Offshoring describes the relocation of business processes from one country to another. This includes any business process such as production, manufacturing, or services.

Offshoring can be seen in the context of either production offshoring or services offshoring. After its accession to the WTO in 2001, China emerged as a prominent destination for production offshoring. After technical progress in telecommunications improved the possibilities of trade in services, India became a country leading in this domain though many parts of the world are now emerging as offshore destinations. For other uses of the initials WTO, see WTO (disambiguation). ... Trade in Services refers to the sale and delivery of an intangible product, called a service, between a producer and consumer. ...

The economic logic is to reduce costs. If some people can use some of their skills more cheaply than others, those people have the comparative advantage. The idea is that countries should freely trade the items that cost the least for them to produce. In economics, David Ricardo is credited for the principle of comparative advantage to explain how it can be beneficial for two parties (countries, regions, individuals and so on) to trade if one has a lower relative cost of producing some good. ...

Frequently used terms

Offshoring is defined as the movement of a business process done at a company in one country to the same or another company in another, different country. Almost always work is moved due to a lower cost of operations in the new location. Offshoring is sometimes contrasted with outsourcing or offshore outsourcing. Outsourcing is the movement of internal business processes to an external company. Companies subcontracting in the same country would be outsourcing, but not offshoring. A company moving an internal business unit from one country to another would be offshoring, but not outsourcing. A company subcontracting a business unit to a different company in another country would be both outsourcing and offshoring. Outsourcing became part of the business lexicon during the 1980s and refers to the delegation of non-core operations from internal production to an external entity specializing in the management of that operation. ... This article or section does not cite any references or sources. ...

Related terms include nearshoring, which implies relocation of business processes to (typically) lower cost foreign locations, but in close geographical proximity (e.g. shifting United States-based business processes to Canada/Latin America); inshoring, which means picking services within a country; and bestshoring, picking the "best shore" based on various criteria. Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) refers to outsourcing arrangements when entire business functions (such as Finance & Accounting, Customer Service, etc) are outsourced. Nearshoring (or nearsourcing, nearshore outsourcing) is a concept for the form of outsourcing in which business processes are relocated to locations which are, generally, cheaper and yet geographically nearer. ... Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. ... BPO is an acronym that can refer to: business process outsourcing, the increasing trend of relocating entire business functions to either self-owned or third-party service providers, typically in low-cost locations. ... Finance studies and addresses the ways in which individuals, businesses, and organizations raise, allocate, and use monetary resources over time, taking into account the risks entailed in their projects. ... It has been suggested that Accounting scholarship be merged into this article or section. ...

A further term sometimes associated with offshoring is bodyshopping which is the practice of using offshored resources and personnel to do small disaggregated tasks within a business environment, without any broader intention to offshore an entire business function. Outsourcing became part of the business lexicon during the 1980s and often refers to the delegation of non-core operations from internal production to an external entity specializing in the management of that operation. ...

Production offshoring

Production offshoring of established products involves relocation of physical manufacturing processes to a lower-cost destination. Examples of production offshoring include the manufacture of electronic components in Taiwan, production of apparel, toys, and consumer goods in China, Vietnam etc.

Product design, research and the development process that leads to new products, are relatively difficult to offshore. This is because research and development to improve products and create new reference designs requires a skill set that is harder to obtain in regions with cheap labor. For this reason, in many cases only the manufacturing will be offshored by a company wishing to reduce costs.

However, there is a relationship between offshoring and patent system strength. This is because companies under a strong patent system are not afraid to offshore work because their work will remain their property. Conversely, companies in countries with weak patent systems have an increased fear of intellectual property theft from foreign vendors or workers, and, therefore, have less offshoring.

Production offshoring got its big push when the NAFTA made it easier for manufacturers to shift production facilities from the US to Mexico. This trend later shifted to China, which offered cheap prices through very low wage rates, few workers' rights laws, a fixed currency pegged to the US dollar, cheap loans, land, and factories for new companies, few environmental regulations, and huge economies of scale based on cities with populations over a million workers dedicated to producing a single kind of product. Nafta or NAFTA may refer to: an acronym for the North American Free Trade Agreement an acronym for the New Zealand Australia Free Trade Agreement the town/Tokyo of Nafta, Tunisia This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ... A union (labor union in American English; trade union in British English; either labour union or trade union in Canadian English) is a group of workers who act collectively to address common issues. ... A fixed currency, less commonly called a pegged currency, is a currency that uses a fixed exchange rate as its exchange rate regime. ... The increase in output from Q to Q2 causes a decrease in the average cost of each unit from C to C1. ...

Services offshoring

The growth of services offshoring is linked to the availability of large amounts of reliable and affordable communication infrastructure following the telecommunication and Internet expansion of the late 1990s. Coupled with the digitization of many services, it was possible to shift the actual production location of services to low cost countries in a manner theoretically transparent to end-users.

India first benefited from the offshoring trend as it has a large pool of English speaking people^[1] and technically proficient manpower. India's offshoring industry took root in low-end IT functions in the early 1990s and has since moved to back-office processes such as call centers and transaction processing. In the late 1990s, India's abundant and cheap software engineering talent combined with massive demand from the Y2K problem helped to move India up the value chain to attract large-scale software development projects for US based customers. This spawned the neologism Bangalored, used to indicate a layoff, often systemic, and usually due to corporate outsourcing to lower wage economies – derived from Bangalore in India, where some of the first outsource centers were located.^{[citation needed]} The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... The year 2000 problem (also known as the Y2K problem and the millennium bug) was a flaw in computer program design that caused some date-related processing to operate incorrectly for dates and times on and after January 1, 2000. ... A neologism (Greek νεολογισμός [neologismos], from νέος [neos] new + λόγος [logos] word, speech, discourse + suffix -ισμός [-ismos] -ism) is a word, term, or phrase which has been recently created (coined) — often to apply to new concepts, to synthesize pre-existing concepts, or to make older terminology sound more contemporary. ... Layoff is the termination of employment of an employee or (more commonly) a group of employees for business reasons, such as the decision that certain positions are no longer necessary. ... Outsourcing became part of the business lexicon during the 1980s and refers to the delegation of non-core operations from internal production to an external entity specializing in the management of that operation. ... For other uses, see Bangalore (disambiguation). ...

Currently, India's engineering talent has made India the offshoring destination of American high-tech firms, led by HP, IBM, Intel, AMD, Microsoft, Oracle Corporation, and Cisco. Each of these companies has promised or is in the process of investing at least $1 billion in India, to supposedly retain market share in the face of competition and cost-cutting measures of rivals and industry in general. The Hewlett-Packard Company (NYSE: HPQ), commonly known as HP, is a very large, global company headquartered in Palo Alto, California, United States. ... For other uses, see IBM (disambiguation) and Big Blue. ... Intel Corporation (NASDAQ: INTC, SEHK: 4335), founded in 1968 as Integrated Electronics Corporation, is an American multinational corporation that is best known for designing and manufacturing microprocessors and specialized integrated circuits. ... Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. ... Microsoft Corporation, (NASDAQ: MSFT, HKSE: 4338) is a multinational computer technology corporation with global annual revenue of US$44. ... Oracle Corporation (NASDAQ: ORCL) is one of the major companies developing database management systems (DBMS), tools for database development, middle-tier software, enterprise resource planning software (ERP), customer relationship management software (CRM) and supply chain management (SCM) software. ... Cisco may refer to: Cisco Systems, a computer networking company Cisco IOS, an internet router operating system CISCO Security Private Limited, a security company in Singapore Commercial and Industrial Security Corporation, a statutory board in Singapore Abbreviation for San Francisco, California Cisco (wine) The Cisco Kid, a fictional character created...

As a result of the offshoring boom, India has seen double-digit wage growth for much of the 2000s. Consequently, Indian's operations and firms are concerned that they are becoming too expensive in comparison with competition from the other offshoring destinations listed below. They are now attempting to branch out and diversify to other high-end work in addition to software and hardware engineering. These jobs include research and development, equity analysis, tax-return processing, radiological analysis, medical transcription, and more.

The choice of offshoring destination is often made according to cultural concerns. Japanese companies are starting to outsource to China, where large numbers of Japanese speakers can be found — particularly in the city of Dalian, which was Japanese-occupied Chinese territory for decades (this is discussed in the book The World is Flat). German companies tend to outsource to Poland and Romania, where proficiency in German is common. French companies outsource to North Africa for similar reasons. Dalian (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Japanese: Dairen; Russian: Далянь, Dalian or Дальний, Dalny) is the governing sub-provincial city in the eastern Liaoning Province of Northeast China. ... For other uses, see The World Is Flat (disambiguation). ...

Another country emerging on the scene of offshore software development is Pakistan. Pakistan has been a common source of carpets, garments, and sports goods offshore manufacturing.

Other offshoring destinations include Mexico, Central and South America, the Philippines,South Africa and Eastern European countries. For other uses, see Central America (disambiguation). ... South America South America is a continent crossed by the equator, with most of its area in the Southern Hemisphere. ... Pre-1989 division between the West (grey) and Eastern Bloc (orange) superimposed on current national boundaries: Russia (dark orange), other countries of the former USSR (medium orange),members of the Warsaw pact (light orange), and other former Communist regimes not aligned with Moscow (lightest orange). ...

CAFTA made nearshoring more attractive between the Central American countries of Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and the Dominican Republic and the US. The Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) is a free trade agreement between the United States and the Central American countries of Guatemala, Honduras, and Canada, and Mexico. ... Nearshoring (or nearsourcing, nearshore outsourcing) is a concept for the form of outsourcing in which business processes are relocated to locations which are, generally, cheaper and yet geographically nearer. ...

Innovation offshoring

Once companies are comfortable with services offerings and started realizing the cost savings, many high-tech product companies started using countries like South Africa, India, China, Mexico, Russia, etc. for innovating products.

Many famed Silicon Valley based companies jumped on this bandwagon not only to cut costs but to shorten their product lifecycle and access the talent pool available in these countries. Less developed countries are usually utilized for this practice. For the Nintendo 64 game, see Space Station Silicon Valley. ...

Transfer of intellectual property

Offshoring is often enabled by the transfer of valuable information to the offshore site. Such information and training enables the remote workers to produce results of comparable value previously produced by internal employees. When such transfer includes protected materials, as confidential documents and trade secrets, protected by non-disclosure agreements, then intellectual property has been transferred or exported. The documentation and valuation of such exports is quite difficult, but should be considered since it comprises items that may be regulated or taxable. A non-disclosure agreement (NDA), also called a confidential disclosure agreement (CDA), confidentiality agreement or secrecy agreement, is a legal contract between at least two parties which outlines confidential materials or knowledge the parties wish to share with one another for certain purposes, but wish to restrict from generalized use. ... For the 2006 film, see Intellectual Property (film). ...

Debate

Offshoring has been a controversial issue spurring heated debates among economists, some of which overlap those related to the topic of free trade. It is seen as benefiting both the origin and destination country through free trade, providing jobs to the destination country and lower cost of goods and services to the origin country. This makes both sides see increased GDP. And the total number of jobs increase in both countries since those workers in the origin country that lost their job can move to higher-value jobs in which their country has a comparative advantage. Image File history File links Unbalanced_scales. ... Free trade is an economic concept referring to the selling of products between countries without tariffs or other trade barriers. ... Free trade is an economic concept referring to the selling of products between countries without tariffs or other trade barriers. ... In economics, David Ricardo is credited for the principle of comparative advantage to explain how it can be beneficial for two parties (countries, regions, individuals and so on) to trade if one has a lower relative cost of producing some good. ...

On the other hand, job losses and wage erosion in developed countries have sparked opposition to offshoring. Experts argue that the quality of any new jobs in developed countries are less than the jobs lost and offer lower pay. Economists against offshoring charge that currency manipulation by governments and their central banks causes the difference in labor cost creating an illusion of comparative advantage. Further, they point out that even more educated highly trained workers with higher-value jobs such as software engineers, accountants, radiologists, and journalists in the developed world have been displaced by highly-educated and cheaper workers from India and China. On May 1, 2002, Economist and former Ambassador Ernest H. Preeg testified before the Senate committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs that China, for instance, pegs its currency to the dollar at a sub-par value in violation of Article IV of the International Monetary Fund Articles of Agreement which state that no nation shall manipulate its currency to gain a market advantage.^[2] Traditionally "safe" developed world jobs in R&D and the Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) fields are now perceived to be endangered in these countries as higher proportions of workers are trained for these fields in developing nations. Economists such as Paul Craig Roberts claim that those economists who promote offshoring misunderstand the difference between comparative advantage and absolute advantage. IMF redirects here. ... The Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) fields are collectively considered core technological underpinnings of an advanced society. ... Paul Craig Roberts Paul Craig Roberts is an economist and a nationally syndicated columnist for Creators Syndicate. ... In economics, David Ricardo is credited for the principle of comparative advantage to explain how it can be beneficial for two parties (countries, regions, individuals and so on) to trade if one has a lower relative cost of producing some good. ... A country has an absolute advantage economically over another, in a particular good, when it can produce that good more efficiently. ...

Not surprisingly, many U.S. executives cite the current low U.S. unemployment numbers (4.5%) as proof positive that offshoring has not been deleterious to the U.S. workforce, or to the nation itself. It could be argued that one of the problems in using current unemployment numbers is that the figure does not factor shifts from high wage, high skill jobs to low wage, low skilled jobs. So if an equal number of citizens that once worked in high skilled jobs find a job for unskilled work, the unemployment number will ultimately remain the same.

More importantly, the argument does not contemplate, nor predict effects of continued offshore outsourcing that may occur 10-20 years from now, for example the possible raise of labor costs in emerging countries and a change in their economic orientations, as happened for example in Japan and South Korea in the previous decades.

Falling employment in manufacturing has generated much fear among industrial workers ^{[citation needed]}, although total employment has been rising in many countries. The effect of this has been shown ^{[citation needed]} to be much higher than that of offshoring or foreign investments, which has nevertheless been accused of being the cause of unemployment ^{[citation needed]}, since big offshoring projects are more visible than the slow change from an industrial society to a post-industrial society ^{[citation needed]}. Even so, job creation was slow and wage growth low during the 2000-2005 period in the US ^{[citation needed]}. Some attribute that to offshoring ^{[citation needed]}.

Level-of-Service concerns

With the offshoring of call-center type applications, debate has also surfaced that this practice does serious damage to the quality of customer service and technical support that customers receive from companies who do it. Call centers have sprung up in South Africa, India, Canada and the Caribbean. Many US companies, most notably Dell and AT&T Wireless, have caught much public ire in the US for their decisions to use Indian labor for customer service and technical support; mostly because of the apparent language barrier that it creates. While India, for example, has a high level of younger skilled workers who are capable of speaking English as one of their native languages, their English skills have caused debate in North America. After Dell received many complaints about bad service, they transferred some call center jobs back to America. West Indies redirects here. ... Dell Inc. ... AT&T Wireless Services, Inc. ...

Criticisms of outsourcing from much of the American public have been a response to what they view as very poor customer service and technical support being provided by overseas workers attempting to communicate with Americans.

However it has been argued by others that call-centers are just one facet of offshore outsourcing. The outsourcing companies often have high rating and are accepted as dynamic, innovative entities. For example, Infosys has obtained an SEI-CMM level 5 indicating the high quality output of the company. Outsourcing also has grown considerably in magnitude which could not have happened if level of service from outsourcing vendors are of poor quality.

Supply chain concerns

Some claim that companies lose control and visibility across their extended supply chain under outsourcing, creating increased risks. A 2005 quantitative survey of 121 electronics industry participants by Industry Directions Inc and the Electronics Supply Chain Association (ESCA) found that 69% of respondents said they had less control over at least 5 of their key supply chain processes since the outsourced model took hold, while 66% of providers felt their aggregate risk with customers was high or very high. 36% of providers responded that they felt an increased risk of uncertainty compared to their uncertainty risk prior to the rise to prominence of the outsourced model. 62% of respondents described as "problematic" at least two core trading partner management practices, which included performance management and simple agreement on results. 40% of all respondents encountered resistance to sharing risk in outsourced partnership agreements, according to the research.

Competitive concerns

The transfer of knowledge outside a country may create competitors to the original companies themselves. Chinese manufacturers are already selling their goods directly to their overseas customers, without going through their previous domestic intermediaries that originally contracted their services. In the 1990s and 2000s, American automakers increasingly turned to China to create parts for their vehicles. By 2006, China leveraged this know-how and announced that they will begin competition with American automakers in their home market by selling fully Chinese automobiles directly to Americans.

When a company moves the production of goods and services to another country, the investment that companies would otherwise make in the domestic market is transferred to the foreign market. Corporate money spent on factories, training, and taxes, which would otherwise be spent in the market of the company is then spent in the foreign market.

As production increases in the foreign market, qualified and experienced domestic workers leave or are forced out of their jobs, often permanently leaving the industry. At some point, dramatically fewer domestic workers are left who are qualified to perform the work. This makes the domestic market dependent on the foreign market for those goods and services, thereby strategically weakening the "hollowed-out" domestic country. In effect, offshoring creates and strengthens the competitive industries of the foreign country while strategically weakening the domestic country.

However, employment data has cast doubt on this claim. For example, IT employment in the United States has recently reached pre-2001 levels[1][2] and has been rising since. The number of jobs lost to offshoring is less than 1 percent of the total US labor market [3]. According to a study by the Heritage foundation, outsourcing represents a very small proportion of jobs lost in the US. The total number of jobs lost to offshoring, both manufacturing and technical represent only 4 percent of the total jobs lost in the US. Major reasons for cutting jobs are from contract completion and downsizing [4]. Many economists and commentators claim that the offshoring phenomenon is way overblown.

Educational concerns

Offshoring proponents often say it is necessary to move jobs overseas due to a looming shortage of qualified workers in the domestic market and the booming number of qualified candidates in foreign markets, particularly in China and India. A study by Duke University^[3] found that 222,335 engineers graduate annually from American universities, far more than the 70,000 often quoted in the media. Further, the Duke study highlights the conflicting numbers coming out of China, India, and the US. China and India, in their official numbers cited by the media, both count the graduates from three year training programs and diploma holders, equivalent to Associates degrees in the US. The media then compares the China and India numbers to US numbers of four-year Baccalaureate programs. Duke University estimates the total number of engineers with Bachelor's degrees produced annually for the three countries to be 351,537 for China, 112,000 for India, and 137,436 for the US. These figures make the US the per capita leader in producing technology specialists. Duke University is a private coeducational research university located in Durham, North Carolina, USA. Founded by Methodists and Quakers in the present-day town of Trinity in 1838, the school moved to Durham in 1892. ...

However,other studies do point out that the US does not produce as many science and engineering graduates as required, because US students do not show adequate interest in math and science. According to a National Academy of Sciences study the US graduates far less engineers than either China or India. According to a Raytheon study a survey of 11 to 13 year old students in the US, reveal that the students would rather clean their rooms, eat vegetables, go to the dentist or empty the trash than do math [5]. About 50% of the doctoral degrees awarded in the US are to foreign born students [6].

Retraining concerns

One solution often offered for domestic workers displaced by offshoring is retraining to new jobs. Some displaced workers are highly educated and possess a graduate qualifications. Retraining to their current level in another field may not be an option due to the years of study and cost of education involved.

Effects of factor of production mobility

According to classical economics, the three factors of production are land, labor, and capital. Offshoring relies heavily on the mobility of two of these factors. That is, how offshoring effects economies depends on how easily capital and labor can be repurposed. Land, as a factor of production, is generally seen to have little or no mobility potential. Classical economics is widely regarded as the first modern school of economic thought. ... In economics, factors of production are resources used in the production of goods and services, including land, labor, and capital. ... Land in economics comprises all naturally occurring resources whose supply is inherently fixed (i. ... Capital has a number of related meanings in economics, finance and accounting. ... Mobility is the ability and willingness to move or change; this can depend on motor skills; mobility aids may be needed such as a walking stick, walker, mobile standing frame, power operated vehicle/scooter, wheelchair or white cane for visual impairment. ...

The effects of capital mobility on offshoring have been widely discussed. In microeconomics, a corporation must be able to spend working capital to afford the initial costs of offshoring. If the state heavily regulates how a corporation can spend its working capital, it will not be able to offshore its operations. For the same reason the macroeconomy must be free for offshoring to succeed. Generally, those who favor offshoring support capital mobility, and those who oppose offshoring call for greater regulation. Microeconomics (or price theory) is a branch of economics that studies how individuals, households, and firms make decisions to allocate limited resources,[1] typically in markets where goods or services are being bought and sold. ... Circulation in macroeconomics Macroeconomics is a branch of economics that deals with the performance, structure, and behavior of a national economy as a whole. ...

Labor mobility also plays a major role, and it is hotly debated. When computers and the Internet made work electronically portable, the forces of free market resulted in a global mobility of work in the services industry. Most theories that argue offshoring eventually benefits domestic workers assume that those workers will be able to obtain new jobs, even if they have to obtain employment by downpricing themselves back into the labor market (by accepting lower salaries) or by retraining themselves in a new field. Foreign workers benefit from new jobs and higher wages when the work moves to them.

History

In the developed world, moving jobs out of the country began in the 1970s and has steadily continued since then. It was characterized primarily by the transferring of factories from the developed to the developing world. This offshoring and closing of factories has caused a structural change in the developed world from an industrial to a post-industrial service society.

In 1994 NAFTA went into effect. As concerns are widespread about uneven bargaining powers, and risks and benefits, negotiations are often difficult, such that the plan to create free trade areas (such as Free Trade Area of the Americas) has not yet been successful. Nafta or NAFTA may refer to: an acronym for the North American Free Trade Agreement an acronym for the New Zealand Australia Free Trade Agreement the town/Tokyo of Nafta, Tunisia This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title. ... This article or section needs to be updated. ...

With the development of the Internet, many new categories of work such as call centres, computer programming, reading medical data such as X-rays and MRI's, medical transcription, income tax preparation, and title searching are being offshored. “MRI” redirects here. ...

Literature

• Gary Gereffi and Vivek Wadhwa, "Framing the Engineering Outsourcing Debate: Placing the United States on a Level Playing Field with India and China" (2006) http://memp.pratt.duke.edu/outsourcing
• Ashok Deo Bardhan and Cynthia Kroll, "The New Wave of Outsourcing" (November 2, 2003). Fisher Center for Real Estate & Urban Economics. Fisher Center Research Reports: Report #1103. http://repositories.cdlib.org/iber/fcreue/reports/1103
• Alan E. Blinder, Offshoring: The Next Industrial Revolution?, in: Foreign Affairs, Vol. 85, No.2, March/April 2006, 113-128.
• Georg Erber, Aida Sayed-Ahmed, Offshore Outsourcing - A Global Shift in the Present IT Industry , in: Intereconomics, Volume 40, Number 2, March 2005, 100 - 112, [7]
• Ron Hira and Anil Hira, with forward by Lou Dobbs, Outsourcing America: What's behind Our National Crisis and how we can reclaim American Jobs. (May 2005). ISBN 0-8144-0868-0.
• Mark Kobayashi-Hillary, 'Building a Future with BRICs: The Next Decade for Offshoring' (Nov 2007). ISBN 978-3-540-46453-2.
• Mark Kobayashi-Hillary & Dr Richard Sykes, 'Global Services: Moving to a Level Playing Field' (May 2007). ISBN 978-1-902505-83-1.
• Bradford Jensen and Lori Kletzer (September 2005), "Tradable Services: Understanding the Scope and Impact of Services Outsourcing", Institute for International Economics Working Paper No. 05-9 SSRN 803906
• William Lazonick, Globalization of the ICT Labor Force, in: The Oxford Handbook on ICTs, eds. Claudio Ciborra, Robin Mansell, Danny Quah, Roger Solverstone, Oxford University Press, (forthcoming)
• Catherine Mann, Accelerating the Globalization of America: The Role for Information Technology, Institute for International Economics, Washington D.C., June 2006, [8], ISBN paper 0-88132-390-X
• McKinsey Global Institute; “Offshoring: Is It a Win-Win Game?”, August 2003
• Thomas L. Friedman, The World is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century 2005 ISBN 0-374-29288-4

is the 306th day of the year (307th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2003 (MMIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Louis Dobbs (born September 24, 1945), is the CNN anchor and managing editor for Lou Dobbs Tonight. ... The Social Science Research Network (SSRN) is a website devoted to the promotion of scholarship in the fields of economics, finance, accounting, management and law. ... For other uses, see The World Is Flat (disambiguation). ...

See also

• List of Outsourcing Companies
• Anti-Globalism
• Bangalored
• Business process outsourcing
• Call center security
• Decline and Fall of the American Programmer
• Freelancing on the Internet
• Globally Integrated Enterprise
• Homeshoring
• Information technology consulting
• Lou Dobbs
• Offshore software outsourcing
• Offshoring IT Services
• Open Outsourcing
• Outsourcing
• Restructuring
• Runaway production
• Legal outsourcing

^ Categories: | ... Anti-globalization (anti-globalisation) is a political stance of opposition to the perceived negative aspects of globalization. ... Bangalored is a neologism used as a verb. ... Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) is the leveraging of technology or specialist process vendors to provide and manage an organisations critical and/or non-critical enterprise processes and applications. ... Information security has emerged as a significant concern for banks, mobile phone companies and other businesses that use call centers or business process outsourcing. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... // Freelancer Websites The advent of the Internet has created new opportunities for freelancing, particularly for software developers from countries with low average salaries. ... The globally integrated enterprise is a term coined in 2006 in the name of Sam Palmisano, CEO of IBM Corp, used to denote is a company that fashions its strategy, its management, and its operations in pursuit of a new goal: the integration of production and value delivery worldwide. ... According to Macmillan English Dictionary homeshoring is the transfer of service industry employment from offices to home-based employees with appropriate telephone and Internet facilities [1] Homeshoring is best thought of as a combination of outsourcing and telecommuting. ... Information technology consulting (IT consulting or business and technology services) is a field that focuses on advising businesses on how best to use information technology to meet their business objectives. ... Louis Dobbs (born September 24, 1945), is the CNN anchor and managing editor for Lou Dobbs Tonight. ... Offshore programming (also offshore software development, offshore software R&D) is provision of software development services by an external supplier positioned in a country that is geographically remote from the client enterprise; a type of offshore outsourcing. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Offshoring. ... Outsourcing became part of the business lexicon during the 1980s and refers to the delegation of non-core operations from internal production to an external entity specializing in the management of that operation. ... Restructuring is the corporate management term for the act of partially dismantling or otherwise reorganizing a company for the purpose of making it more efficient and therefore more profitable. ... The current version of this article or section advances a limited or personal interpretation of the subject matter. ... This article is considered orphaned, since there are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ...

References

is the 329th day of the year (330th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

• BusinessWeek online on "Let's Offshore The Lawyers"

Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wiktionary (a portmanteau of wiki and dictionary) is a multilingual, Web-based project to create a free content dictionary, available in over 150 languages. ...

News

• Offshore Outsource Savings Can Be Elusive, Survey Shows
• Don't be afraid of offshoring - by Diana Farrell
• Ensuring India's offshoring future - Article by Diana Farrell, Sascha Stürze & Noshir Kaka based on a 12-month research project conducted by the McKinsey Global Institute on the "Emerging Global Labor Market" (see Research section below)
• Latin America: Outsourcing's New Hot Spot
• GE ex-CEO Welch blasts opponents of offshoring by Anupama Chandrasekaran, Forbes.com
• At Mysore We are Running a US Law Firm by Shelley Singh (Economic Times)
• Fortune 500 firms driving LPO industry by Praveen Bose (Business Standard)
• U.S. corporates outsource legal work to India by Anjali Prayag (The Hindu Business Line)
• New York Firm Takes On India... "Very Nice!" by Heather Greenwood Davis (The Globe and Mail -- Lexpert Magazine)
• LPOs add more punch to India action by Sushmita Mohapatra & P P Thimmaya (The Economic Times)
• Now, for some LPO action by Sachin Malhan (The Hindu)

Research

• Book:: Offshoring IT Services : A Framework for Managing Outsourced Projects
• Report from the BCS on offshoring and outsourcing with regard to IT
• The Emerging Global Labor Market - 12-month research project on the impact of service offshoring on global labor markets by the McKinsey Global Institute (Authors: Diana Farrell, Martha Laboissiere, Fusayo Umezawa, Sascha Stürze, Robert Pascal, Jaeson Rosenfeld, Charles de Segundo)
• Report by McKinsey and Nasscom regarding skills and quality of Indian workforce
• Essay on the "Fear of Offshoring" by Alan S. Blinder, Princeton University
• Zinnov Report on Product Innovation: Growing up the value chain
• Research Project 'Global Innovation', Hamburg University of Technology
• Outsourcing and Offshoring: Companies immersed in a complex environment,, Project work by Mario Toledo Dominguez at the Institute of Technology and Innovation Management of Hamburg University of Technology.

Alan Stuart Blinder (October 14, 1945 - ) is an American economist, on the faculty of Columbia University, and was an adviser to John Kerry during the latters 2004 presidential campaign. ...

Internet Articles

• Nearshore outsourcing is more cost efficient than offshore outsourcing - By H. Boersen, W. Gils (van) & M. Zantinge
• Risks, Rewards, Challenges and Opportunities in Offshore Outsourcing By Akshay Upadhye
• Offshore Outsourcing of Data Services by Insured Institutions and Associated Consumer Privacy Risks (www.fdic.gov)