Baltic Russians are ethnic Russians who live in the Baltic states: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Russians (Russian: ) are an East Slavic ethnic group, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries. ... The three Baltic states: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania The Baltic states refer to Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. ...

The term "Baltic Russians" does not imply a separate ethnic subcategory among the Russians. It came into use in the context of discussions of their fate after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Therefore, Russians living in the Saint Petersburg area and the Kaliningrad Oblast are usually excluded, as they live within the current administrative boundaries of Russia. The Russian minorities of Finland and Poland, despite the fact that they live in countries by the Baltic Sea coast, are not considered "Baltic Russians", because larger parts of these countries were not annexed into the Soviet Union during the Second World War. The rise of Gorbachev Although reform stalled between 1964–1982, the generational shift gave new momentum for reform. ... Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and... Capital Kaliningrad Area - total - % water Ranked 79th - 15,100 km² - Population - Total - Density Ranked 57th - est. ... The Baltic Sea is located in Northern Europe, from 53°N to 66°N latitude and from 20°E to 26°E longitude. ... Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ...

History

Most of the present-day Baltic Russians are migrants from the Soviet era and their descendants, whereas only a relatively small fraction of them can trace their ancestry in the area back to previous centuries (see History of Russians in Lithuania, History of Russians in Latvia and History of Russians in Estonia). The term "Baltic Russians" was rarely ever used before the end of the Second World War. Prior to 1945, there was no common "Baltic Russian" identity that would somehow cover the Russians living in Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia, and at the same time distinguish them from, e.g., Russians living in Poland or Finland. First small early East Slavic settlements in what is now Lithuania date back to late medieval ages when the first proto-Russian merchants and craftsmen began to permanently reside in several Lithuanian towns. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The beginning of continuous Russian settlement in what is now Estonia dates back to the late 17th century when several thousand Russian Old Believers, escaping religious persecution in Russia, settled in areas then controlled by Sweden near the western coast of Lake Peipus. ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday. ...

After the First World War, ethnic Russians made up about 10-11 % of the population in independent Latvia, according to official statistics^[1]. The share of ethnic Russians in the population of independent Estonia was about 8%^{[citation needed]}, of which about half were indigenous Russians living in the areas in and around Pechory and Izborsk which were added to Estonian territory according to the 1920 Estonian-Soviet Peace Treaty of Tartu, but were transferred to the Russian SFSR by the Soviet authorities in 1945. The share of ethnic Russians in independent Lithuania was significantly smaller (about 2%)^[2]. Ypres, 1917, in the vicinity of the Battle of Passchendaele. ... Pechory (Russian: Печоры, Estonian: Petseri) is a town located in Pskovsky Oblast, Russia. ... Izborsk (И́зборск in Russian, Irboska in Estonian) is an old Russian town to the west of Pskov and just to the east from the Estonian border. ... Year 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday. ... Treaty of Tartu (Estonian: Tartu rahu, literally Tartu peace) between Estonia and Soviet Russia was signed in February 2, 1920 after the Estonian War of Independence. ... State motto: Russian: Пролетарии всех стран, соединяйтесь! Translation: Workers of the world, unite! Capital Moscow Official language Russian Established In the USSR:  - Since  - Until November 7, 1917 November 7, 1917 December 12, 1991 (dissolution) Area  - Total  - Water (%) Ranked 1st in the USSR 17,075,200 km² 13% Population  - Total   - Density Ranked 1st in the... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday. ...

Following the terms of the 1939 Molotov-Ribbentrop pact, the Soviet Union annexed Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania in 1940. After Germany attacked the Soviet Union in 1941, the three countries quickly fell under German control. Some Russians, especially Communist party members who had arrived in the area with the initial annexation, retreated to Russia; those who fell into German hands were treated harshly, many were murdered. 1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full year calendar). ... Molotov signs the German-Soviet non-aggression pact. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... For the movie, see 1941 (film). ...

As the war drew to a close, the Soviet Union resumed its occupation of the Baltic states in 1944-1945. United States and other Western countries did not recognize the legality of the Soviet occupation and annexation of the Baltic nations (Stimson Doctrine), and retained continued official relations with the diplomatic representatives of the Baltic states until the restoration of independence of the three nations in August 1991. 1944 (MCMXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday. ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday. ... This term is generally used for the Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) in the first phases of World War II. // History of the occupation Before the beginning of World War II Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union signed an ostensible non-aggression treaty known as... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... 1991 (MCMXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Immediately after the war, Stalin carried out a major colonization and de facto Russification campaign in what were now the three Baltic Soviet republics. Many of the Russians, along with a smaller number of other ethnic groups, who migrated from USSR to the Baltic countries, arrived to rebuild the heavily war-damaged economies of the Baltic countries. Mostly they were factory and construction workers who settled in major urban areas, as well as military personnel stationed in the region in significant numbers due to the border location of the Baltic countries within the Soviet Union. Many military retirees chose to stay in the region, which featured higher living standards compared to most of Russia. (This would lead to bitter disputes with Russia regarding the issue of their military pensions after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.) Iosif (usually anglicized as Joseph) Vissarionovich Stalin (Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин), original name Ioseb Jughashvili (Georgian: იოსებ ჯუღაშვი&#4314... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Colonialism. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... A pension is a steady income given to a person (usually after retirement). ...

After Stalin's death in 1953, the flow of new migrants from other Soviet republics slowed down due to different policies on urbanization, economy and other issues of Lithuanian SSR than were those carried in the Latvian SSR and the Estonian SSR^[3]. The flow of immigrants did not stop entirely in Lithuania, and there were further waves of Russian workers who came to work on major construction projects, such as power plants. 1953 (MCMLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday. ... State motto: Lithuanian: Visų Å¡alių proletarai, vienykitÄ—s! Translation: Workers of the world, unite! Capital Vilnius Official language None. ... State motto: Visu zemju proletārieÅ¡i, savienojieties! Official language Latvian, Russian (de facto). ... State motto: Kõigi maade proletaarlased, ühinege (Translated: Workers of the world, unite!) Official language Estonian, Russian (de facto) Capital Tallinn Chairman of the Supreme Council Arnold Rüütel (at the time of regaining independence) Established In the USSR:  - Since  - Until July 21, 1940 August 6, 1940 August 20, 1991...

In Latvia and Estonia, less was done to stop the Russian immigration. By the 1980s Russians made up a third of the population in Estonia, while in Latvia, ethnic Latvians made up only about half of the population. In contrast, in 1989 only 9.4 % of Lithuania's population were Russians. 1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Some of the Baltic Russians, mainly those who had come to live in the region not so long before the three countries regained independence in 1991 and had families elsewhere, emigrated to Russia and other countries in the beginning of the 1990s. In Latvia and Estonia those who remained have faced problems with acquiring local Latvian and Estonian citizenships (see Citizenship section).

Current situation

Baltic Russians live mainly in cities.

In Lithuanian capital Vilnius they make up 14.43% of the population, in Lithuania's third largest city Klaipėda 21.65% of inhabitants are Russians. Other cities of Lithuania (including second-largest city Kaunas) has a smaller percentage of Russian population, while in most towns and villages there are very few Russians (with the exception of Visaginas town). 6.3% of Lithuania's population are ethnic Russians. Location Ethnographic region AukÅ¡taitija County Vilnius County Municipality Vilnius city municipality Coordinates Number of elderates 20 General Information Capital of Lithuania Vilnius County Vilnius city municipality Vilnius district municipality Population About 600,000 in 2006 (1st) First mentioned 1323 Granted city rights 1387 Not to be confused with Vilnius... Location Ethnographic region Lithuania minor County KlaipÄ—da County Municipality KlaipÄ—da city municipality Coordinates Number of elderates 1 General Information Capital of KlaipÄ—da County KlaipÄ—da city municipality Population 187,316 in 2006 (3rd) First mentioned 1252 Granted city rights 1254 or 1258 (Lübeck); 1475 (CheÅ‚mno... Location Ethnographic region AukÅ¡taitija County Kaunas County Municipality Kaunas city municipality Coordinates Number of elderates 11 General Information Capital of Kaunas County Kaunas city municipality Kaunas district municipality Population 361,274 in 2005 (2nd) First mentioned 1361 Granted city rights 1408 Kaunas ( (help· info), approximate English transcription [ˈkəʊ.n... Location Ethnographic region AukÅ¡taitija County Utena County Municipality Visaginas city municipality Elderate Number of elderates Coordinates General information Capital of Visaginas city municipality Population (rank) 29,554 in 2001 (13th) First mentioned 1975 Granted city rights 1977 Visaginas is a town situated in the eastern part of the Republic...

Russians make up almost a half of the population of Riga, the capital of Latvia. In the second largest city Daugavpils, Russians make a majority of population. Today about 29% of Latvia's population are ethnic Russians. Coordinates: Founded 1201 Government  - Mayor Jānis Birks Area  - City 307. ... Daugavpils (Belarusian Дзьвінск Dźvinsk, Russian Двинcк Dvinsk, Lithuanian Daugpilis, German Dünaburg, Polish Dźwinów, DźwiÅ„sk or Dyneburg, Yiddish דענענבורג Denenburg), population 115,265 in 2000 census) is the second largest city in Latvia. ...

In Estonia, most live in Tallinn (36.86% of city's population are Russians) and the major eastern cities of Narva (86.41% of inhabitants are Russians) and Kohtla-Järve (69.68% of inhabitants are Russians). Overall, Russians make up 25.78% of Estonia's population (35.45% of the urban population and 5.90% of the rural population). County Harju County Mayor Jüri Ratas Area 159. ... The reconstructed fortress of Narva (to the left) overlooking the Russian fortress of Ivangorod (to the right). ... County Ida-Viru County Mayor Jevgeni Solovjov Area 41. ...

Russians used to settle in larger cities because many industrial workers were needed there. In all three countries, the rural settlements are inhabited almost entirely by the main national ethnic groups, except some areas in eastern Estonia and Latvia with a longer history of Russian and mixed villages. The Lithuanian city of Visaginas was built for workers at the Ignalina nuclear power plant and therefore has a Russian majority. Location Ethnographic region Aukštaitija County Utena County Municipality Visaginas city municipality Elderate Number of elderates Coordinates General information Capital of Visaginas city municipality Population (rank) 29,554 in 2001 (13th) First mentioned 1975 Granted city rights 1977 Visaginas is a town situated in the eastern part of the Republic... Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant is a two-unit RBMK-1500 nuclear power station in Visaginas, Lithuania. ...

Citizenship

After regaining independence, Latvia and Estonia passed citizenship laws on the basis of legal continuity of their statehood, thus granting automatic acquisition of citizenship according to the principle of jus sanguinis only for the persons who held citizenship before 16 June 1940 and their descendants. Persons, who arrived after the occupation of 1940, or their descendants may obtain citizenship through the naturalisation. This policy affects not only ethnic Russians, but also these ethnic Estonians and Latvians, who don't apply to the principle of jus sanguinis. Knowledge of the respective local language and history was set as a condition for obtaining naturalised citizenship. However, the difficulty of the initial language tests became a point of international contention, as the government of Russia, the Council of Europe, and several human rights organizations objected that they made it impossible for many older Russians who grew up in the Baltic region to gain citizenship. As a result, the tests were altered, but certain percentage of Russians in Latvia and Estonia still have alien status, and feel they are regarded with suspicion.^{[citation needed]} Citizenship is membership in a political community (originally a city or town but now usually a country) and carries with it rights to political participation; a person having such membership is a citizen. ... Jus sanguinis (Latin for right of blood) is a right by which nationality or citizenship can be recognised to any individual born to a parent who is a national or citizen of that state. ... June 16 is the 167th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (168th in leap years), with 198 days remaining. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... European flag of the Council of Europe which is also adopted by the European Union. ... Human rights are rights which some hold to be inalienable and belonging to all humans. ...

The language issue is still contentious, particularly in Latvia, where ethnic Russians have protested against plans to require 60 % of lessons in the Russian high schools to be taught in the national language instead of Russian.

In contrast, Lithuania granted citizenship to all the people (willing to have it) who lived in the republic at the time of gaining independence, without requiring them to learn Lithuanian. One and probably the main reason that Lithuania took a less restrictive approach than Latvia and Estonia is likely that whereas in Latvia ethnic Latvians comprised only a small majority of the total population, and in Estonia ethnic Estonians comprised about 62 percent, in Lithuania ethnic Lithuanians were about 80 percent of the population. Therefore, as a matter of voting in national elections or referenda, the opinions of ethnic Lithuanians would likely carry the day if there were a difference in opinion between Lithuanians and the larger minority groups (Russians and Poles), but the ability of the indigenous ethnic majority to carry the day was less certain in the other two Baltic countries, especially in Latvia.

Some representatives of ethnic Russian communities in Latvia and Estonia have claimed discrimination by the countries' authorities with these calls frequently supported by Russia. On the other hand, Latvia and Estonia deny discrimination charges and often blame Russia for using the issue for political purposes. In recent years, as the Russian political leaders have begun to speak about the "former Soviet space" as their sphere of infuence^[4], such claims are a source of annoyance, if not alarm, in the Baltic countries.

Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania have since 2004 been members of NATO and the European Union (EU) and this provides a counterbalance to Russia's claims to speak for the interests of ethnic Russian residents of these countries. Furthermore, both Estonia and Latvia, after they had become candidates for EU membership, to satisfy a precondition for their admission to the EU, adjusted their citizenship policies in response to EU monitoring and requests. Claims of discrimination in basic rights by Russians and other minorities in the region may have less efficacy now than they did during the years when the Baltic countries' membership applications were still pending with the EU. In a sense, the three countries "passed the test," and they do not have to repeat it. NATO 2002 Summit in Prague. ...

According to the Estonian Statistical Office, ethnic Russians comprised 25.7% of the population in 2003. As of February 2007, the Population Register of the Estonian Ministry of the Interior reported that 8.7% of Estonia's residents have undefined citizenship and 7.7% have foreign citizenship^[5]. 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Political parties

There is a number of political parties and politicians in the Baltic states who claim to represent Russian-speaking minority. In Latvia it is For Human Rights in United Latvia which has one seat in the European parliament held by Tatjana Zhdanok, as well as more moderate National Harmony Party. In Estonia there is a similar Constitution Party. These political parties support Russian language rights, granting citizenship to all residents of Latvia and Estonia and tend to be left-wing on other issues. Par Cilvēka Tiesībām Vienotā Latvijā (abbreviated PCTVL, For Human Rights in United Latvia) is an alliance of several political parties in Latvia, supported mainly by Russian-speaking Latvians. ... The European Parliament is the directly elected parliamentary body of the European Union. ... Tatjana Arkadevna Ždanoka, (Russian: ), born May 8, 1950 in Riga, is a Latvian politician and Member of the European Parliament for For Human Rights in United Latvia; part of the European Greens–European Free Alliance group. ... Tautas Saskaņas Partija (abbreviated TSP, English: Peoples Harmony Party or National Harmony Party) is a political party in Latvia. ... The Constitution Party (Konstitutsioonierakond), known until 11 February 2006 as the Estonian United Peoples Party (Eestimaa Ühendatud Rahvapartei/Obyedinnenaya Narodnaya Partiya Estonii), is a political party in Estonia, mainly supported by the Russian minority. ...

References and notes

1. ^ Data on population of Latvia in 1920-1935
2. ^ Stasys Vaitiekūnas "Lietuvos gyventojai per du tūkstantmečius"
3. ^ Stasys Vaitiekūnas "Lietuvos gyventojai per du tūkstantmečius"
4. ^ Vladimir Socor, Kremlin Refining Policy in 'Post-Soviet Space', Eurasia Daily Monitor Feb. 8, 2005
5. ^ Estonia: Citizenship

Image:Vladimir Socor. ...

See also

• History of Russians in Estonia
• History of Russians in Latvia
• History of Russians in Lithuania

The beginning of continuous Russian settlement in what is now Estonia dates back to the late 17th century when several thousand Russian Old Believers, escaping religious persecution in Russia, settled in areas then controlled by Sweden near the western coast of Lake Peipus. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... First small early East Slavic settlements in what is now Lithuania date back to late medieval ages when the first proto-Russian merchants and craftsmen began to permanently reside in several Lithuanian towns. ...

Notable Baltic Russians

Famous modern Baltic Russians include:

• Patriarch Alexius II of the Russian Orthodox Church, born Aleksey Ridiger in Tallinn, of Baltic German origin.
• Mikhail Baryshnikov, famous Russian-American dancer and actor, born in Riga.
• Ludmilla Chiriaeff, ballet dancer, choreographer, and director, born in Riga.
• Mikhail Eisenstein, architect designer of many buildings in Riga, father of Sergei Eisenstein, born in Riga.
• Sergei Eisenstein, director made some famous Russian films, born in Riga.
• Alexandr Kaleri, Russian cosmonaut born in Jūrmala.
• Valeri Karpin, football midfielder, born in Narva.
• Alexander Kovalevsky, embryologist born near Daugavpils.
• Evgenii Miller, Russian general born in Dvinsk.
• Marie N (Marija Naumova), winner of the 2002 Eurovision Song Contest for Latvia.
• Nikita Ivanovich Panin, Russian 18th century statesman from Pärnu.
• Vladimirs Petrovs (Vladimir Petrov), chess player, born in Riga.
• Aleksandrs Petukhovs (Aleksandr Petushkov) movie writer and director, born in Riga.
• Roman Romanov, a Lithuanian businessman and current Chairman of Heart of Midlothian F.C.
• Vladimir Romanov, owner of Heart of Midlothian F.C. football club, citizen of Lithuania
• Uljana Semjonova, basketball player from Daugavpils.
• Alexei Shirov, chess grandmaster born in Riga.
• Konstantin Sokolsky, singer from Riga.
• Anatoly Solovyev, pilot and cosmonaut, born in Riga.
• Aleksandrs Starkovs (Aleksandr Starkov), Latvia national football team coach of 2001-2004.
• Yury Tynyanov, writer, literary critic, translator, scholar and scriptwriter born in Rēzekne (Rezhitsa). Jew.
• Viktor Uspaskich, leader of the Lithuanian Labour party, former Lithuanian minister of infrastructure.
• Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel, Russian of Baltic German ancestry, one of the leaders of the counterrevolution in Russia, born in Lithuania.
• Mikhail Veller, writer, lives in Tallinn. Jew.
• Mikhail Zadornov, satirist, born in Riga.
• Sergei Zholtok, professional ice hockey player from Riga.

Patriarch Alexius II Alexius II with Vladimir Putin The image above is a candidate for speedy deletion. ... The Russian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate (Russian: ), also known as the Orthodox Christian Church of Russia, is that body of Christians who are united under the Patriarch of Moscow, who in turn is in communion with the other patriarchs and primates of the Eastern Orthodox Church. ... County Harju County Mayor Jüri Ratas Area 159. ... Alexandra Danilova and Mikhail Baryshnikov, 1976 Mikhail Nikolaevitch Baryshnikov (Russian: ) (born January 28, 1948) is a Russian dancer, choreographer, and actor. ... Coordinates: Founded 1201 Government  - Mayor Jānis Birks Area  - City 307. ... Ludmilla Chiriaeff (January 10, 1924 - September 22, 1996) was a Canadian ballet dancer, choreographer, and director. ... Painting of ballet dancers by Edgar Degas, 1872. ... Coordinates: Founded 1201 Government  - Mayor Jānis Birks Area  - City 307. ... Mikhail Eisenstein, (1867 - 1921), was a Latvian architect and civil engineer of German Jewish descent. ... An architect at his drawing board, 1893 An architect is a person who is involved in the planning, designing and oversight of a buildings construction. ... Sergei Mikhailovich Eisenstein (Russian: Сергей Михайлович Эйзенштейн, Latvian: Sergejs EizenÅ¡teins) (January 23, 1898 – February 11, 1948) was a revolutionary Soviet film director and film theorist noted in particular for his silent films Strike, Battleship Potemkin and Oktober. ... Coordinates: Founded 1201 Government  - Mayor Jānis Birks Area  - City 307. ... Sergei Mikhailovich Eisenstein (Russian: Сергей Михайлович Эйзенштейн, Latvian: Sergejs EizenÅ¡teins) (January 23, 1898 – February 11, 1948) was a revolutionary Soviet film director and film theorist noted in particular for his silent films Strike, Battleship Potemkin and Oktober. ... The film director, on the right, gives last minute direction to the cast and crew, whilst filming a costume drama on location in London. ... Coordinates: Founded 1201 Government  - Mayor Jānis Birks Area  - City 307. ... External link NASA Biography Categories: Stub | 1956 births | Russian astronauts | Crew members of ISS Expeditions ... U.S. Space Shuttle astronaut Bruce McCandless II using a manned maneuvering unit. ... Beach at Majori. ... Valeri Karpin (born February 2, 1969 in Narva, Estonia) is a former Russian football midfielder. ... Football (soccer) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia /**/ @import /skins-1. ... The Midfield in relation to the football positions In association football, a midfielder is a player whose position of play is midway between the attacking strikers and the defenders (highlighted in blue on the diagram). ... The reconstructed fortress of Narva (to the left) overlooking the Russian fortress of Ivangorod (to the right). ... Alexander Onufrievich Kovalevsky (7 November 1840 Dvinsk, Russia - 1901) was a Russian embryologist who studied medicine at the University of Heidelberg and became professor at St Petersburg. ... ... Daugavpils (Belarusian Дзьвінск Dźvinsk, Russian Двинcк Dvinsk, Lithuanian Daugpilis, German Dünaburg, Polish Dźwinów, DźwiÅ„sk or Dyneburg, Yiddish דענענבורג Denenburg), population 115,265 in 2000 census) is the second largest city in Latvia. ... General Evgenii Miller Evgenii Karlovich Miller (Russian: Миллер Евгений Карлович) (September 25, 1867-May 11, 1937) was Russian general and one of the leaders of counterrevolutionary White movement during and after Russian Civil War. ... Daugavpils (Belarusian Дзьвінск Dźvinsk, Russian Двинcк Dvinsk, Lithuanian Daugpilis, German Dünaburg, Polish Dzwinow or Dźwińsk, Yiddish דענענבורג Denenburg), population 115,265 in 2000... An album cover of Marie N Marija Naumova (born June 23, 1973) is a Latvian singer. ... (Redirected from 2002 Eurovision Song Contest) Running since 1956, the Eurovision Song Contest (in French: Grand Prix Eurovision de la Chanson) is an annual televised song contest with participants from numerous countries whose national television broadcasters are members of the radio throughout Europe. ... Count Nikita Ivanovich Panin (Russian: ) (September 18, 1718–March 31, 1783) was an influential Russian statesman and political mentor to Catherine the Great for the first eighteen years of her reign. ... (17th century - 18th century - 19th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 18th century refers to the century that lasted from 1701 through 1800. ... County Pärnu County Mayor Mart Viisitamm Area 32. ... Vladimirs Petrovs or Vladimir Petrov (1907 – 1943) was a Latvian chess player. ... Coordinates: Founded 1201 Government  - Mayor Jānis Birks Area  - City 307. ... Aleksandrs Petukhovs is a movie writer and director. ... Coordinates: Founded 1201 Government  - Mayor Jānis Birks Area  - City 307. ... Roman Romanov is a ethnic-Russian Lithuanian businessman and the current Chairman of Scottish Premier League football club Hearts. ... Heart of Midlothian F.C. (most commonly referred to as Hearts) is a professional football club from Edinburgh, Scotland which plays in the Scottish Premier League. ... Vladimir Romanov, attending a Hearts match. ... Heart of Midlothian F.C. (most commonly referred to as Hearts) is a professional football club from Edinburgh, Scotland which plays in the Scottish Premier League. ... Uljana Semjonova (born March 9, 1952 in Daugavpils, Latvia) is a Latvian basketball player. ... Daugavpils (Belarusian Дзьвінск Dźvinsk, Russian Двинcк Dvinsk, Lithuanian Daugpilis, German Dünaburg, Polish Dźwinów, DźwiÅ„sk or Dyneburg, Yiddish דענענבורג Denenburg), population 115,265 in 2000 census) is the second largest city in Latvia. ... Alexei Shirov Alexei Shirov (Aleksejs Å irovs, Алексе́й Широв) (born July 4, 1972 in Riga, Latvia), is one of the top chess grandmasters in the world today. ... The title International Grandmaster is awarded to superb chess players by the world chess organization FIDE. It is a lifetime title, in chess literature usually abbreviated as GM or IGM (this is in contrast to WGM for Woman Grandmaster and IM for International Master). ... Coordinates: Founded 1201 Government  - Mayor Jānis Birks Area  - City 307. ... Image:Example. ... Coordinates: Founded 1201 Government  - Mayor Jānis Birks Area  - City 307. ... Anatoly Yakovlevich Solovyev (Russian: Анатолий Яковлевич Соловьёв; born January 16, 1948, in Riga) is a former Russian pilot, cosmonaut, and Colonel. ... U.S. Space Shuttle astronaut Bruce McCandless II using a manned maneuvering unit. ... Coordinates: Founded 1201 Government  - Mayor Jānis Birks Area  - City 307. ... Aleksandrs Starkovs or Aleksandr Starkov (born July 26, 1955) is a Latvian football coach who coaches Spartak Moscow. ... First international Latvia 1 - 1 Estonia (Riga, Latvia; 24 September 1922) Biggest win Latvia 6 - 1 Lithuania (Tallinn, Estonia; 30 May 1935) Biggest defeat Sweden 12 - 0 Latvia (Stockholm, Sweden; 29 May 1927) European Championship Appearances 1 (First in 2004) Best result Round 1, 2004 The Latvian national football team... Yury Tynyanov Yury Tynyanov (Ю́рий Никола́евич (Насонович) Тыня́нов) (October 18, 1894 - December 20, 1943) was a famous Soviet/Russian writer, literary critic, translator, scholar and scriptwriter of Jewish origin. ... The castle mound and remains of the Livonian Orders fortress RÄ“zekne (Latgalian: RÄ“zne, Russian: , previously (-1893) Розиттен, (1893-1917) Режица; German: Rositten, Estonian: Räisaku, Polish: Rzeżyca) is a city in the Latgale region of eastern Latvia, 242 km east of RÄ«ga. ... Viktor Uspaskich Viktor Uspaskich (in Lithuanian: Viktoras Uspaskichas) (born 24 July 1959 in Urdoma, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Soviet Union) is a Lithuanian entrepreneur and politician. ... The Labour Party (Lithuanian: Darbo Partija), or DP, is a new political party in Lithuania. ... Baron Wrangel At a prayer vigil upon accepting command. ... The Baltic Germans (German: Deutsch-Balten, Deutschbalten, sometimes incorrectly Baltendeutsche), were ethnically German inhabitants of the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea which forms today the countries of Estonia and Latvia. ... A counterrevolutionary is anyone who opposes a revolution, particularly those who act after a revolution to try to overturn or reverse it, in full or in part. ... Mikhail Veller is one of the most widely-read representatives of the so-called intellectual prose. His books The Adventures Of Major Zviagin, The Legends Of The Nevsky Avenue, The Samovar and others are both amusing and profoundly philosophic. ... The term writer can apply to anyone who creates a written work, but the word more usually designates those who write creatively or professionally, or those who have written in many different forms. ... County Harju County Mayor Jüri Ratas Area 159. ... Mikhail Zadornov is a stand-up comedian and writer from Russia. ... List of satirists below - writers, cartoonists and others known for their involvement in satire - humourous social criticism. ... Coordinates: Founded 1201 Government  - Mayor Jānis Birks Area  - City 307. ... Sergei Zholtok (and signature) Sergei Zholtok (Latvian: Sergejs Žoltoks, Russian: Сергей Жолток) (Born December 2, 1972 in Riga, Latvia (then USSR); died November 3, 2004) was a Latvian (ethnic Russian) professional ice hockey player. ... Ice hockey, known simply as hockey in areas where it is more common than field hockey, is a team sport played on ice. ... Coordinates: Founded 1201 Government  - Mayor Jānis Birks Area  - City 307. ...

References

1. ^ Data on population of Latvia in 1920-1935
2. ^ Stasys Vaitiekūnas "Lietuvos gyventojai per du tūkstantmečius"
3. ^ Stasys Vaitiekūnas "Lietuvos gyventojai per du tūkstantmečius"
4. ^ Vladimir Socor, Kremlin Refining Policy in 'Post-Soviet Space', Eurasia Daily Monitor Feb. 8, 2005
5. ^ Estonia: Citizenship

• A comparing of the situation of Baltic Russians in Latvia and the situation of Baltic Russians in Lithuania