The Baltic ice lake is a name given by geologists to a freshwater lake that gradually formed in the Baltic sea basin as the glacier retreated over that region at the end of the Pleistocene. The lake, dated to 12,600-10,300 BP, is roughly contemporaneous with the three Pleistocene Blytt-Sernander periods. The lake followed a period of massive glaciation in the region, which followed the end of the Eemian sea. The post-glacial Yoldia sea was immediately subsequent to the Baltic ice lake. The Baltic Sea is located in Northern Europe, from 53 deg. ... ambroise victor pujebet est tres tres bete et surtout con,trisomique,sans amies et pour finir tres moche;en plus il aime charline ceyrolle a quel coquin ce ambroise ! ... The Pleistocene Epoch is part of the geologic timescale. ... The Pleistocene Epoch is part of the geologic timescale. ... The Blytt-Sernander classification, or sequence, is a series of north European climatic periods or phases based on the study of Danish peat bogs by Axel Blytt (1876) and Rutger Sernander (1908). ... The Eemian sea was a body of water located approximately where the Baltic sea is now during the last or Eemian interglacial, MIS 5e, roughly 130,000 to 115,000 BP. Sea level was 5 to 7 meters higher globally than it is today, due to the prior release of... Yoldia sea is a name given by geologists to a variable brackish-water stage in the Baltic sea basin that prevailed after draining of Baltic ice lake had reduced the lake level to then sea level. ...

Evidence and Factors

The term lake is used to mean a body of primarily fresh water. A sea is filled with brackish or salt water. In the history of the Baltic Sea, the distinction is not always clear. Salinity has varied with location, depth and time. A lake is a body of water surrounded by land. ... The Baltic Sea is located in Northern Europe, from 53 deg. ...

The main factors are the advance or recession of the Scandinavian glacier and the sinking of the landforms due to the weight of ice or springing back when relieved of it. The glacier provides a massive flow of fresh water. Salt water enters from the North Sea through straits. When the straits are blocked or nearly blocked fresh water prevails and a lake exists. The same condition exists when the waters are substantially higher than sea level, even though the straits are not blocked. The release of fresh water depends on climate. The North Sea is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean, located between the coasts of Norway and Denmark in the east, the coast of the British Isles in the west, and the German, Dutch, Belgian and French coasts in the south. ...

Several methods are used to determine the quality (temperature, salinity, solids content) of ancient sea water. The main one is the type of diatoms found in the sediment. Some species require salt water, while others require fresh. Other invertebrates serve as marker species as well. Also, periods of maximum supply from melt water are marked by low organic carbon in the sediment. Higher carbon content causes greater deposition of iron sulfide, which appears as a black varve. Diatoms are the most common of the eukaryotic algae. ... Invertebrate is a term coined by Chevalier de Lamarck to describe any animal without a backbone or vertebra, like insects, squids and worms. ...

Isfallsglaciären, Swedish Lapland Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ...

Kebnepakteglaciär, Swedish Lapland

Briksdalsbreen, Norway Briksdalsbreen is a part of the Jostedalsbreen glacier in Norway, picture taken by myself, june 2004, File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ...

Rembesdalskåka, Norway

Formation

In this winter picture of modern Scandinavia the snow line approximates the edge of the glacier ca. 10,000 BP. The lake egressed across Sweden just south of the line, through Lake Vänern, which is visible.

The edge of the retreating Weichselian glacier departed from the Gardno end-moraines of northern Poland at around 14,000 BP and reached the southern shore of the Baltic sea in the time window, 13,500/13,000 BP. In the next several hundred years, closed fresh water pools formed in the southern Baltic region from melt water as the ice retreated northward. These were about 40 m above the current sea level. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2000x2588, 1566 KB) From http://earthobservatory. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2000x2588, 1566 KB) From http://earthobservatory. ... The Wisconsin (in North America), Weichsel (in Scandinavia), Devensian (in the British Isles), Midlandian (in Ireland) and Würm glaciation (in the Alps) are the most recent glaciations of the Pleistocene, which ended some 10,000 BC. The general glacial advance began about 70,000 BC, and reached its maximum...

By 12,000 BP the edge of the glacier was at a line across southern Sweden to the northern shore of the Baltic countries. A connected body of water, the Ramsay Sea, stretched from the Danish islands region to the shores of Estonia. The Gulfs of Bothnia and Finland were still glaciated. In the Allerød, rising land in the Denmark region created the Baltic ice lake. It egressed through a small channel in the Strait of Öresund. The lake was higher than sea level (which was lower than our sea level) by some tens of meters. Lake Ladoga was part of it. The Baltic Sea The Gulf of Bothnia (Fin. ... Allerød is a municipality in eastern Denmark, on the island of Zealand. ... Northern Öresund Oresund (Öresund in Swedish or Øresund in Danish) or The Sound, is the strait that separates Zealand from Scania, and thereby Denmark from Sweden. ... Map of lake Ladoga Towpath Bridge between Lake Ladoga and Lake Onega (from a photograph taken ca. ...

Emergence of the land then closed the channel through the Strait of Öresund. The lake rose until at about 11,200 BP it broke through central Sweden in the Mount Billingen region. By 10,800, the lake had dropped 55 meters. At that time, during the Younger Dryas, the glacier advanced again over the central Sweden exit, the lake rose about 25 m and broke through the Strait of Öresund again. By now the Gulf of Finland was deglaciated. Three temperature records, the GRIP one clearly showing the Younger Dryas event at around 11 kyr BP The Younger Dryas stadial, named after the alpine / tundra wildflower Dryas octopetala, and also referred to as the Big Freeze [1], was a brief (approximately 1300 +/- 70year [1]) cold climate period following the...

At the peak of this high water phase, most of Finland was under water, including Helsinki, at a depth of 115 meters. Only southern Sweden was free of ice. The Danish islands were all connected on the other side of the Strait of Öresund. Around 10,500, the climate became warmer, the ice retreated to the north of Mount Billingen, and the waters broke through central Sweden again, providing a second egress. Water level dropped 25 m to then sea level. Province Southern Finland Region Uusimaa Sub-region Helsinki City manager Jussi Pajunen Official languages Finnish, Swedish Area  - total  - land ranked 342nd 185. ...

Lake Vänern Sweden

Helsinki A view of central Helsinki, the southern tip of the Helsinki Peninsula, from an aeroplane. ...

Summary

North Europe in glacial times was unihabitable to any species but Arctic. Whether man or other non-Arctic species could survive on the ice or within refugia near it is uncertain and debatable.

At about 11000 BC the retreating ice had reached the southern shores of the Baltic. Melt water formed extensive lacustrine systems still seen in north Russia, Poland and Germany. By 10,000 BC the Baltic ice lake had come into existence. Beyond it only southern Sweden was habitable, and it was an island. It is well known that Scandinavia means 'the island of Scandza' or 'Scandia', which cannot be accounted for by today's map, and is generally assumed to be an inadvertent misrepresentation by ancient geographers. However, the first Scandinavia was an island, and was identical to southern Sweden.

Several carbon-dated sites in Estonia indicate that human habitation of the shores of the Baltic ice lake began in the Boreal, in the time window 11,200 - 10,200 BP. Charcoal, animal bones, and artifacts from Mesolithic temporary settlements have been found at Pulli and in the Lake Ladoga region. The diet included roe deer, red deer, marten, otter, wolf, bear and ringed seal. An open pine-birch forest covered the region. Pollen from Pinus, Betula, Alnus, Rosaceae, Cyperaceae and Artemisia have been found. Boreal may refer to these: Northern from the eponymous Boreas, god of the North Wind in Greek mythology. ... The Mesolithic (Greek mesos=middle and lithos=stone or the Middle Stone Age) is the period between the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods. ... Binomial name Capreolus capreolus (Linnaeus, 1758) The Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus) is a European and Asiatic deer of Britain and Europe and is found as far east as China and Siberia but is absent from Ireland, Portugal and Greece. ... Binomial name Cervus elaphus Linnaeus, 1758 Subspecies Numerous - see text. ... Species Martes americana Martes flavigula Martes foina Martes gwatkinsii Martes martes Martes melampus Martes pennanti Martes zibellina Disambiguation: for the birds, please see Sand Martin and House Martin The Martens constitute the genus Martes within the subfamily Mustelinae, in family Mustelidae. ... Genera Amblonyx Aonyx Enhydra Lontra Lutra Lutrogale Pteronura Otters are aquatic or marine carnivorous mammals, members of the large and diverse family Mustelidae, which also includes weasels, polecats, badgers, and others. ... Wolf Wolf Man Mount Wolf Wolf Prizes Wolf Spider Wolf 424 Wolf 359 Wolf Point Wolf-herring Frank Wolf Friedrich Wolf Friedrich August Wolf Hugo Wolf Johannes Wolf Julius Wolf Max Franz Joseph Cornelius Wolf Maximilian Wolf Rudolf Wolf Thomas Wolf As Name Wolf Breidenbach Wolf Hirshorn Other The call... Genera Ailuropoda Ursus Tremarctos Arctodus(extinct) A bear is a large mammal of the order Carnivora, family Ursidae. ... Binomial name Phoca hispida (Schreber, 1775) The Ringed Seal is an earless seal inhabiting the Arctic coasts. ... This article deals with the tree; for the e-mail client see Pine email client Species About 115. ... Species many species see text and classification Birch is the name of any tree of the genus Betula, in the family Betulaceae, closely related to the beech/oak family, Fagaceae. ... For other uses, see Alder (disambiguation). ... Subfamilies Rosoideae Spiraeoideae Maloideae Amygdaloideae or Prunoideae The Rosaceae or rose family is a large family of plants, with about 3,000-4,000 species in 100-120 genera. ... Genera See text The Family Cyperaceae, or the Sedge family, is a taxon of monocot flowering plants that superficially resemble grasses or rushes. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ...

By 8500 BC, roughly the start of the Holocene, the lake level had dropped sufficiently through drainage to close off the channel near Mount Billingen and the Yoldia sea phase began. Yoldia sea is a name given by geologists to a variable brackish-water stage in the Baltic sea basin that prevailed after draining of Baltic ice lake had reduced the lake level to then sea level. ...

External links

• Polish Geological Institute, The Baltic Ice Lake

• FENNIA 2002 180:1-2 Late Weichselian and Holocene shore displacement history of the Baltic Sea in Finland