Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
1876 B&O map
Reporting marks	BO
Locale	New York City, New York via Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Baltimore, Maryland, and Washington, D.C. to Chicago, Illinois and St. Louis, Missouri
Dates of operation	1830–1986
Track gauge	4 ft 8½ in (1435 mm) (standard gauge)
Headquarters	Baltimore, MD

The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) was one of the oldest railroads in the United States and the first common carrier railroad, with an original line from the port of Baltimore, Maryland, west to the Ohio River at Wheeling and a few years later also to Parkersburg, West Virginia. It is now part of the CSX network, and includes the oldest operational railroad bridge in the world. The B&O also included the Leiper Railroad, the first permanent railroad in the U.S. In later years, B&O advertising carried the motto: "Linking 13 Great States with the Nation." Part of the B&O Railroads immortality has come from being one of the 4 featured railroads on the U.S. version of the board game Monopoly, but it is the only railroad on the board which did not serve Atlantic City, New Jersey, directly. Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Herald Heralds are logos or slogans used by railroad companies and displayed on their equipment. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (6279x4359, 5924 KB) 1876 Baltimore and Ohio Railroad map from [1]. Smaller at 1876 B&O 50%. File links The following pages link to this file: Baltimore and Ohio Railroad ... Reporting marks on two CP Rail covered hoppers passing Wisconsin Dells, Wisconsin, June 20, 2004. ... New York, New York redirects here. ... Nickname: City of Brotherly Love, Philly, the Quaker City Motto: Philadelphia maneto (Let brotherly love continue) Location in Pennsylvania Coordinates: Country United States State Pennsylvania County Philadelphia Founded October 27, 1682 Incorporated October 25, 1701 Mayor John F. Street (D) Area    - City 369. ... Baltimore redirects here. ... For other uses, see Washington, D.C. (disambiguation). ... Flag Seal Nickname: The Windy City Motto: Urbs In Horto (Latin: City in a Garden), I Will Location Location in Chicagoland and northern Illinois Coordinates , Government Country State Counties United States Illinois Cook, DuPage Mayor Richard M. Daley (D) Geographical characteristics Area     City 606. ... Nickname: Location in the state of Missouri Coordinates: , Country State County Independent City Government  - Mayor Francis G. Slay (D) Area  - City  66. ... Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix commemorates the July Revolution 1830 (MDCCCXXX) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Year 1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar). ... The dominant rail gauge in each country shown Rail gauge is the distance between the inner sides of the two parallel rails that make up a railway track. ... A foot (plural: feet or foot;[1] symbol or abbreviation: ft or, sometimes, ′ – a prime) is a unit of length, in a number of different systems, including English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. ... An inch (plural: inches; symbol or abbreviation: in or, sometimes, ″ - a double prime) is the name of a unit of length in a number of different systems, including English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. ... A millimetre (American spelling: millimeter, symbol mm) is an SI unit of length that is equal to one thousandth of a metre. ... As railways developed and expanded one of the key issues to be decided was that of the rail gauge (the distance between the two rails of the track) which should be used. ... This article is about the city in the US state of Maryland. ... Several railroads have been called the oldest in the United States. ... Baltimore redirects here. ... View of Pittsburgh, the largest metropolitan area on the Ohio River, where the Allegheny River (left) and the Monongahela River (right) join at Point State Park to form the Ohio River Cincinnati, Ohio is a well known city along the Ohio River, historically known for its riverboats. ... Nickname: The Friendly City Location in Ohio County in the State of West Virginia Coordinates: Settled 1769 Established 1806 Incorporated 1836  - Mayor Nick Sparachane  - City Manager Robert Herron  - Chief of Police Kevin Gessler, Sr. ... Location in Wood County in the State of West Virginia Coordinates: , Country United States State West Virginia County Wood Incorporated 1810 Government  - Mayor Robert Newell Area  - City  12. ... CSX redirects here. ... A horse drawn railroad that operated between 1810 and 1828 in what is now Nether Providence Township, Pennsylvania -- it was replaced by a canal, remnants of which are still visible. ... Monopoly is a board game published by Parker Brothers, an imprint of Hasbro. ... Atlantic City redirects here. ...

When CSX Corp. established the B&O Railroad Museum as a separate entity from the corporation, some of the former B&O shops in Baltimore, including the Mt. Clare roundhouse, were donated to the Museum while the rest of the property was sold. The B&O warehouse at the Camden Yards rail junction in Baltimore now dominates the view over the right-field wall at the Baltimore Orioles' current home, Oriole Park at Camden Yards. Mt Clare Roundhouse Opened in Baltimore on 2 July 1953, the B&O Railroad Museum is located at the historic site of the B&O Railroads Mt. ... Roundhouse in 1909, turntable in the front Roundhouse in Uster, Switzerland Steam locomotives sit in the Chicago and North Western Railway roundhouse at the Chicago, Illinois freight yards, December 1942. ... The B&O Warehouse is a building in Baltimore, Maryland, adjacent to Oriole Park at Camden Yards. ... This article is about the contemporary American major league baseball team. ... Oriole Park at Camden Yards is a baseball stadium located in Baltimore, Maryland, which was completed in 1992 to replace the aging Memorial Stadium. ...

History

Two men — Philip E. Thomas and George Brown — were the pioneers of the railroad. They spent the year 1826 investigating railway enterprises in England, which were at that time being tested in a comprehensive fashion as commercial ventures. Their investigation completed, they held an organizational meeting on February 12, 1827, including about twenty-five citizens, most of whom were Baltimore merchants or bankers. Chapter 123 of the 1826 Session Laws of Maryland, passed February 28, 1827, and the Commonwealth of Virginia on March 8, 1827, chartered the Baltimore and Ohio Rail Road Company, with the task of building a railroad from the port of Baltimore, Maryland west to a suitable point on the Ohio River. The railroad, formally incorporated April 24, was intended to provide not only an alternative to, but also a faster route for Midwestern goods to reach the East Coast than the seven-year-old, hugely successful, but slow Erie Canal across upstate New York. Thomas was elected as the first president and Brown the treasurer. The capital of the proposed company was fixed at five million dollars.^[1] This article does not cite any references or sources. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... is the 43rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1827 (MDCCCXXVII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... is the 59th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1827 (MDCCCXXVII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... is the 67th day of the year (68th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1827 (MDCCCXXVII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Baltimore redirects here. ... View of Pittsburgh, the largest metropolitan area on the Ohio River, where the Allegheny River (left) and the Monongahela River (right) join at Point State Park to form the Ohio River Cincinnati, Ohio is a well known city along the Ohio River, historically known for its riverboats. ... is the 114th day of the year (115th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the Midwestern region in the United States. ... Regional definitions vary from source to source. ... The Erie Canal (currently part of the New York State Canal System) is a canal in New York State, United States, that runs from the Hudson River to Lake Erie, connecting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean. ... The areas highlighted in YELLOW and GREEN are those which are considered to be a bona fide part of Upstate New York from the perspective of New York City. ...

Early Construction

Construction began on July 4, 1828, when Charles Carroll of Carrollton did the groundbreaking, and the first section, from Baltimore west to Ellicott's Mills (now known as Ellicott City), opened on May 24, 1830. It was decided to follow the Patapsco River to a point near Parr's Ridge where the railroad would cross the fall line and descend into the valley of the Monocacy and Potomac Rivers. Further extensions opened to Frederick (including the short Frederick Branch) December 1, 1831, Point of Rocks April 2, 1832, Sandy Hook December 1, 1834 (the connection to the Winchester and Potomac Railroad at Harpers Ferry opening in 1837), Martinsburg May 1842, Hancock June 1842, Cumberland November 5, 1842, Piedmont July 21, 1851, Fairmont June 22, 1852, and its terminus at Wheeling, West Virginia (then part of Virginia) on January 1, 1853. is the 185th day of the year (186th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1828 (MDCCCXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Thursday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Charles Carroll (1737-1832) Charles Carroll of Carrollton (September 19, 1737 – November 14, 1832) was a lawyer and politician from Maryland who was a delegate to the Continental Congress and later a United States Senator. ... Main Street, Ellicott City Ellicott City is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Howard County, Maryland, United States. ... is the 144th day of the year (145th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix commemorates the July Revolution 1830 (MDCCCXXX) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... The Patapsco is a river in central Maryland which flows into the Chesapeake Bay in Baltimore, Maryland. ... The fall line has meanings in both geographical features and the sport of alpine skiing. ... Monocacy may refer to the following: Monocacy Aqueduct, Maryland Monocacy National Battlefield, Maryland Battle of Monocacy Junction, Maryland Ships: USS Monocacy (1864), the first Monocacy, a gunboat launched in 1864, and served until 1903 USS Monocacy (PG-20), the second Monocacy, commissioned in 1914 and decommissioned in 1939 USS Genesee... The Potomac River flows into the Chesapeake Bay, located along the mid-Atlantic coast of the United States (USA). ... Location in Maryland Founded  -Incorporated 1745 {{{incorporated}}}  County Frederick County Mayor Jennifer Dougherty Area  - Total  - Water 59. ... The Frederick Branch of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad runs from Frederick Junction on the west side of the Monocacy River to its terminus at South Street in downtown Frederick, Maryland. ... is the 335th day of the year (336th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Leopold I 1831 (MDCCCXXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... MARC commuter train conductor catching up with local news on a foggy morning at Point of Rocks. ... is the 92nd day of the year (93rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1832 (MDCCCXXXII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... is the 335th day of the year (336th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1834 (MDCCCXXXIV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Harpers Ferry, West Virginia 1865. ... Martinsburg is a city located in Berkeley County, West Virginia. ... 1842 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Hancock is an unincorporated hamlet in Morgan County in the U.S. state of West Virginias Eastern Panhandle. ... 1842 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Location in Maryland Founded  -Incorporated 1787 {{{incorporated}}}  County Allegany County Mayor Lee N. Fiedler Area  - Total  - Water 23. ... is the 309th day of the year (310th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1842 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Piedmont is a town located in Mineral County, West Virginia. ... is the 202nd day of the year (203rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1851 (MDCCCLI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Fairmont is a city located in Marion County, West Virginia. ... is the 173rd day of the year (174th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1852 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Nickname: The Friendly City Location in Ohio County in the State of West Virginia Coordinates: Settled 1769 Established 1806 Incorporated 1836  - Mayor Nick Sparachane  - City Manager Robert Herron  - Chief of Police Kevin Gessler, Sr. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... is the 1st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1853 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ...

The state of Maryland granted the B&O a charter to build a line from Baltimore to Washington, D.C., in 1831, and the Washington Branch was opened in 1835. This line joined to the original mainline at Relay, Maryland, crossing the Patapsco on the Thomas Viaduct, which remains one of the B&O's signature structures. This line was partially funded by the state, and was operated separately until the 1870s, with the state taking a 25% cut of gross passenger receipts. This line was built in stone, much like the original mainline; by this time, however, strap rail was no longer used for new construction. Most of the stone bridges on the Old Main Line did not last long, being washed out by the periodic flooding of the Patapsco River and replaced at first by Bollman Truss Bridges. The Annapolis and Elk Ridge Railroad to Annapolis connected to this line at Annapolis Junction, Maryland, in 1840. As an unwritten condition for the charter, it was understood that the state would not charter any competing line between Baltimore and Washington. For other uses, see Washington, D.C. (disambiguation). ... The Washington Branch of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail Road was a major branch of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail Road, connecting the main line near Baltimore, Maryland to Washington, D.C. It is now owned by CSX for freight, with Maryland Area Regional Commuter Camden Line passenger service operating... Arbutus is a unincorporated community and a census-designated place in Baltimore County, Maryland, United States. ... Thomas Viaduct, 1970 The Thomas Viaduct, originally nicknamed Latrobes Folly, spans the Patapsco River between Relay and Elkridge, Maryland. ... The Old Main Line Subdivision is a railroad line owned and operated by CSX Transportation in the U.S. state of Maryland. ... The Patapsco is a river in central Maryland which flows into the Chesapeake Bay in Baltimore, Maryland. ... Bollman Bridge with Savage Mill tower in background, 1970. ... The WB&A Railroad once linked Washington D.C. with the Maryland cities of Baltimore and Annapolis. ... Nickname: Americas Sailing Capital , Naptown Location in Maryland Founded  -Incorporated 1649 1708  County Anne Arundel County Mayor Ellen O. Moyer (Dem) Area  - Total  - Water 19. ...

The Capitol Limited on Thomas Viaduct, Relay, Maryland, in 1963

Thomas Viaduct, 1970 The Thomas Viaduct, originally nicknamed Latrobes Folly, spans the Patapsco River between Relay and Elkridge, Maryland. ... Arbutus is a unincorporated community and a census-designated place located in Baltimore County, Maryland. ...

Civil War

American Civil War raids, raiders and raider bases involving the B&O Railroad: Combatants United States of America (Union) Confederate States of America (Confederacy) Commanders Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee Strength 2,200,000 1,064,000 Casualties 110,000 killed in action, 360,000 total dead, 275,200 wounded 93,000 killed in action, 258,000 total...

• Some famous battles and raids
  • The Great Train Raid of 1861, May 1861
  • The Martinsburg Train Raid, June 20-23, 1861
  • The Leesburg Train Raid, August 7, 1861
  • The Romney Expedition, January 1 through January 24, 1862
  • Various Raids of Brigadier General A. G. Jenkins, Fall, 1862
  • The Jones-Imboden Raid, April 24 through May 22, 1863
  • The Battle of Monocacy, July 9, 1864
  • Gilmor's Raid, July 11, 1864

• Confederate raiders and units which raided the B&O Railroad:
  • Lieutenant General Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson and many units under his command
  • Lieutenant General Jubal Anderson Early and many units under his command
  • Brigadier General Turner Ashby and his "Black Horse" cavalry
  • Brigadier General John D. Imboden and the 62nd Virginia Mounted Infantry (1st Partisan Rangers)
  • Brigadier General Albert G. Jenkins' and the 8th Virginia Cavalry
  • Brigadier General William E. "Grumble" Jones and the "Laurel Brigade"
  • Colonel John S. Mosby's "Mosby's Raiders"
  • Major Harry Gilmor's "Gilmor's Raiders"
  • Captain John H. McNeill's "McNeill's Rangers"

• Cities involved in raiding the B&O Railroad
  • Winchester in the Civil War
  • Harpers Ferry, West Virginia

B&O Roundhouse and site of Raid, Martinsburg, West Virginia (©2001 A.E. Crane, courtesy of byways. ... Major General Stonewall Jackson leads The Romney Expedition, painting by John Paul Strain. ... Combatants United States of America Confederate States of America Commanders Lew Wallace Jubal A. Early Strength Corps Corps Casualties 2,359 total (U.S. and C.S.) 2,359 total (U.S. and C.S.) The Battle of Monocacy (or Battle of Monocacy Junction) was fought on July 9, 1864... For other uses of Stonewall Jackson, see Stonewall Jackson (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Jubal Early (disambiguation). ... Turner Ashby (October 23, 1828 - June 6, 1862) was a Confederate cavalry commander, enlisting at rank of Capitan, then attaining rank of Colonel, and finally the rank of Brigadier General. ... John D. Imboden John Daniel Imboden (February 16, 1823 – August 15, 1895) was a lawyer, teacher, Virginia legislator, coal mine operator, and a Confederate cavalry general and partisan fighter in the American Civil War. ... Albert Gallatin Jenkins (November 10, 1830 – May 21, 1864) was an attorney, planter, representative to the United States Congress and First Confederate Congress, and a Confederate brigadier general during the American Civil War. ... For other persons named William Jones, see William Jones (disambiguation). ... John Singleton Mosby John Singleton Mosby (December 6, 1833 – May 30, 1916) also known as the Gray Ghost, was a Confederate partisan Ranger (a partisan is similar to a guerrilla fighter) in the American Civil War. ... Harry W. Gilmor (January 24, 1838 – March 4, 1883) served as Baltimore City Police Commissioner in the 1870s, but he was most noted as a Confederate cavalry officer during the American Civil War. ... McNeills Rangers was an independent irregular Confederate military company commissioned under the Partisan Ranger Act by the Confederate Congress during the American Civil War. ... Entry of General Banks Division, May, 1862 The city of Winchester, Virginia, and the surrounding area were the site of numerous fights during the American Civil War as both contending armies strove to control that portion of the Shenandoah Valley. ... Harpers Ferry, West Virginia 1865. ...

Westward by merger

Table of Cumberland Coal shipped over B&O Railroad and C&O Canal, 1842-1865

A steel and stone bridge was built across the Ohio River between Bellaire and Wheeling in 1871, connecting the B&O to the Central Ohio Railroad which it had leased starting in 1866. This provided a direct rail connection to Columbus, Ohio, and the lease marked the beginning of a series of expansions to the west and north. Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 722 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (831 × 690 pixel, file size: 155 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Samel Harries, Coal, Iron, and Oil, B. Bannan 1866 (copyright expired), Full Text Online, page 719. ... Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 722 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (831 × 690 pixel, file size: 155 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Samel Harries, Coal, Iron, and Oil, B. Bannan 1866 (copyright expired), Full Text Online, page 719. ... View of Pittsburgh, the largest metropolitan area on the Ohio River, where the Allegheny River (left) and the Monongahela River (right) join at Point State Park to form the Ohio River Cincinnati, Ohio is a well known city along the Ohio River, historically known for its riverboats. ... The Central Ohio Railroad was the third railroad to enter Columbus, Ohio, and the first to connect Columbus with the east coast. ... Nickname: Location in the state of Ohio, USA Coordinates: , Country State Counties Franklin, Fairfield, Delaware Government  - Mayor Michael B. Coleman (D) Area  - City 212. ...

Other railroads included in the B&O were:

• Winchester and Potomac Railroad and Winchester and Strasburg Railroad from 1867. This pair of lines connected with the B&O at Harper's Ferry, West Virginia, and constituted the only significant B&O trackage in present day Virginia.
• Sandusky, Mansfield and Newark Railroad leased through the Central Ohio in 1869
• Pittsburgh and Connellsville Railroad from 1871. This was the B&O entry into Pittsburgh, thwarting the denial of a Pennsylvania charter to the B&O.
• Somerset and Cambria Railroad from 1879.
• Buffalo Railroad from 1880.
• West Virginia and Pittsburgh Railroad from 1890.
• Columbus and Cincinnati Midland Railroad leased through Central Ohio in 1890.
• Monongahela River Railroad from 1900.
• Marietta and Cincinnati Railroad from 1882. This was initially renamed as the Cincinnati, Washington and Baltimore Railroad in and then again to the Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern Railroad in 1889. The B&OSW absorbed the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad in 1893, giving the B&O a connection to St. Louis, Missouri, and finally the B&OSW disaapeared into the rest of the system in 1900.
• Ohio River Railroad from 1901.
• Pittsburgh Junction Railroad from 1902.
• Pittsburgh and Western Railroad from 1902. This was originally a narrow gauge system which was standard gauged from 1883 to 1911. It formed the main B&O line west from Pittsburgh. The line passed the Mars Train Station in Mars, Pennsylvania, northwest of Pittsburgh.
• Cleveland Terminal and Vally Railroad from 1909. This was the B&O's entry into Cleveland, Ohio.
• Cleveland, Lorain and Wheeling Railroad from 1909.
• Chicago Terminal Transfer Company, reorganized in 1910 as the Baltimore and Ohio Chicago Terminal Railroad. This switching line was always operated as a separate company.
• Salisbury Railroad near Pittsburgh, operated from 1912.
• Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton Railroad from 1912.
• Morgan and Kingwood Railroad from 1922.
• Coal and Coke Railroad from 1920.
• Cincinnati, Indianapolis and Western Railroad from 1927. This was originally part of the Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton, and gave the B&O a connection to Springfield, Illinois.
• Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh Railway in 1932. This gave the B&O a line into New York state.
• Buffalo and Susquehanna Railroad from 1932. Part of the line was severed from the rest of the system by flooding, and became part of the Wellsville, Addison and Galeton Railroad in 1955.

(This list omits certain short lines.) Harpers Ferry is a town located in Jefferson County, West Virginia. ... This article is about the U.S. state. ... The Marietta and Cincinnati Railroad (M&C), now defunct, was a railroad of southern Ohio later absorbed by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O). ... The Mississippi and Ohio Railroad was a railroad operating between Cincinnati, Ohio and East St. ... Nickname: Location in the state of Missouri Coordinates: , Country State County Independent City Government  - Mayor Francis G. Slay (D) Area  - City  66. ... The Mars Train Station, located in Mars, Pennsylvania, was constructed in 1897 by the Pittsburgh and Western Railroad. ... Mars is a borough located in Butler County, Pennsylvania, USA. As of the 2000 census, the borough had a total population of 1,746. ... Cleveland redirects here. ... The Baltimore & Ohio Chicago Terminal Railroad was a Class II railroad in the United States. ... The Cincinatti, Hamilton and Dayton Railroad (CH&DRR) was a United States railroad that existed between its incorporation on March 2, 1846 and its acquisition by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in December, 1917. ... : Home of President Abraham Lincoln United States Illinois Sangamon 60. ... This article is about the state. ... The WAG ran into 1979. ...

The Chicago and Alton Railroad was purchased by the B&O in 1931 and renamed the Alton Railroad. It was always operated separately and was eventually bought by the Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Railroad after receivership in 1942. 1885 map The Alton Railroad was the final name of a railroad linking Chicago, Illinois to Alton, St. ... 1885 map The Alton Railroad was the final name of a railroad linking Chicago, Illinois to Alton, St. ... The Gulf, Mobile and Ohio ( AAR reporting mark GMO) was a railroad carrier in the central United States, with its primary routes from Chicago to Mobile, Alabama and Kansas City, Missouri. ...

On July 20, 1877 there were bloody riots in Baltimore, Maryland, from Baltimore and Ohio Railroad workers. Nine rail workers were killed at the hands of the Maryland militia. The next day workers in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, staged a sympathy strike that was also met with an assault by the state militia; Pittsburgh then erupted into widespread rioting. is the 201st day of the year (202nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1877 (MDCCCLXXVII) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Teamsters, armed with pipes, riot in a clash with riot police in the Minneapolis Teamsters Strike of 1934. ... Baltimore redirects here. ... Pittsburgh redirects here. ... A sympathy strike is a labour strike that is initiated by workers in one industry and supported by workers in a separate but related industry. ...

New lines in Maryland

The B&O's bridges over the Potomac at Harpers Ferry, West Virginia

In 1866 the B&O began constructing the Metropolitan Branch west out of Washington, and was completed in 1873 after years of erratic effort. Before this line was laid, rail traffic west of Washington had to travel first to Relay or Baltimore before joining the main line. The line cut a more or less straight line from Washington to Point of Rocks, Maryland, with many grades and large bridges. Upon the opening of this line, through passenger traffic was rerouted through Washington, and the old main line from Point of Rocks to Relay was reduced to secondary status as far as passenger service was concerned. Rebuilding in the early 1900s and double tracking in 1928 increased capacity; the "branches" became the de facto mainline, though the Old Main Line was retained as relief route. The Potomac River flows into the Chesapeake Bay, located along the mid-Atlantic coast of the United States (USA). ... Harpers Ferry, West Virginia 1865. ... 08:22, 16 April 2007 (UTC)68. ...

Meanwhile the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) outmaneuvered the B&O to acquire the B&O's northern connection, the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad in the early 1880s, cutting off the B&O's access to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and New York. The state of Maryland had stayed true to its implicit promise not to grant competing charters for the Baltimore/Washington line, but when a charter was granted in 1860 to build a line from Baltimore to Pope's Creek in southern Maryland, lawyers for the Pennsylvania RR picked up on a clause in the unfulfilled charter allowing branches up to twenty miles long, from any point and in any direction. The projected route, passing through what is now Bowie, Maryland, could have a "branch" constructed that would allow service into Washington. The Pennsylvania picked up the charter through the agency of the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad and in 1872 service between Baltimore and Washington began. At the same time the PRR outmaneuvered the B&O and took control of the Long Bridge, B&O's connections to southern lines. 1893 map The Pennsylvania Railroad (AAR reporting mark PRR) was an American railroad that was founded in 1846 and merged in 1968 into Penn Central Transportation. ... The Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad was the Pennsylvania Railroads main line from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania southwest to Baltimore, Maryland. ... Nickname: City of Brotherly Love, Philly, the Quaker City Motto: Philadelphia maneto (Let brotherly love continue) Location in Pennsylvania Coordinates: Country United States State Pennsylvania County Philadelphia Founded October 27, 1682 Incorporated October 25, 1701 Mayor John F. Street (D) Area    - City 369. ... This article is about the state. ... Motto: Growth, Unity and Progress Location of Bowie in the State of Maryland Coordinates: Country United States State Maryland County Prince Georges County Established 1916  - Mayor G. Frederick Robinson Area    - City 41. ... The Baltimore and Potomac Railroad was part of the Pennsylvania Railroads main line from Baltimore, Maryland southwest to Washington, DC. It is now part of Amtraks Northeast Corridor; freight is handled by Norfolk Southern. ... The northbound bridge (Arland D. Williams Jr. ...

In response, the B&O chartered the Philadelphia Branch in Maryland and the Baltimore and Philadelphia Railroad in Delaware and Pennsylvania and built a parallel route, finished in 1886. The Baltimore Belt Line, opened in 1895, connected the main line to the Philadelphia Branch without the need for a car ferry across the Patapsco River, but the cost of constructing the Howard Street Tunnel drove the B&O to bankruptcy in 1896. Two other lines were built in attempts to reconnect to the south. The Alexandria Branch was built in 1874, starting from Hyattsville, Maryland, and ending at a ferry operation at Shepherd's Landing. The Ferry operation continued until 1901 when the trackage rights agreement concluded as part of the construction of Washington Union Station saw the south end of the branch realigned to link to the PRR trackage in Anacostia, across the Anacostia River, into the Capitol Hill Tunnel, through Southwest Washington, D.C. to Potomac Yard in Alexandria, Virginia. The Alexandria Branch trackage to Shepherd's Landing was heavily used during World War II when traffic congestion on the Long Bridge caused the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to construct a bridge along the original plan of the B&O: Alexandria to Shepherd's Landing, Washington. Trains of empty freight cars were routed north and south over the structure, which was demolished after the end of World War II. The Baltimore and Philadelphia Railroad was the Baltimore and Ohio Railroads line from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania southwest to Baltimore, Maryland, and is now used by CSX for freight. ... The Baltimore and Philadelphia Railroad was the Baltimore and Ohio Railroads line from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania southwest to Baltimore, Maryland, and is now used by CSX for freight. ... The Baltimore Belt Line was constructed by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in the 1890s to connect the railroads newly constructed line to New York City with the rest of the railroad. ... A loaded train ferry approaching the dock in Detroit, Michigan, April 1943. ... The Patapsco is a river in central Maryland which flows into the Chesapeake Bay in Baltimore, Maryland. ... The Baltimore Belt Line was constructed by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in the 1890s to connect the railroads newly constructed line to New York City with the rest of the railroad. ... Hyattsville is a city located in Prince Georges County, Maryland, USA. // History The city was named for its founder, Christopher Clark Hyatt. ... Burnhams Union Station: the central block of the immense front façade of Union Station Union Station is the grand ceremonial train station designed to be the entrance to Washington, DC when it opened in 1907. ... The Anacostia River is a river that flows about 8. ... Potomac Yard was one of the busiest railroad yards on the Eastern Seaboard of the United States. ... Location in Virginia Coordinates: , Country State Founded 1749 Government  - Mayor William D. Euille Area  - Total 15. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000... The northbound bridge (Arland D. Williams Jr. ... United States Army Corps of Engineers logo The United States Army Corps of Engineers, or USACE, is made up of some 34,600 civilian and 650 military men and women. ... Combatants Allied powers: China France Great Britain Soviet Union United States and others Axis powers: Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Chiang Kai-shek Charles de Gaulle Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tōjō Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000...

B&O route map of 1891

Before either connection was made, however, another branch was built around the west side of Washington. During the 1880s the B&O had organised a group of bankrupt railroads in Virginia into the Virginia Midland Railroad. The VM track rack from Alexandria, Virginia, to Danville, Virginia. The line projected west across the Potomac River was intended to cross the Potomac just north of the D.C. line, to continue southwest to a connection with the B&O-controlled Virginia Midland (VM) in Fairfax, Virginia (now Fairfax Station, Virginia, to distinguish it from what was Fairfax Court House, Virginia, and is now the City of Fairfax, Virginia), and if possible to a connection with the Richmond, Fredericksburg, and Potomac Railroad in Quantico, Virginia. The branch was started in 1892 and reached Chevy Chase, Maryland, the same year. Financial problems in both the VM and B&O forced a halt to construction and led to the B&O's loss of control of the VM. Following bankruptcy, and control by the Pennsylvania Railroad, by the time the line was completed in 1910 there was no longer any point to the river crossing. Thus, the renamed Georgetown Branch came to serve a wide range of customers in Maryland and in Georgetown, such as the Potomac Electric Power Company, the Washington Milling Company, and the U.S. Government. The line cut directly across the various creeks, and as a result required a short tunnel (Dalecarlia Tunnel) and what was said to be the longest wood trestle on the railroad over Rock Creek. The line was almost completely abandoned in 1986 by CSX and is presently used in part as the right-of-way for the Capital Crescent Trail. This article is about the U.S. state. ... Location in Virginia Coordinates: , Country State Founded 1749 Government  - Mayor William D. Euille Area  - Total 15. ... Nickname: River City, City of Churches Motto: A World Class Organization Country United States State Virginia County Independent City  - Mayor R. Wayne Williams, Jr. ... Location in the Commonwealth of Virginia Coordinates: Country United States State Virginia County Independent City Founded 1805 Government  - Mayor Robert Lederer Area  - City  6. ... Fairfax Station is an unincorporated community in Fairfax County, Virginia. ... Nickname: Location in the Commonwealth of Virginia Coordinates: , Country State County Independent City Founded 1805 Government  - Mayor Robert Lederer Area  - City  6. ... The Richmond, Fredericksburg, and Potomac Railroad (AAR reporting mark RFP) was a railroad connecting Richmond, Virginia to Washington, DC. It is now a portion of the CSX Transportation system. ... Quantico, Virginia is in Prince William County, 23 miles north-northeast of Fredericksburg, Virginia, near Dumfries and Stafford along Highway 619. ... Chevy Chase is the name of both a town and an unincorporated Census-Designated Place (CDP) in Montgomery County, Maryland. ... 1893 map The Pennsylvania Railroad (AAR reporting mark PRR) was an American railroad that was founded in 1846 and merged in 1968 into Penn Central Transportation. ... The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) was one of the oldest railroads in the United States and the first common carrier railroad, with an original line from the port of Baltimore, Maryland, west to the Ohio River at Wheeling and a few years later also to Parkersburg, West Virginia. ... The familiar golden dome of Washingtons once venerable Riggs Bank, now amalgamated into PNC Bank, at the northeast corner of Wisconsin Avenue and M Street NW. Georgetown in red Georgetown is a neighborhood located in the Northwest quadrant of Washington, D.C., along the Potomac River waterfront. ... The Potomac Electric Power Company (known as PEPCO) is a public utility supplying electric power to the city of Washington, DC and to surrounding communities in Maryland. ... The Dalecarlia Tunnel, part of the Capital Crescent Trail The Dalecarlia Tunnel is a railway tunnel that carried the Georgetown Branch of the B&O railroad underneath MacArthur Boulevard and the Washington Aqueduct. ... Steel trestle with plate girder spans A trestle is a bridge that consists of a large number of short spans, supported by splayed vertical elements and is usually for railroad use. ... Rock Creek is a free-flowing tributary of the Potomac River, which empties into the Atlantic Ocean via Chesapeake Bay. ... The Capital Crescent Trail (CCT) is an 11 mile long shared-use trail from Georgetown, Washington, DC to Silver Spring, Maryland suitable for walkers, joggers, bikers, and rollerbladers. ...

The 20th century

B&O stock certificate, 1903

Following its emergence from bankruptcy, control of the B&O was acquired by the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1901. A rising young PRR Vice President, Leonor F. Loree, was appointed President. Loree shared the Pennsy management's belief in infrastructure and the B&O at that time needed some of that. New classes of engines were built to haul longer, heavier trains faster. The Old Main Line was reworked, sections of the original right-of-way cut off by the straightening of curves and replacement of old, weight-restricted bridges with newer, heavier bridges. Most of Loree's work on the B&O physical plant remains evident today. Many iron and steel bridges on the railroad were replaced with stone (Pennsy preferred stone to the preference of the Reading and Lackawanna Railroad for concrete). 1893 map The Pennsylvania Railroad (AAR reporting mark PRR) was an American railroad that was founded in 1846 and merged in 1968 into Penn Central Transportation. ... Leonor Fresnel Loree (1858-1940) was an executive of many railroads in the United States. ... The Old Main Line Subdivision is a railroad line owned and operated by CSX Transportation in the U.S. state of Maryland. ... 1884 map of the Pennsylvania, Reading and Lehigh Valley Railroads The Reading Railroad (AAR reporting mark RDG), officially known as the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad, operated in southeast Pennsylvania and neighboring states. ... Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad External links DL&W pages by the Erie Lackawanna Historical Society Employees Thomas Patrick Norton 1906 to 1960, Hoboken Terminus, Yardmaster Categories: Stub | Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad ...

Offices of the B&O Railroad on North Charles Street in Baltimore, Maryland

Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad took control of the B&O in 1963, and incorporated it, along with the Western Maryland Railway, into the Chessie System in 1973. In 1980, the Chessie System merged with the Seaboard System Railroad to create CSX. In 1986, the B&O finally went out of corporate existence when it formally merged with the C&O (which itself formally merged with CSX later that same year). The Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (C&O) was a Class I railroad formed in 1869 in Virginia from many smaller railroads begun in the 19th century. ... The Western Maryland Railway ( AAR reporting mark WM) was an American Class I railroad which operated in Maryland, West Virginia and Pennsylvania. ... The Chessie System was a holding company that owned three American railroads, the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (C&O), the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O), and the Western Maryland Railway (WM), from 1972 until 1987, when the B&O and C&O were merged into CSX Transportation. ... Categories: Stub | Defunct railroad companies of the United States | Defunct companies | District of Columbia railroads | Florida railroads | Georgia railroads | North Carolina railroads | South Carolina railroads | Virginia railroads ... CSX redirects here. ...

At the height of railroading's golden age, the B&O was one of several trunk lines uniting the northeast quadrant of the United States into an industrial zone. It marked the southern border and corresponded to the New York Central's marking of the northern border. The Pennsylvania Railroad controlled the center and smaller roads like the Lackawanna, Lehigh Valley, and the Erie survived largely through the Interstate Commerce Commission. The corners of this map are Baltimore in the southeast, Boston in the northeast, Chicago in the northwest, and St. Louis in the southwest. Lackawanna relates to several places in the United States: Lackawanna, New York - a city in Erie County, New York. ... For other uses, see Lehigh Valley (disambiguation). ... // Places Erie is the name of several places in the United States of America: Towns Erie, Colorado Erie, Illinois Erie, Kansas Erie, Pennsylvania Townships Erie Township, Michigan, in Monroe County Erie Township, Ohio, in Ottawa County Counties Erie County, New York Erie County, Ohio Erie County, Pennsylvania Bodies of Water... The Interstate Commerce Commission (or ICC) was a regulatory body in the United States created by the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887, which was signed into law by President Grover Cleveland. ...

Early engineering

Carrollton Viaduct

When construction began on the B&O in the 1820s, railroad engineering was in its infancy. Unsure exactly which materials would suffice, the B&O erred on the side of sturdiness and built many of its early structures of granite. Even the track bed to which iron strap rail was affixed consisted of the stone. Image File history File links Carrollton-viaduct. ... Image File history File links Carrollton-viaduct. ... For other uses, see granite (disambiguation). ... General Name, symbol, number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metals Group, period, block 8, 4, d Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Standard atomic weight 55. ...

Though the granite soon proved too unforgiving and expensive for track, most of the B&O's bridges have survived until the present, and many are still in active railroad use by CSX. Baltimore's Carrollton Viaduct, named in honor of Charles Carroll of Carrollton (who laid the cornerstone), was the B&O's first bridge, and is the world's oldest railroad bridge still in use. The Thomas Viaduct in Relay, Maryland, was the longest bridge in the United States upon its completion in 1835, and remains in use as well. The B&O made extensive use of the Bollman iron truss bridge in the mid-1800s; its durability and ease of assembly aided faster railroad construction. Carrollton Viaduct in 1971 The Carrollton Viaduct, located over Gwynns Falls near Carroll Park in Baltimore, Maryland, is the first stone masonry bridge designed for railroad use in the United States. ... Charles Carroll (1737-1832) Charles Carroll of Carrollton (September 19, 1737 – November 14, 1832) was a lawyer and politician from Maryland who was a delegate to the Continental Congress and later a United States Senator. ... Thomas Viaduct, 1970 The Thomas Viaduct, originally nicknamed Latrobes Folly, spans the Patapsco River between Relay and Elkridge, Maryland. ... Arbutus is a unincorporated community and a census-designated place in Baltimore County, Maryland, United States. ... Bollman Bridge with Savage Mill tower in background, 1970. ...

As the B&O built west from Baltimore in 1830, it followed the banks of the Patapsco River upstream to the water's source at Parrs Spring near present-day Mount Airy, Maryland. At the time little data about the operation of steam locomotives was available, and consequently the B&O was uncertain if metal wheels would grip the metal rails sufficiently to pull a train up to the top of Parrs Ridge. The railroad decided to construct two inclined planes on each side of the ridge along which teams of horses, and perhaps steam-powered winches, would assist pulling the trains uphill. The planes, about a mile long on each side of the ridge, quickly proved an operational bottleneck, and before the decade of the 1830s ended the B&O built a 5.5 mile long alternate route that became known as the Mount Airy Loop. The planes were quickly abandoned and forgotten, though some artifacts survive to the present The Patapsco is a river in central Maryland which flows into the Chesapeake Bay in Baltimore, Maryland. ... Mount Airy is a town located on the border between Carroll and Frederick Counties in Maryland. ... The inclined plane is one of the classical simple machines; as the name suggests, it is a flat surface whose endpoints are at different heights. ...

See also Old Main Line Subdivision The Old Main Line Subdivision is a railroad line owned and operated by CSX Transportation in the U.S. state of Maryland. ...

Branches

B&O roundhouse and station complex, Martinsburg, West Virginia (©2001 A.E. Crane, courtesy of byways.org).

Mount Airy

The Mount Airy Branch is the surviving, in-use portion of the 1839-opened Mount Airy Loop. The Loop had been mainline track until superseded by the Mount Airy Cutoff and Tunnel in 1902. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2454x1596, 516 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Martinsburg, West Virginia Baltimore and Ohio Railroad ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (2454x1596, 516 KB) Summary Licensing File links The following pages link to this file: Martinsburg, West Virginia Baltimore and Ohio Railroad ... Roundhouse in 1909, turntable in the front Roundhouse in Uster, Switzerland Steam locomotives sit in the Chicago and North Western Railway roundhouse at the Chicago, Illinois freight yards, December 1942. ... Martinsburg is a city located in Berkeley County, West Virginia. ...

Frederick

The Frederick Branch was built because the city of Frederick would not pay the B&O the cost of routing the railroad through the rougher terrain into downtown Frederick. The branch opened on December 1, 1831. The continuation of the main line from Frederick Junction opened April 2, 1832. The Frederick Branch of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad runs from Frederick Junction on the west side of the Monocacy River to its terminus at South Street in downtown Frederick, Maryland. ... is the 335th day of the year (336th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Leopold I 1831 (MDCCCXXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... is the 92nd day of the year (93rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1832 (MDCCCXXXII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ...

Patuxent Branch

The Patuxent Branch was constructed in the 1880s and split off from the Washington Branch at Savage, Maryland to serve a mill, a quarry, and other small industry. After 1925, the line was gradually cut back, and disconnected completely in 2005. Savage is an historic town located in Howard County, Maryland, about 12 miles South of Baltimore, Maryland and 20 miles North of Washington, D.C. It is situated close to the city of Laurel, and the planned community of Columbia. ...

Georgetown Branch

Originally intended as an extension of the railroad to a crossing of the Potomac River near the Chain Bridge, the agreement between the Pennsylvania Railroad and the B&O resulting from the rerouting of track for the Washington Union Station project put an end to the crossing and the branch settled down to being just a country railroad until the Washington, D.C. suburbs grew around it (Silver Spring, Chevy Chase, Bethesda). The Potomac River flows into the Chesapeake Bay, located along the mid-Atlantic coast of the United States (USA). ... The term Chain Bridge refers to several bridges around the world, including: the Széchenyi Lánchíd (typically called in English the Széchenyi Chain Bridge or simply the Chain Bridge) in Budapest, Hungary the Chain Bridge at the Little Falls of the Potomac River in Washington, D.C... 1893 map The Pennsylvania Railroad (AAR reporting mark PRR) was an American railroad that was founded in 1846 and merged in 1968 into Penn Central Transportation. ... Burnhams Union Station: the central block of the immense front façade of Union Station Union Station is the grand ceremonial train station designed to be the entrance to Washington, DC when it opened in 1907. ... For other uses, see Washington, D.C. (disambiguation). ... Not to be confused with Silver Springs. ... Chevy Chase is the name of both a town and an unincorporated Census-Designated Place (CDP) in Montgomery County, Maryland. ... Bethesda is an urbanized, but unincorporated, area in southern Montgomery County, Maryland, near Washington, D.C. It takes its name from a church located there, the Bethesda Presbyterian Church, built in 1820 and rebuilt in 1850, which in turn took its name from Jerusalems Pool of Bethesda. ...

Washington County Branch

The B&O had decided against a direct line to Hagerstown, though the city had petitioned the Directors. Several north-south routes like the Cumberland Valley built through Hagerstown and the construction of the Western Maryland Railway to that city persuaded the B&O management to build a branch. It was decided that the branch would leave the mainline at Weverton and wind its way through the hills of Western Maryland to Hagerstown. A station was constructed at the stub end of the line in downtown Hagerstown. Nickname: Motto: A Great Place to Live Work and Visit Location in Maryland Coordinates: , County Washington Incorporated 1813 Government  - Mayor Robert Bob E. Bruchey II Area  - City 27. ... Counties comprising The Cumberland Valley Region The Cumberland Valley is a geographic region that lies between South Mountain and the Ridge and Valley Province of central Pennsylvania and western Maryland, United States. ... The Western Maryland Railway ( AAR reporting mark WM) was an American Class I railroad which operated in Maryland, West Virginia and Pennsylvania. ...

References

• Railroad History Database
• The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Timeline
• Mileposts from CSX Transportation Timetables
• Harwood, Herbert. Impossible Challenge, Barnard, Roberts and Co., 1979.
• Sagle, Lawrence, and Alvin Staufer. B&O Power, Alvin F. Staufer, 1964.

is the 96th day of the year (97th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

See also

• Category:Baltimore and Ohio Railroad lines
• Category:Stations along Baltimore and Ohio Railroad lines
• Category:Baltimore and Ohio Railroad bridges and tunnels
• Baltimore and Ohio Railroad locomotives
• Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Martinsburg Shops, a National Historic Landmark
• Baltimore Belt Line
• Aeolus Railroad Car
• Camden Station
• Mount Royal Station

On the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, locomotives were always considered of great importance, and the railroad was involved in many experiments and innovations. ... This article or section needs additional references or sources to improve its verifiability. ... The Baltimore Belt Line was constructed by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in the 1890s to connect the railroads newly constructed line to New York City with the rest of the railroad. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ...

Named cars

• La Paz

La Paz (B&O #5503) is 56-seat revenue coach built for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad by Pullman-Standard in 1949. ...

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Baltimore and Ohio Railroad

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Maryland state laws relating to the Baltimore and Ohio Rail Road

• B&O Railroad Historical Society
• B&O Railroad Photo Tours in and around Maryland
• B&O Railroad page on the Baltimore Collective
• Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Museum
• John W. Garrett Collection, 1850-1880 Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution.
• The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Network