occupied some portion of the southern Korean peninsula during the 2nd and 3rd centuries BCE, bordering the Korean kingdom Gojoseon to the north. ... Proto-Three Kingdoms of Korea (원삼국시대, 原三國時代) refers to the period after the fall of Gojoseon and before the maturation of Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla into full-fledged kingdoms. ... Buyeo (Fuyu in Chinese) was a kingdom established in Northern Manchuria, from about 2nd century BC to 494. ... Okjeo was a small tribal state which arose in northern Korean peninsula from perhaps 2nd century BC to 5th century AD. Dong-okjeo (East Okjeo) occupied roughly the area of the Hamgyŏng provinces of North Korea, and Buk-okjeo (North Okjeo) occupied the Duman River region. ... Dongye was a state which occupied portions of the northeastern Korean peninsula from roughly 150 BCE to around 400 CE. It bordered Goguryeo and Okjeo to the north, Jinhan to the south, and Chinas Lelang Commandery to the west. ... During the Samhan period, the three confederacies of Mahan, Jinhan, and Byeonhan dominated the southern portion of the Korean peninsula. ... The Three Kingdoms of Korea were Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla, which dominated the Korean peninsula and parts of Manchuria for much of the 1st millennium CE. The Three Kingdoms period in Korea is usually considered to run from the 1st century BCE until Sillas triumph over Goguryeo in 668... Goguryeo (traditional dates 37 B.C. – A.D. 668) was a kingdom in northern Korea and a large part of Manchuria. ... Baekje (18 BC (legendary) – AD 660) was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, together with Goguryeo and Silla. ... Silla (also spelled Shilla, traditional dates 57 BCE - 935 CE) was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. ... Gaya was a confederacy of chiefdoms in the Nakdong River valley of southern Korea, growing out of the Byeonhan confederacy and later annexed by Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. ... Unified Silla is the name often applied to the Korean kingdom of Silla after 668. ... The Later Three Kingdoms of Korea (892-936) consisted of Silla, Hubaekje (later Baekje), and Taebong (also known as Hugoguryeo, or Later Goguryeo). ... The state of Goryeo ruled Korea from the fall of Silla in 935 until the founding of Joseon in 1392. ... The Goryeo-Khitan Wars were a series of 10th- and 11th-century conflicts between the kingdom of Goryeo and Khitan forces near what is now the border between China and North Korea. ... The Mongol invasions of Korea consisted of a series of campaigns by the Mongol Empire against Korea, then known as Koryo, from 1231 to 1259. ... The Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910) (also Choson), sometimes known as the Yi Dynasty, was a dynasty founded by General Yi Seonggye in what is modern day Korea, and lasted for five centuries as one of the worlds longest running monarchies. ... Combatants Joseon Dynasty Korea, Ming Dynasty China Japan under Toyotomi Hideyoshi Commanders Korea: Yi Sun-sin, Gwon Yul, Won Gyun, Kim Myung Won, Yi Il, Sin Lip, Gwak Jae-u, Kim Shi-min China: Li Rusong , Li Rubai, Ma Gui , Qian Shi-zhen, Ren Ziqiang, Yang Yuan, Zhang Shijue, Chen... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Korea under Japanese rule refers to the period of Japans administrative control of the Korean peninsula in the early 20th century from 1910 to 1945. ... The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea was a government in exile based in Shanghai, China and later in Chongqing. ... The Korean peninsula, first divided along the 38th parallel, later along the demarcation line The division of Korea into North Korea and South Korea stems from the 1945 Allied victory in World War II, ending Japans 35-year occupation of Korea. ... Combatants Western Allied/UN combatants: Republic of Korea United States Britain Communist combatants: Democratic People’s Republic of Korea People’s Republic of China Soviet Union Commanders Syngman Rhee Chung Il Kwon Douglas MacArthur Mark W. Clark Matthew Ridgway Kim Il-sung Choi Yong-kun Peng Dehuai Strength Note: All... History of North Korea: Following World War II, Korea, which had been a colonial possession of Japan since 1910, was occupied by the Soviet Union (in the north) and the United States (in the south). ...
Timeline Military history List of Monarchs This is a timeline of Korean history. ... Korea has a long military history going back several thousand years, with an extensive series of wars that involved invasions, civil discord, counter-piracy actions against medieval Japan, the first use of armoured battleships in seabattles, and the devastation of rebellions against the Joseon era Japanese invasions, the forced peace... Korean dynasties are listed in the order of their fall. ...
Korea Portal

Founding

Stele from Balhae at the National Museum of Korea.

The earliest known recorded mention of Balhae come from the Book of Tang, which was compiled between 941 to 945. Manchuria and northern Korea were previously the territory of the Goguryeo, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Goguryeo fell to the allied forces of Silla and the Tang Dynasty in 668. The Tang annexed much of western Manchuria, while Silla unified the Korean peninsula south of the Taedong River. In the aftermath of the destruction caused by invasion and war, Goguryeo refugees fled to the east or south to Silla. The National Museum of Korea is the flagship museum of Korean history and art in South Korea and is the cultural organization that represents Korea. ... Goguryeo (traditional dates 37 B.C. – A.D. 668) was a kingdom in northern Korea and a large part of Manchuria. ... The Three Kingdoms of Korea were Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla, which dominated the Korean peninsula and parts of Manchuria for much of the 1st millennium CE. The Three Kingdoms period in Korea is usually considered to run from the 1st century BCE until Sillas triumph over Goguryeo in 668... Silla (also spelled Shilla, traditional dates 57 BCE - 935 CE) was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Taedong River rises in the Nangnim Mountains of northern North Korea. ...

Expansion and foreign relations

In the confusion of a Khitan attack against the Tang Dynasty in 696, Goguryeo remnants, led by Geolgeol Jungsang and a Sumo Mohe tribe, led by Geolsa Biwoo, escaped eastward to their homeland. The two leaders died but Dae Jo-young, the son of Geolgeol Jungsang, established the State of Jin, claiming to be successors of Goguryeo. Dae Jo-young established his capital at Dongmu Mountain (東牟山). Since it gained power under protection of the northern nomadic empire of Gokturk, Tang called Dae Joyoung "Prefecture King of Balhae (渤海郡王)" in 713. The Bohai (Balhae) Prefecture (渤海郡), modern Cangzhou in Hebei Province, faced the Bohai Sea (渤海) and was remote from his realm. Although the title was not accompanied by actual possession of the prefecture, "Balhae" was used as the name of the country thereafter. Tang called King Mun the "State King of Balhae" in 762. The Khitan, in Chinese Qidan (契丹 Pinyin: Qìdān), were an ethnic group which dominated much of Manchuria and was classified in Chinese history as one of the Tungus ethnic groups (東胡族 dōng hú zú). They established the Liao dynasty in 907, which was then conquered in 1125 by the... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Old Book of the Tang described Dae Jo young, the founder of Balhae, as a Goguryeo eccentric. ... The Gokturks or Kokturks (Gök-Turks or Kök-Turks, with the meaning Celestial Turks), known as Tujue (突厥 tu2 jue2) in medieval Chinese sources, established the first known Turkic state around 552 under the leadership of Bumin/Tuman Khan/Khaghan (died 552) and his sons, and expanded... Cangzhou (Chinese: 沧州; pinyin: ) is a prefecture-level city in Hebei Province, China. ... Hebei (Chinese: 河北; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Ho-pei; Postal System Pinyin: Hopeh) is a northern province of the Peoples Republic of China. ... A province, in the context of China, is a translation of sheng (省 shÄ›ng), which is an administrative division of China. ... A map showing the location of the Bohai Sea. ... Emperor Sejong Mun (Daeheung) was an emperor of Bohai (발해) (an antecedent state of present day Korea). ...

The second king Mu, who felt encircled by Tang, Silla and Black Water Mohe along the Amur River, attacked Tang and his navy briefly occupied a port on the Shandong Peninsula in 732. Later, a compromise was forged between Tang and Balhae, which resumed tributary missions to Tang. He also sent a mission to Japan in 728 to threaten Silla from the southeast. Balhae kept diplomatic and commercial contacts with Japan until the end of the kingdom. Because of its proximity to many powerful states, Balhae became a buffer zone for the region. Silla (also spelled Shilla, traditional dates 57 BCE - 935 CE) was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. ... The Amur (Russian: Амур) (Simplified Chinese: 黑龙江; Traditional Chinese: 黑龍江; Hēilóng Jiāng, literally meaning Black Dragon River) (Mongolian: Хара-Мурэн, Khara-Muren or Black River) (Manchu: Sahaliyan Ula, literal meaning Black... The Shandong Peninsula (sim. ...

The third king Mun expanded its territory into the Amur valley in the north and the Liaodong Peninsula in the west. He also established the permanent capital near Lake Jingpo in the south of today's Heilongjiang province around 755. During his reign, a trade route with Silla, called Sillado, was established. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Lake Jingpo is located on the Wandashan Mountains, in Ningan County, Heilongjiang of China. ... Heilongjiang (Simplified Chinese: 黑龙江省; Traditional Chinese: 黑龍江省; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Postal System Pinyin: Heilungkiang) is a province of the Peoples Republic of China located in the northeastern part of the country. ...

By the 8th century, Balhae controlled northern Korea, all of Northeastern Manchuria, the Liaodong peninsula, and what is now Primorsky Krai of Russia. Its strength was such that Silla was forced to build a northern wall in 721 as well as maintain active defences along the common border. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Administrative center Vladivostok Area - total - % water Ranked 26th - 165,900 km² - negligible Population - Total - Density Ranked 26th - est. ...

Fall and legacy

By the early 10th century, ethnic differences between the Goguryeo and the Mohe (Malgal) people weakened the state. Eventually, Balhae would succumb to the Khitans, an emerging power in Manchuria which founded the Liao Dynasty. After destroying Balhae in 926, the Khitan established the puppet Dongdan Kingdom, which was soon followed by the annexation by Liao in 936. Balhae aristocrats were moved to Liaoyang but small fragments of the state remained semi-independent. Some Balhae people, including a son of the last king, fled southward to Goryeo, successor to Unified Silla. Some descendants of the royal family lived in Korea, changing their family name to Tae (太). Balhae was the last state in Korean history to hold any significant territory in Manchuria, although later Korean dynasties would continue to regard themselves as successors of Goguryeo and Balhae. The Khitan, in Chinese Qidan (契丹 Pinyin: Qìdān), were an ethnic group which dominated much of Manchuria and was classified in Chinese history as one of the Tungus ethnic groups (東胡族 dōng hú zú). They established the Liao dynasty in 907, which was then conquered in 1125 by the... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... Dongdan Kingdom(A.D.926~936) is the puppet kingdom established by the Khitan to rule the realm of the Bohai Kingdom in Eastern Manchuria. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... The state of Goryeo ruled Korea from the fall of Silla in 935 until the founding of Joseon in 1392. ...

The Khitans themselves eventually succumbed to the Jurchen people, who founded the Jin Dynasty. The Jin dynasty favored the Balhae people as well as the Khitans. The fourth, fifth and seventh emperors of Jin were mothered by Balhae consorts. The 13th century census of Northern China by the Mongols distinguished Balhae from other ethnic groups such as Goryeo, Khitan and Jurchen. This suggests that the Balhae people still preserved their identity even after the conquest of the kingdom. The Jurchens (Chinese: 女真, pinyin: nǚzhēn) were a Tungusic people who inhabited parts of Manchuria and northern Korea until the seventeenth century, when they became the Manchus. ... The Jin Dynasty (金 pinyin: JÄ«n 1115-1234; Anchu in Jurchen), also known as the Jurchen dynasty, was founded by the Wanyan (完顏 Wányán) clan of the Jurchen, the ancestors of the Manchus who established the Qing Dynasty some 500 years later. ... The state of Goryeo ruled Korea from the fall of Silla in 935 until the founding of Joseon in 1392. ... The Khitan, in Chinese Qidan (契丹 Pinyin: Qìdān), were an ethnic group which dominated much of Manchuria and was classified in Chinese history as one of the Tungus ethnic groups (東胡族 dōng hú zú). They established the Liao dynasty in 907, which was then conquered in 1125 by the... The Jurchens (Chinese: 女真, pinyin: nǚzhēn) were a Tungusic people who inhabited parts of Manchuria and northern Korea until the seventeenth century, when they became the Manchus. ...

Government and culture

The people of Balhae were made up of former Goguryeo elements and of several Tungusic peoples present in Manchuria, of which the Mohe (Malgal) made up the largest element. Tungusic languages (or Manchu-Tungus languages) are spoken in Eastern Siberia and Manchuria. ...

A dragon head artifact from Balhae at the National Museum of Korea.

Its culture and government was heavily influenced by Tang China. It modeled its system of government upon that of Tang China, to an even greater extent than Silla. The government operated three chancelleries and six ministries, and its capital, Sanggyong, was modeled after Chang'an, the capital of the Tang Dynasty. In addition, Balhae sent many students to Tang China to study, and many went on to take and pass the Chinese civil service examinations.([1][2]) Changan ▶(?) (Simplified Chinese: 长安; Traditional Chinese: 長安; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chang-an) is the ancient capital of more than ten dynasties in China. ... The imperial examinations (Chinese: 科舉; Pinyin: kējǔ) in dynastic China determined positions in the civil service based on merit and education, which promoted upward mobility among the population for centuries. ...

An important source of cultural information on Balhae was discovered at the end of the 20th century at the Ancient Tombs at Longtou Mountain, especially the Mausoleum of Princess Zhenxiao. The Ancient Tombs at Longtou Mountain (龙头山古墓群) are a collection of 12 burials for royalty of the Bohai Kingdom. ... The Mausoleum of Princess Zhenxiao (贞孝公主墓) of was made in 793 by the early Bohai Kingdom during the Tang Dynasty, and is a part of the Ancient Tombs at Longtou Mountain in Jilin. ...

Characterization and political interpretation

Controversy rests over the ethnic makeup of the people of Balhae. That Balhae was founded by a former general from Goguryeo is undisputed, but some dispute his ethnicity is, due to ambiguous wording in historical sources. No written records from Balhae itself survive.

Koreans regard Balhae as a Korean state, particular from the Joseon Dynasty onwards. The 18th century, during the Joseon Dynasty, was a period in which Korean scholars began a renewed interest in Balhae. The Qing and Joseon dynasties had negotiated and demarcated the Sino-Korean border along the Yalu and Tumen rivers in 1712, and Jang Ji-yeon (1762–1836), journalist, writer of nationalist tracts, and organizer of nationalist societies, published numerous articles arguing that had the Joseon officials considered Balhae part of their territory, they would not be as eager to "give up" lands north of the rivers. Yu Deuk-gong in his eighteenth-century work Parhaego (An investigation of Balhae) argued that Balhae should be included as part of Korean history, and that doing so would justify territorial claims on Manchuria. Korean historian Sin Chae-ho, writing about Gando in the early twentieth century, bemoaned that for centuries, Korean people in their “hearts and eyes considered only the land south of the Yalu as their home” and that “half of our ancestor Tan’gun’s ancient lands have been lost for over nine hundred years.” Sin also criticized Kim Busik, author of the Samguk Sagi, for excluding Balhae from his historical work and claiming that Silla had achieved unification of Korea.^[3] Inspired by ideas of Social Darwinism, Sin wrote: The Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910) (also Choson), sometimes known as the Yi Dynasty, was a dynasty founded by General Yi Seonggye in what is modern day Korea, and lasted for five centuries as one of the worlds longest running monarchies. ... The Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910) (also Choson), sometimes known as the Yi Dynasty, was a dynasty founded by General Yi Seonggye in what is modern day Korea, and lasted for five centuries as one of the worlds longest running monarchies. ... The Amnok River, or the Yalu River, is a river on the border between China and North Korea. ... The Tumen River, also known as the Duman River (in Korean), is a river in northeast Asia, on the border between China and North Korea in its upper reaches, and between North Korea and Russia in its lower stretches. ... Yu Deuk-gong (1749–1807) was a Korean scholar during the Joseon Dynasty. ... Gando, Jiandao, and Kantō are the Korean, Chinese, and Japanese pronunciations of a name (間島) that refers to parts of Manchuria populated by Koreans. ... Dangun is the mythical founder of Korea. ... Kim Busik (1075-1151) was an official and a scholar during Koreas Goryeo period. ... We dont have an article called Samguk sagi Start this article Search for Samguk sagi in. ... Silla (also spelled Shilla, traditional dates 57 BCE - 935 CE) was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. ... Unified Silla is the name often applied to the Korean kingdom of Silla after 668. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

How intimate is the connection between Korea and Manchuria? When the Korean race obtains Manchuria, the Korean race is strong and prosperous. When another race obtains Manchuria, the Korean race is inferior and recedes. Moreever, when in the possession of another race, if that race is the northern race, then Korea enters that northern race's sphere of power. If an eastern race obtains Manchuria, then Korea enters that race's sphere of power. Alas! This is an iron rule that has not changed for four thousand years.^[4]

Neither Silla nor the later Goryeo wrote an official history for Balhae, and some modern scholars argue that had they done so, Koreans might have had a stronger claim to Balhae's history and territory. [5] Silla (also spelled Shilla, traditional dates 57 BCE - 935 CE) was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. ... The state of Goryeo ruled Korea from the fall of Silla in 935 until the founding of Joseon in 1392. ...

In modern North and South Korea, Balhae is regarded as a Korean state and is positioned in the "North-South Period" (with Silla) today, although such a view has had proponents in the past. They emphasize its connection with Goguryeo and minimize that with the Mohe. While South Korean historians think the ethnicity ruling class was of Goguryeo and the commoners were mixed, including Mohe, North Korean historians think Balhae ethnography was mostly Goguryeo. Koreans believe the founder Dae Joyeong was of Goguryeo stock. The Book of Tang says that Dae Joyeong was of a "changed Goguryeo kind" (高麗別種),[6] and the New Book of Tang states that he is "from the Sumo Mohe of the former realm of Goguryeo." The Mohe (靺鞨, Korean: Malgal, 말갈), were a Tungusic tribe in ancient Manchuria. ... The Mohe were a Tungusic tribe in ancient Manchuria. ...

In the West, Balhae is generally characterized as a successor to Goguryeo that traded with China and Japan, and its name is romanized from Korean. ^{(dubious assertion—see talk page)} [7] [8] [9] [10] It is seen as composed of peoples of northern Manchuria and northern Korea, with its founder and the ruling class consisting largely of the former aristocrats of Goguryo. Some scholars believe Dae Joyeong was of Goguryeo ethnicity, while others believe he was an ethnic Malgal from Goguryeo. [11] [12][13] [14] [15] [16] Dae Joyeong, also known as Emperor Go, established the empire of Barhae, reigning from 699 to 719. ...

Like many ancient Korean and Japanese kingdoms, Balhae sometimes paid tribute to China, and a heir who lacks this sanction was called by China 知國務 ("State Affairs Leader"), not king; also, China considered every king simultaneously the Prefect of Huhan Prefecture (忽汗州都督府都督). However, Balhae rulers called themselves emperors and declared their own era names. Chinese historians consider Balhae to be composed of the Balhae ethnic group, which was mostly based on the Mohe. Historically, the Jurchens (later renamed the Manchus, considered themselves as sharing ancestry with the Mohe (Malgal), and the People's Republic of China continues to consider Balhae as part of the history of its ethnic Manchus. [17] See also: ERA (disambiguation page). ... The Manchu (manju in Manchu; 滿族 (pinyin: mǎnzú) in Chinese, often shortened to 滿 (pinyin: mǎn) are an ethnic group who originated in northeastern Manchuria. ...

A monkey warrior statue of Balhae. Courtesy of the National Museum of Korea.

The People's Republic of China is accused of limiting Korean archealogists access to historical sites located within Liaoning and Jilin. Starting from 1994, increasing numbers of South Korean tourists began to visit archaeological sites in China and often engaged in nationalistic displays. This was aggravated by a series of tomb robberies and vandalism at several of these archaelogical sites between 1995 and 2000, which were widely believed to have been perpetrated by ethnic Koreans. ^[18] Liaoning (Simplified Chinese: 辽宁; Traditional Chinese: 遼寧; pinyin: ) is a northeastern province of the Peoples Republic of China. ...   (Chinese: ; Pinyin: Jílín; Wade-Giles: Chi-lin; Postal System Pinyin: Kirin; Manchu: Girin ula), is a province of the Peoples Republic of China located in the northeastern part of the country. ...

South Korean archeaologist Song Ki-ho, who is a noted professor of Seoul National University and has published several papers criticizing the Chinese government, made several visits to China in the 1990's, 2000, 2003, and 2004, examined several historical sites and museums. However, he found himself restricted by limitations on note-taking and photography and even ejected from several sites by museum employees. [19] [20] [21] South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK; Korean: Daehan Minguk (Hangul: 대한 민국; Hanja: 大韓民國)), is a country in East Asia, covering the southern half of the Korean Peninsula. ... Seoul National University (SNU) is South Koreas top university, whose main campus is located in Seoul, South Korea. ...

North Korea has restricted independent archaelogists from its historical sites since at least the early 1960's. Foreign scholars have criticized political bias in North Korean historiography, and have accused North Korean scholars of reconstructing or even fabricating historical sites. ^[22]

Russian archaelogists and scholars, like those from China, think of Balhae as an independent Mohe state, with Central Asian and Chinese influence. [23]

In relations with Japan, Balhae referred to itself as Goguryeo, and Japan welcomed this as a kind of restoration of its former friendly relationship with Goguryeo. [24] [25] Modern Japanese scholars view Balhae as an independent state.

Sovereigns of Balhae 698-926

Events Tiberius III deposes Leontius and becomes Byzantine Emperor. ... Events Bohai is conquered by the Khitan Births Emperor Murakami of Japan Deaths Categories: 926 ... A posthumous name (Traditional Chinese: 諡號/謚號 Simplified Chinese: 谥号; Pinyin: shì hào; Romaji: shigō/tsuigō; Revised Romanization of Korean: siho) is a honorary name given to royalty in some cultures posthumously, that is, after the persons death. ... Hangul also refers to a word processing application widely used in Korea. ... It has been suggested that Sino-Korean be merged into this article or section. ... Korean era names were used during the period of Silla, Goguryeo, Balhae, Taebong, Goryeo, Joseon, and the Korean Empire. ... Dae Jo-yeong, also known as Emperor Go, established the state of Balhae, reigning from 699 to 719. ... Dae Muye, also known as King Mu (무왕, 武王) (r. ... Emperor Sejong Mun (Daeheung) was an emperor of Bohai (발해) (an antecedent state of present day Korea). ... Dae Won-ui (r. ... Seong of Balhae, sometimes called by his birth-name Dae Hwa-yeo, was the 5th ruler of the Korean-Manchurian kingdom of Balhae. ... Gang of Balhae (r. ... Jeong of Balhae (r. ... Hui of Balhae (r. ... Gan of Balhae (r. ... Dae Insu or Tae Insu (r. ... Dae Ijin (Hangul:대이진,Hanja: 大彝震) (830-857) was the king of Balhae a kingdom in northeast Asia from AD 898 to 926, occupying parts of Manchuria, northern Korea, and Russian Far East. ... Geonhwang of Balhae (r. ... Dae Hyeonseok (Hangul:대현석, Hanja:大玄錫), otherwise known as King Gyeong (Hangul:경왕, Hanja:景王) or Da Xuanxi, was the king of Balhae kingdom from 871 to 895. ... Dae Wihae (r. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Media

Balhae is mentioned in a Korean film called Shadowless Sword, which is about the last prince of Balhae. Also, a Korean drama, coming out in September of 2006, will feature the founder of Balhae himself, Dae Joyeong. Shadowless Sword (Muyeonggeom) is a 2005 South Korean film. ...

References and notes

1. ↑ Andre Schmid (2000). "Looking North toward Manchuria". The South Atlantic Quarterly 99 (1): 219-240.
2. ↑ Andre Schmid (1997). "Rediscovering Manchuria: Sin Ch'aeho and the Politics of Territorial History in Korea". The Journal of Asian Studies 56 (1): 30. Sin was criticizing previous generations of Korean historians, who had traced Korean history back to the ancient peoples of the Korean peninsula. Sin believed that by doing so, and regarding "minor peoples" as their ancestors, they were diluting and weakening the Korean people and their history. He believed that the Korean race was in fact mainly descended from northern peoples, such as Buyeo, Goguryeo, and Balhae, and (re)claiming such a heritage would make them strong.
3. ↑ Mark Byington (October 7 - 8, 2004). "“A Matter of Territorial Security: Chinese Historiographical Treatment of Koguryo in the Twentieth Century”". International Conference on Nationalism and Textbooks in Asia and Europe, Seoul, The Academy of Korean Studies..
4. ↑ Mark Byington (2004). "The War of Words Between South Korea and China Over An Ancient Kingdom: Why Both Sides Are Misguided".
5. ↑ Leonid A. Petrov (2004). "Restoring the Glorious Past: North Korean Juche Historiography and Goguryeo". The Review of Korean Studies 7 (3): 231-252.

Buyeo can mean: An ancient kingdom in Manchuria, also called Puyŏ or Fuyu. ... Goguryeo (traditional dates 37 B.C. – A.D. 668) was a kingdom in northern Korea and a large part of Manchuria. ...

See also

• History of Korea
• List of Balhae monarchs
• Ancient Tombs at Longtou Mountain
• Ethnic groups in Chinese history
• Mausoleum of Princess Jeong-Hyo

Joseon dynasty court architecture This article is about the history of Korea, through the division of Korea before the Korean War. ... Korean dynasties are listed in the order of their fall. ... The Ancient Tombs at Longtou Mountain (龙头山古墓群) are a collection of 12 burials for royalty of the Bohai Kingdom. ... Any non clear-cut connection is denoted by a question mark (?) beside the equivalences. ...

External links

• Encyclopedia Britannica
• Britannica Concise Encyclopedia
• the state of Parhae (or Bohai in Chinese) from The Encyclopedia of World History Sixth Edition, Peter N. Stearns (general editor), © 2001 The Houghton Mifflin Company, at Bartleby.com.
• Columbia Encyclopedia
• U.S. Library of Congress: Country Studies
• Metropolitan Museum of Art
• Provinces of Balhae Kingdom (in Korean)
• RootsInfo.co.kr (in Korean)