NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Baltische Landeswehr

Baltische Landeswehr ("Baltic Land Defence") was the name of the armed forces of The United Baltic Duchy from November 1918 to July 3, 1919. Pretorian Guards, Roman Soldiers A military or military force generally refers to a permanent, professional and structured force of soldiers or guerrillas trained exclusively for the purpose of warfare. ... Official language German Capital Riga Regent Adolf Pilar von Pilchau Area ? kmÂ² Population ? Independance 12 April 1918 Admission 22 September 1918 (German State) National anthem ? The United Baltic Duchy (in German: Vereinigtes Baltisches Herzogtum) was a shortlived construct in 1918 made possible through Germanys occupation of Latvia and Estonia... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... is the 184th day of the year (185th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ...

1 Command structure
- 1.1 Commanders
2 Order of battle (20 May 1919)
3 History
- 3.1 Theaters and Campaigns
- 3.2 Subsequent
4 Prominent members
5 Insignia
6 Bibliography
7 See also
8 External links

Command structure

Legally, the Commander-in-Chief of the Landeswehr was Rüdiger von der Goltz, a position he gained in November 1918. Administration and military authority initially lay with the war ministry under Major Alfred Fletcher. Commander-in-Chief (in NATO-lingo often C-in-C or CINC pronounced sink) is the commander of all the military forces within a particular region or of all the military forces of a state. ... RÃ¼diger von der Goltz Gustav Adolf Joachim RÃ¼diger Graf von der Goltz (born December 8, 1865, in ZÃ¼llichau, Prussia [now Poland]; died November 4, 1946, in Kinsegg, AllgÃ¤u, Germany) was the commander of German units which played an instrumental role in the defeat of Russian Bolsheviks... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... Major is a military rank the use of which varies according to country. ...

Commanders

Major Alfred Fletcher (Jan 1919 - July 1919)
Lieutenant-Colonel Harold Alexander (British; July 1919)

Field Marshal Harold Rupert Leofric George Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis (December 10, 1891 - June 16, 1969) was a British military commander and Field Marshal, notably during World War II as the commander of the 15th Army Group. ...

Order of battle (20 May 1919)

1. Deutsch-Balt. Kampfbataillon (Stoßtrupp Manteuffel; Baron Hans von Manteuffel)
2. Deutsch-Balt. Kampfbataillon (Hauptmann Malmede)
3. Deutsch-Balt. Kampfbataillon (Rittmeister Graf zu Eulenburg)
MG-Scharfschützen-Abteilung (Hauptmann Freiherr von Khaynach)
Russische Abteilung Fürst Lieven (Cavalry Captain Prince Anatolii Pavlovich Liven or, in German, Fürst Anatol Leonid Lieven)
Lettische Kampf-Brigade (Colonel Jānis Balodis)
Stamm-Kompanie Talssen
Stamm-Kompanie Tuckum
Balten-Kompanie des Gouvernement Libau
Elements of the MG-Kompanie of III./Freiwilligen-Regiment Libau (Gouvernement Libau)
Lettische Kavallerie-Abteilung
Russische Kavallerie-Abteilung
Kavallerie-Abteilung Engelhardt
Kavallerie-Abteilung Drachenfels
Kavallerie-Abteilung Pappenheim
Kavallerie-Abteilung Halm
1. Deutsch-Balt. Batterie (Ehmke)
2. Deutsch-Balt. Batterie (Barth)
3. Deutsch-Balt. Batterie (Sievert)
Deutsch-Balt. Haubitze-Batterie
Russische Batterie (Röhl)
Badisches Freiwilligen Abteilung Medem (attached Korpstruppe)
Lettische Pionier-Kompanie
Pionier-Abteilung Stromberg
Balt. Fernsprech-Abteilung
Lettische Fernsprech-Abteilung
Balt. Funker-Abteilung
Flieger-Abteilung 433 (attached Korpstruppe)
Armee-Kraftwagen-Kolonne 021 (attached Korpstruppe)
Staffel-Stab der Landeswehr (Major Wölki)
- Munitions- und Train-Kolonne I
- Munitions- und Train-Kolonne II
- Landeskolonne III
Feldlazarett
Sanitäts-Kompanie
Sanitäts-Kraftwagen-Zug
Wirtschafts-Kompanie 1
Wirtschafts-Kompanie 2
Bahnschutz-Detachement
Pferdelazarett
Sammeldepot Libau

Baron is a specific title of nobility or a more generic feudal qualification. ... First Princess Lieven. ...

History

After the November 11, 1918, armistice the Inter-Allied Commission of Control insisted that the German troops remain in the Baltic countries to prevent the region from being re-occupied by the Red Army. As many of the demoralised German soldiers were being withdrawn from Latvia, a Freikorps unit called the Iron Division (Eiserne Brigade) was formed and deployed in Riga and used to delay the Red advance. New volunteers arriving from Germany and remnants of the German 8th Army were subsequently added to the Iron Division, which was assigned under the command of General von der Goltz. Also, the Baltic Germans and some Latvians formed the Baltische Landeswehr, lead by Major Alfred Fletcher. November 11 is the 315th day of the year (316th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 50 days remaining. ... 1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ... Front page of the New York Times on Armistice Day, 11 November 1918 The armistice treaty between the Allies and Germany was signed in a railway carriage in CompiÃ¨gne Forest on November 11, 1918, and marked the end of the First World War on the Western Front. ... Military Inter-Allied Commission of Control - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ... The three Baltic states: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania The terms Baltic countries, Baltic Sea countries, Baltic states, and Balticum refer to slightly different combinations of countries in the general area surrounding the Baltic Sea. ... For other organizations known as the Red Army, see Red Army (disambiguation). ... The designation of Freikorps (German for Free Corps, i. ... Coordinates: Founded 1201 Government - Mayor JÄnis Birks Area - City 307. ... The Baltic Germans (German: , Deutschbalten; literally German Balts) were ethnically German inhabitants of the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea, which today forms the countries of Estonia and Latvia. ...

Theaters and Campaigns

In late February 1919 only the seaport of Liepāja (Libau) remained in the hands of the German and Latvian forces. In March 1919, General von der Goltz was able to win a series of victories over the Red Army, first occupying Ventspils (Windau), the major port of Courland, and then advancing south and east to retake Riga. After the Bolsheviks had been driven out from most of Latvia, the Allies ordered the German government to withdraw its troops from the Baltic region. However, the Germans succeeded in negotiating a postponement, arguing that this would have given the Bolsheviks a free hand. General von der Goltz then attempted to seize control of Latvia with the assistance of the local German population. The murder of three men of the Baltische Landeswehr led to the coup d'état of April 16, 1919, by the proclamation of the Government of a Lutheran clergyman, Andrievs Niedra. Parleys, in which the United States and England took part, did not prevent the advance on Riga and the liberation of this city on May 22, where Baron Hans von Manteuffel made an entry with a small detachment, and died leading his men. Latvian national government was deposed while white Russian units and the Freikorps moved on to capture Riga on May 23, 1919. Latvians sought assistance from the Estonian People's Army (Eesti Rahvavägi) which had been occupying Northern Latvia since earlier that year. In June 1919 General von der Goltz ordered his troops not to advance east against the Red Army, as the Allies had been expecting, but north, against the Estonians. On June 19 the Iron Division and Landeswehr units launched an attack to capture areas around Cēsis (Wenden), however in the battles over the following few days they were defeated by the Estonian army (lead by Johan Laidoner) and Latvian national units. On the morning of June 23, the Germans began a general retreat toward Riga. The Allies again insisted that the Germans withdraw their remaining troops from Latvia and intervened to impose a ceasefire between the Estonians and the Freikorps when the Estonians were about to march into Riga. In the meantime, an Allied mission composed of British troops under General Sir Hubert de la Poer Gough had arrived in the Baltic with the task of clearing the Germans from the region and organizing native armies for the Baltic States. To ensure its return to Latvian control, the Baltische Landeswehr was placed under British authority. Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... LiepÄja LiepÄja (German: Libau, Lithuanian: Liepoja, Polish: Lipawa, Russian: Ð›Ð¸Ð±Ð°Ð²Ð° / Libava or Ð›Ð¸ÐµÐ¿Ð°Ñ / Liyepaya, Yiddish: ×œ×™×‘×Ö·×°×¢ / Libave) is a city in western Latvia on the Baltic sea. ... The Latvian National Armed Forces (Latvian: Latvijas NacionÄlie bruÅ†otie spÄ“ki or NBS) consist of 5910 personnel in uniform. ... For other organizations known as the Red Army, see Red Army (disambiguation). ... Ventspils (Russian: , formerly Ð’Ð¸Ð½Ð´Ð°Ð²Ð°; German: Windau, Polish: Windawa, Livonian: VÇŸnta) is a city in northwestern Latvia on the coast of the Baltic Sea. ... Coat of arms of Courland Courland (Latvian: ; German: ; Latin: Curonia / Couronia; Lithuanian: ; Estonian: ; Polish: ; Russian: ) is an historical Baltic province now part of Latvia. ... Bolshevik Party Meeting. ... // A coup dÃ‰tat (pronounced ), or simply coup, is the sudden overthrow of a government, often through illegal means by a part of the state establishment â€” mostly replacing just the high-level figures. ... April 16 is the 106th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (107th in leap years). ... Lutheranism is a major branch of Protestant Christianity which follows the teachings of the sixteenth-century reformer Martin Luther. ... Andrievs Niedra, formerly spelt Andreews Needra (b. ... Motto (French) God and my right Anthem No official anthem - the United Kingdom anthem God Save the Queen is commonly used England() â€“ on the European continent() â€“ in the United Kingdom() Capital (and largest city) London (de facto) Official languages English (de facto) Unified - by Athelstan 927 AD Area - Total 130... is the 142nd day of the year (143rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... White Army redirects here. ... is the 143rd day of the year (144th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... The Estonian Defence Forces consists of 5,120 persons in uniform. ... Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... Look up ally in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... is the 170th day of the year (171st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... CÄ“sis (German: Wenden) is a town in Latvia located in the northern part of the Vidzeme Central upland. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... is the 174th day of the year (175th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... General Sir Hubert de la Poer Gough, GCB, GCMG, KCVO (August 12, 1870 â€“ 1963) was a British World War I general who commanded the British Fifth Army from 1916 to 1918. ...

Subsequent

After taking command of the Baltische Landeswehr in mid-July 1919, Lieutenant-Colonel Harold Alexander (the future Field Marshal the Earl Alexander of Tunis and Governor General of Canada, 1946-1952), gradually dismissed the German elements. The Germans released from the Baltische Landeswehr were incorporated into the Deutsche Legion in September 1919. The legion served under the West Russian Volunteer Army commanded by Colonel Prince Pavel Bermondt-Avalov. The British insisted that General von der Goltz leave Latvia, and he turned his troops over to Bermondt-Avalov's white Russian Army. Count von der Goltz later claimed in his memoirs that his major strategic goal in 1919 had been to launch a campaign in cooperation with the white Russian forces to overturn the Bolshevik regime by marching on Saint Petersburg and to install a pro-German government in Russia. Field Marshal Harold Rupert Leofric George Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis (December 10, 1891 - June 16, 1969) was a British military commander and Field Marshal, notably during World War II as the commander of the 15th Army Group. ... West Russian Volunteer Army - was a counterrevolutionary army in the Baltic provinces of the former Russian Empire during the Russian Civil War of 1918-1920. ... Pavel Rafalovich Bermondt-Avalov (1884-1973) was an Ussuri Cossack and warlord who led the Bermontians, a group of adventurers who captured Riga in October 1919 and attempted to set up a pro-German government there. ... A memoir, as a literary genre, forms a sub-class of autobiography. ... Year 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar). ... Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, English transliteration: Sankt-Peterburg), colloquially known as Питер (transliterated Piter), formerly known as Leningrad (Ленингра́д, 1924–1991) and...

Prominent members

Prominent Baltic officers from the Landeswehr era include: Population density in the wider Baltic region. ...

Generalmajor Erich Alt (Luftwaffe) (leader of the 1. Baltischen Flieger-Abteilung (433))
Generalmajor Rudolf Bader (in the Badisches Freiwilligen Abteilung Medem)
Generalmajor Heinrich Baron von Behr
Generalmajor z.V. Heinrich Burggraf und Graf zu Dohna-Schlobitten
Generalmajor Karl Dormagen
Generalmajor Dipl. Ing. Hans Henrici
General der Artillerie Kurt Jahn
Generalleutnant Heinrich Rauch (Luftwaffe) (aerial observer in Flieger-Abteilung 433)

(the ranks are the highest ranks reached in the Third Reich era) There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the Nazi Party, with the Führer Adolf Hitler as dictator. ...

Insignia

Members of the Baltische Landeswehr wore shoulder strap piping in light blue and white, the Baltic colors.

Bibliography

Goltz Rüdiger von der, Meine Sendung im Finland und im Baltikum, Leipzig 1920.
Goltz Rüdiger von der, Minu missioon Soomes ja Baltikumis, Tartu, Loodus 1937; faksiimiletrükk Tallinn, Olion 2004. ISBN 9985-66-379-9.
Bermond-Awaloff Pavel, Im Kampf gegen den Bolschevismus. Erinnerungen von..., Berlin 1925.
BischoffJosef, Die letzte Front. Geschichte der Eiserne Division im Baltikum 1919, Berlin 1935.
Darstellungen aus den Nachkriegskämpfen deutscher Truppen und Freikorps, Bd 2: Der Feldzug im Baltikum bis zur zweiten Einnahme von Riga. Januar bis Mai 1919, Berlin 1937; Bd 3: Die Kämpfe im Baltikum nach der zweiten Einnahme von Riga. Juni bis Dezember 1919, Berlin 1938.
Die Baltische Landeswehr im Befreiungskampf gegen den Bolschewismus, Riga 1929.
Eesti Vabadussõda 1918-1920, Tallinn, Mats, 1997. ISBN 9985-51-028-3.
Kiewisz Leon, Sprawy łotewskie w bałtyckiej polityce Niemiec 1914-1919, Poznań 1970.
Łossowski Piotr, Między wojną a pokojem. Niemieckie zamysły wojenne na wschodzie w obliczu traktatu wersalskiego. Marzec-kwiecień 1919, Warszawa 1976.
Paluszyński Tomasz, Walka o niepodległość Łotwy 1914-1920, Warszawa 1999.
Von den baltische Provinzen zu den baltischen Staaten. Beiträge zur Entstehungsgeschichte der Republiken Estland und Lettland, Bd I (1917-1918), Bd II (1919-1920), Marburg 1971, 1977.

1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... shelby was here 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Military Air Transportation Service (MATS) was a command of the United States Air Force. ... Year 1997 (MCMXCVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar). ...

External links

A cannon of the Landeswehr
An airplane of the Landeswehr
Estland
"Hans von Manteuffel" honor title
The soldiers of the Landeswehr

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