| Bangladesh Liberation War | | Date | March 26, 1971 - December 16, 1971 | | Location | Bangladesh | | Result | • Decisive Indian and Bangladeshi victory
• Independence of Bangladesh March 26 is the 85th day of the year (86th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. ...
is the 350th day of the year (351st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. ...
| Territorial
changes | East Pakistan becomes Bangladesh | | | Combatants |
 Mukti Bahini
 India |
 Pakistan
| | Commanders |
Col. M A G Osmani
General Jagjit Singh Aurora
General Sam Manekshaw |
General A. A. K. Niazi
General Tikka Khan | | Strength | India: 250,000 [1]
Mukti Bahini: 100,000[1][2] | Pakistan Army: ~ 100,000[citation needed]
Para Military: ~25,000[3] East Pakistan was a former province of Pakistan which existed between 1955 and 1971. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Bangladesh_(1971). ...
Liberation War commemoration poster Mukti Bahini (Bengali: ) (Liberation Army), also termed as the Freedom Fighters or FFs was a guerrilla force which fought against the Pakistan Army during the Bangladesh War of Independence in 1971. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_India. ...
Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_Bangladesh_(1971). ...
Muhammad Ataul Gani Osmani, better known by General M.A.G. Osmani (1918-16 February 1984)was the supreme commander of Mukti Bahini and Bangladesh Armed Forces during the Bangladesh Liberation War. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_India. ...
Lt-Gen Jagjit Singh Aurora (February 13, 1916 - May 3, 2005) was the Indian commander whose comprehensive defeat of Pakistan in 1971 led to the creation of Bangladesh. ...
Image File history File links Flag_of_India. ...
Field Marshal Sam Hormusji Framji Jamshedji Manekshaw, MC, (Sam Bahadur) (born April 3, 1914) is a retired Indian Army officer. ...
Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Lt. ...
Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...
Tikka Khan (Urdu: ٹکا خان) (b. ...
Liberation War commemoration poster Mukti Bahini (Bengali: ) (Liberation Army), also termed as the Freedom Fighters or FFs was a guerrilla force which fought against the Pakistan Army during the Bangladesh War of Independence in 1971. ...
| | Casualties | India: 1,426 KIA
3,611 Wounded (Official)
1,525 KIA
4,061 Wounded [4]
Mukti Bahini: Unknown. Temporary grave of an American machine-gunner during the Battle of Normandy. ...
Temporary grave of an American machine-gunner during the Battle of Normandy. ...
| Pakistan ~8,000 KIA[citation needed]
~10,000 Wounded[citation needed]
91,000 POWs
(56,694 Armed Forces
12,192 Paramilitary
rest civilians)[4] [5]
Temporary grave of an American machine-gunner during the Battle of Normandy. ...
Geneva Convention definition A prisoner of war (POW) is a soldier, sailor, airman, or marine who is imprisoned by an enemy power during or immediately after an armed conflict. ...
| | Civilian death toll: Estimates exist between 26,000[6] and 3,000,000[7] | The Bangladesh Liberation War(i) (মুক্তিযুদ্ধ or Mukti Juddho in Bengali), was a war between West Pakistan (now Pakistan) and East Pakistan (now Bangladesh), from 26 March until 16 December 1971. The war started as an insurgency in East Pakistan. Indian support for the insurgency resulted in war between India and Pakistan (the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971), during which the Indian military and East Pakistanis decisively defeated the West Pakistani forces deployed in the East. The war resulted in East Pakistan's independence as the new nation of Bangladesh. Combatants Mukti Bahini India Pakistan Commanders Col. ...
This conflict is referred to by many different names, some of which carry political connotations: Bangladesh War is a common name for this conflict, but this term is also used for the eastern front of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 war, and is generally understood to be coterminous with...
Bengali or Bangla (IPA: ) is an Indo-Aryan language of the eastern Indian subcontinent, evolved from the Magadhi Prakrit, PÄli and Sanskrit languages. ...
For other uses of War, see War (disambiguation). ...
West Pakistan was the popular and sometimes official (1955–1970) name of the western wing of Pakistan until 1971, when the eastern wing (East Pakistan) became independent as Bangladesh. ...
East Pakistan was a former province of Pakistan which existed between 1955 and 1971. ...
March 26 is the 85th day of the year (86th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
is the 350th day of the year (351st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. ...
East Pakistan was a former province of Pakistan which existed between 1955 and 1971. ...
Combatants India Mukti Bahini Pakistan Commanders Sam Manekshaw J.S. Aurora A. A. K. Niazi # Strength 500,000+ troops 400,000+ troops Casualties 3,843 killed[1] 9,851 wounded[1] c. ...
East Pakistan was a former province of Pakistan which existed between 1955 and 1971. ...
[edit] Background In August 1947 the Partition of India, gave birth to a new country named Pakistan containing the Muslim-majority areas. These were two geographically and culturally separate areas in far east and the far west of the Indian subcontinent, separated by over a thousand miles of Indian territory. The Western zone was popularly (and for a period of time, also officially) termed West Pakistan and the Eastern zone (modern-day Bangladesh) was initially termed East Bengal and later, East Pakistan. It was widely perceived that West Pakistan dominated politically and exploited the East economically, leading to many grievences. This article is under construction. ...
Map of South Asia (see note) This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia. ...
West Pakistan was the popular and sometimes official (1955–1970) name of the western wing of Pakistan until 1971, when the eastern wing (East Pakistan) became independent as Bangladesh. ...
East Bengal was the name used during two periods in the 20th century for a territory that roughly included the modern state of Bangladesh. ...
East Pakistan was a former province of Pakistan which existed between 1955 and 1971. ...
West Pakistan was the popular and sometimes official (1955–1970) name of the western wing of Pakistan until 1971, when the eastern wing (East Pakistan) became independent as Bangladesh. ...
On the 25th March 1971, rising political discontent and cultural nationalism in East Pakistan was met by brutal[8] suppressive force from the ruling elite of the West Pakistan establishment[9] in what came to be termed Operation Searchlight.[10] Eugène Delacroixs Liberty Leading the People, symbolising French nationalism during the July Revolution 1830. ...
Combatants Bengali units of Pakistan Army and civilian volunteers Pakistan Armed Forces Commanders Prime Minister Tajuddin Ahmed (April 17 -December 16) Col(ret). ...
The violent crackdown by West Pakistan forces[11] led to to East Pakistan declaring its independence as the state of Bangladesh and to the start of civil war. The war led to a sea of refugees (estimated at the time to be about 10million)[12][13] flooding into the eastern provinces of India[12]. Facing a mounting humanitarian and economic crisis, India started actively aiding and organising the Bangladeshi resistance army known as the Mukti Bahini. The Pakistan Army (Urdu: پاک Ùوج) is the largest branch of the Pakistan military, and is mainly responsible for protection of the state borders, the security of administered territories and defending the national interests of Pakistan within the framework of its international obligations. ...
The Indies, on the display globe of the Field Museum, Chicago The Indies or East Indies (or East India) is a term used to describe lands of South and South-East Asia, occupying all of the former British India, the present Indian Union, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Maldives, and...
Liberation War commemoration poster Mukti Bahini (Bengali: ) (Liberation Army), also termed as the Freedom Fighters or FFs was a guerrilla force which fought against the Pakistan Army during the Bangladesh War of Independence in 1971. ...
[edit] List of East Pakistani Grievances
[edit] Economic exploitation West Pakistan (consisting of four provinces: Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan and North-West Frontier Province) dominated the divided country politically and received more money from the common budget than the more populous East. This article is about the Pakistani province. ...
Sindh (Sindhī: سنڌ, Urdū: سندھ) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhis. ...
Balochistan, or Ballsforchinstan, Balochi, Pashto, Urdu: بلوچستان) is a province in Pakistan, the largest in the country by geographical area. ...
For the 1959 British film see Northwest Frontier The North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) (Urdu: shemaal maghribi sarhadi soobe شمال مغربی سرØدی صوبÛ) is the smallest of the four main provinces of Pakistan. ...
| Year | Spending on West Pakistan (in crore Rupees) | Spending on East Pakistan (in crore Rupees) | Amount spent on East as percentage of West | | 1950–55 | 1,129 | 524 | 46.4 | | 1955–60 | 1,655 | 524 | 31.7 | | 1960–65 | 3,355 | 1,404 | 41.8 | | 1965–70 | 5,195 | 2,141 | 41.2 | | Total | 11,334 | 4,593 | 40.5 | | Source: Reports of the Advisory Panels for the Fourth Five Year Plan 1970-75, Vol. I, published by the planning commission of Pakistan (Quick reference: crore = 107, or 10 million) | A crore is a unit in the Indian numbering system, still widely used in Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan. ...
The Pakistani rupee (PKR) is the currency of Pakistan. ...
[edit] Political differences Although East Pakistan accounted for a majority of the country's population, political power remained firmly in the hands of West Pakistanis, specifically the Punjabis. Since a straightforward system of representation based on population would have concentrated political power in East Pakistan, the West Pakistani establishment came up with the "One Unit" scheme, where all of West Pakistan was considered one province. This was solely to counterbalance the East wing's votes. Ironically, after the East broke away to form Bangladesh, the Punjab province insisted that politics in West Pakistan now be decided on the basis of a straightforward vote, since Punjabis were more numerous than the other groups, such as Sindhis, Pashtuns, or Balochs.
After the assassination of Liaquat Ali Khan, Pakistan's first prime minister, in 1951, political power began to be concentrated in the President of Pakistan, and eventually, the military. The nominal elected chief executive, the Prime Minister, was frequently sacked by the establishment, acting through the President. Liaquat Ali Khan Liaquat Ali Khan Nawabzaada Khan Liaquat Ali Khan (October 1, 1896 – October 16, 1951) was the first Prime Minister of Pakistan. ...
The President of Pakistan (Urdū: صدر مملکت Sadr-e-Mamlikat) is Head of State of Pakistan. ...
East Pakistanis noticed that whenever one of them, such as Khawaja Nazimuddin, Muhammad Ali Bogra, or Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy were elected Prime Minister of Pakistan, they were swiftly deposed by the largely West Pakistani establishment. The military dictatorships of Ayub Khan (27 October 1958 - 25 March 1969) and Yahya Khan (25 March 1969 - 20 December 1971), both West Pakistanis, only heightened such feelings. Khawaja Nazimuddin Khawaja Nazimuddin (Urdu: Ø®ÙˆØ§Ø¬Û Ù†Ø§Ø¸Ù… الدین) (Bengali: খাজা নাজিমà§à¦¦à§à¦¦à§€à¦¨)(July 19, 1894 - 1964) was the second Governor-General of Pakistan, and later the second Prime Minister of Pakistan as well. ...
Mohammad Ali Bogra Muhammad Ali Bogra (1909 - 1963) was a Pakistani statesman of Bengali origin, who served as Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1953 until 1955. ...
Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy (September 8, 1892 - December 5, 1963) was a politician from Bengal in undivided India, and later in East Pakistan, who served as Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1956 until 1957. ...
This article is about a Pakistani military officer. ...
Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan (February 4, 1917 – August 10, 1980) was the President of Pakistan from 1969 to 1971, following the resignation of Ayub Khan. ...
 Historic Speech of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman on March 7, 1971 The situation reached a climax when in 1970 the Awami League, the largest East Pakistani political party, led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, won a landslide victory in the national elections. The party won 160 of the 162 seats allotted to East Pakistan, and thus a majority of the 300 seats in the National Assembly. This gave the Awami League the constitutional right to form a government. However, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, the leader of the Pakistan People's Party, refused to allow Rahman to become the Prime Minister of Pakistan. Instead, he proposed the idea of having two Prime Ministers, one for each wing. The proposal elicited outrage in the east wing, already chafing under the other constitutional innovation, the "one unit scheme." Bhutto also refused to accept Rahman's Six Points. On 3 March 1971, the two leaders of the two wings along with the President General Yahya Khan met in Dhaka to decide the fate of the country. Talks failed. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman called for a nation-wide strike. Image File history File links Mujib7March. ...
Image File history File links Mujib7March. ...
The Bangladesh Awami League (বাংলাদেশ আওয়ামী লীগ Bāŋlādeś Āowāmī Līg) or the Bangadesh Peoples League is the main opposition party in Bangladesh. ...
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (Bangla: শেখ মà§à¦œà¦¿à¦¬à¦° রহমান Shekh Mujibur Rôhman) (March 17, 1920 – August 15, 1975) was a Bengali political leader in East Pakistan and the founding leader of Bangladesh. ...
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (Urdu:ذوالÙقار علی بھٹو) (January 5, 1928 – April 4, 1979) was a Pakistani politician who served as the President of Pakistan from 1971 to 1973 and as the Prime Minister from 1973 to 1977. ...
The Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) is a mainstream political party in Pakistan. ...
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman introduced the 6-point-demand on March 23, 1966, and it was carried out by the Awami league and the students league. ...
is the 62nd day of the year (63rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. ...
On March 7, 1971, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman delivered a speech at the Racecourse Ground (now called the Suhrawardy Udyan). In this speech he mentioned a further four-point condition to consider the National Assembly Meeting on March 25: is the 66th day of the year (67th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. ...
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (Bangla: শেখ মà§à¦œà¦¿à¦¬à¦° রহমান Shekh Mujibur Rôhman) (March 17, 1920 – August 15, 1975) was a Bengali political leader in East Pakistan and the founding leader of Bangladesh. ...
Suhrawardy Udyan formerly known as Ramna Race Course ground is a national memorial located in Dhaka, Bangladesh. ...
is the 84th day of the year (85th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
- The immediate lifting of martial law.
- Immediate withdrawal of all military personnel to their barracks.
- An inquiry into the loss of life.
- Immediate transfer of power to the elected representative of the people before the assembly meeting March 25.
He urged "his people" to turn every house into a fort of resistance. He closed his speech saying, "Our struggle is for our freedom. Our struggle is for our independence." This speech is considered the main event that inspired the nation to fight for their independence. General Tikka Khan was flown in to Dhaka to become Governor of East Bengal. East-Pakistani judges, including Justice Siddique, refused to swear him in. For other uses, see Martial law (disambiguation). ...
is the 84th day of the year (85th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Tikka Khan (Urdu: ٹکا خان) (b. ...
Between 10 and 13 March, Pakistan International Airlines cancelled all their international routes to urgently fly "Government Passengers" to Dhaka. These "Government Passengers" were almost all Pakistani soldiers in civilian dress. MV Swat, a ship of the Pakistani Navy, carrying ammunition and soldiers, was harboured in Chittagong Port and the Bengali workers and sailors at the port refused to unload the ship. A unit of East Pakistan Rifles refused to obey commands to fire on Bengali demonstrators, beginning a mutiny of Bengali soldiers. is the 72nd day of the year (73rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Pakistan International Airlines Corporation, more commonly known as Pakistan International Airlines or PIA (Urdu: پی آئی اے يا پاکستان انٹرنیشنل ایرلاینز), is the national flag carrier airline of Pakistan, based in Karachi. ...
This article is about Chittagong as a city in Bangladesh. ...
Bangladesh Rifles is a paramilitary force in Bangladesh. ...
[edit] Military imbalance Bengalis were underepresented in the Pakistan military. Officers of Bengali origin in the different wings of the armed forces made up just 5% of overall force by 1965; of these, only a few were in command positions, with the majority in technical or administrative posts.[14] West Pakistanis believed that Bengalis were not "martially inclined" unlike Pashtuns and Punjabis; the "martial races" notion was dismissed as ridiculous and humiliating by Bengalis.[14] Moreover, despite huge defence spending, East Pakistan received none of the benefits, such as contracts, purchasing and military support jobs. The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 over Kashmir also highlighted the sense of military insecurity among Bengalis as only an under-strength infantry division and 15 combat aircraft without tank support were in East Pakistan to thwart any Indian retaliations during the conflict.[15][16] The Pashtuns (also Pushtun, Pakhtun, ethnic Afghan, or Pathan) are an ethno-linguistic group consisting mainly of eastern Iranian stock living primarily in eastern and southern Afghanistan, and the North West Frontier Province, Federally Administered Tribal Areas and Baluchistan provinces of Pakistan. ...
Punjabi (also Panjabi; in GurmukhÄ«, PanjÄbÄ« in ShÄhmukhÄ«) is the language of the Punjab regions of India and Pakistan. ...
Martial Race or Martial races theory is an ideology based on the assumption that certain ethnic races were more martially inclined as opposed to the general populace or other races. ...
Combatants India Pakistan Commanders Joyanto Nath Chaudhuri Harbakhsh Singh Ayub Khan Musa Khan Casualties 3,264 killed[1] 8,623 wounded[1] (From July to ceasefire) 3,800 killed[2] (September 6 - 22) 4,000 - 8,000 killed/ captured[3][4][5] (July to September 6) The Indo-Pakistani War...
Kashmir (or Cashmere) may refer to: Kashmir region, the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent India, Kashmir conflict, the territorial dispute between India, Pakistan, and the China over the Kashmir region. ...
Infantry of the Royal Irish Rifles during the Battle of the Somme in World War I Infantry or footmen are very highly disciplined and trained soldiers who fight primarily with small arms(rifles), but are trained to use everything from their bare hands to missle systems in order to neutralize...
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with military aviation. ...
[edit] Language controversy -
In 1948, Mohammad Ali Jinnah, Pakistan's first Governor-General, declared in Dhaka (then usually spelled Dacca in English) that "Urdu, and only Urdu" would be the sole official language for all of Pakistan.[17] This proved highly controversial, since Urdu was a language that was only spoken in the West by Muhajir and in the East by Biharis. The majority groups in West Pakistan spoke Punjabi and Sindhi, while Bangla was spoken by the majority of East Pakistanis.[18] The language controversy eventually reached a point where East Pakistan revolted. Several students and civilians lost their lives in a police crackdown on February 21, 1952.[18] The day is revered in Bangladesh and in West Bengal as the Language Martyrs' Day. Later, in memory of the 1952 killings, UNESCO declared February 21 as the International Mother Language Day in 1999.[19] This article is about the language movement in Bangladesh. ...
Year 1948 (MCMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...
office: 1st Governor-General of Pakistan Term of office: August 14, 1947 – September 11, 1948 Succeeded by: Khawaja Nazimuddin Date of birth: December 25, 1876 Place of birth: Wazir Mansion, Karachi Wives: Emibai 1892–1893, Rattanbai Petit 1918–1929 Children: daughter Dina Wadia Date of Death: September 11, 1948 Place...
Dhaka (previously Dacca; Bengali: ḌhÄkÄ; IPA: ) is the capital of Bangladesh and the principal city of Dhaka District. ...
Urdu ( , , trans. ...
See Muhajir page for all Muhajir groups in the world Muhajir or Mohajir (Urdu: Ù…Ûاجر) is a term widely used to describe the Muslims who migrated to Pakistan after the independence of Pakistan. ...
Biharis also refers to the natives or citizens of Bihar state of independent India (including non-Mulsims). ...
Punjabi (also Panjabi; in GurmukhÄ«, PanjÄbÄ« in ShÄhmukhÄ«) is the language of the Punjab regions of India and Pakistan. ...
SindhÄ« (سنڌي, सिनà¥à¤§à¥€) is the language of the Sindh region of South Asia, which is now a province of Pakistan. ...
Bengali or Bangla (IPA: ) is an Indo-Aryan language of the eastern Indian subcontinent, evolved from the Magadhi Prakrit, PÄli and Sanskrit languages. ...
, West Bengal (Bengali: পশà§à¦šà¦¿à¦®à¦¬à¦™à§à¦— Poshchimbôŋgo) is a state in eastern India. ...
Language Movement Day or Language Revolution Day (ভাষা আন্দোলন দিবস), which is also referred to as Language Martyrs Day or Martyrs Day (শহীদ দিবস), is a national day of Bangladesh to commemorate...
UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established in 1945. ...
is the 52nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...
There is a disputed proposal that this article should be merged with Language Martyrs Day 21st February has been proclaimed the International Mother Language Day by the UNESCO in 2000. ...
In West Pakistan, the movement was seen as a sectional uprising against Pakistani national interests.[20] and the founding ideology of Pakistan, the Two-Nation Theory.[21] West Pakistani politicians considered Urdu a product of Indian Islamic culture,[22] as Ayub Khan said, as late as in 1967, "East Bengalis...still are under considerable Hindu culture and influence."[22] But, the deaths led to bitter feelings among East Pakistanis, and they were a major factor in the push for independence.[22][21] This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ...
This article is about a Pakistani military officer. ...
[edit] Handling of the 1970 Bhola cyclone The 1970 Bhola cyclone made landfall on the East Pakistan coastline during the evening of November 12, around the same time as a local high tide,[23] killing an estimated number of people between 300,000 and 500,000, though the exact death toll is not known to become the deadliest tropical cyclone on record.[24] A week after the landfall, President Khan conceded that his government had made "slips" and "mistakes" in its handling of the relief efforts for a lack of understanding of the magnitude of the disaster.[25] Lowest pressure 966 hPa (mbar) Fatalities 300,000-500,000 (Deadliest tropical cyclone of all time) Damage $86. ...
Hurricane Charley making landfall on August 13, 2004 at its peak intensity. ...
East Pakistan was a former province of Pakistan which existed between 1955 and 1971. ...
is the 316th day of the year (317th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
High Tide was a band that was formed in 1969 by Tony Hill (guitar, keyboards, and vocals), Simon House (violin and keyboards), Pete Pavli (bass) and Roger Hadden (drums). ...
A death toll is the number of dead as a result of war, violence, accident, natural disaster, extreme weather, or disease. ...
Cyclone Catarina, a rare South Atlantic tropical cyclone viewed from the International Space Station on March 26, 2004 Hurricane and Typhoon redirect here. ...
A statement released by eleven political leaders in East Pakistan ten days after the cyclone hit charged the government with "gross neglect, callous indifference and utter indifference". They also accused the president of playing down the news coverage.[26] On November 19, students held a march in Dhaka in protest of the speed of the government response[27] and Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani addressed a rally of 50,000 people on November 24, where he accused the president of inefficiency and demanded his resignation. East Pakistan was a former province of Pakistan which existed between 1955 and 1971. ...
is the 323rd day of the year (324th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Sheikh Mujib and Maulana Bhashani (4th person from right) in a protest march in 1953 Maulana Bhashani (full name Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani) (Bengali: ) (1885-1976), was a popular political leader in Pakistan and Bangladesh, a self-educated, village-based man. ...
is the 328th day of the year (329th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
As the conflict between East and West Pakistan developed in March, the Dhaka offices of the two government organisations directly involved in relief efforts were closed for at least two weeks, first by a general strike and then by a ban on government work in East Pakistan by the Awami League. With this increase in tension, foreign personnel evacuated due to fears of violence. Relief work continued in the field, but the long-term planning was curtailed.[28] This conflict widened into the Bangladesh Liberation War in December and concluded with the creation of Bangladesh. This is one of the first times that a natural event helped to trigger a civil war.[29] A general strike is a strike action by an entire labour force in a city, region or country. ...
The Bangladesh Awami League (বাংলাদেশ আওয়ামী লীগ Bāŋlādeś Āowāmī Līg) or the Bangadesh Peoples League is the main opposition party in Bangladesh. ...
[edit] Operation Searchlight: 25 March 1971 -
A planned military pacification carried out by the Pakistan Army — Operation Searchlight — was unfolded on 25 March to curb the Bengali nationalist movement[30] by taking control of the major cities on March 26, and then eliminating all opposition, political or military[31], within one month. The main phase of Operation Searchlight ended with the fall of the last major town in Bengali hands in mid May. The operation also began the 1971 Bangladesh atrocities. These systematic killings served only to enrage the Bengalis, which ultimately resulted in the secession of East Pakistan later in the same year. The international media and reference books in English have published casualty figures which vary greatly, from 5,000–35,000 in Dhaka, and 200,000–3,000,000 for Bangladesh as a whole.[7][32] Combatants Bengali units of Pakistan Army and civilian volunteers Pakistan Armed Forces Commanders Prime Minister Tajuddin Ahmed (April 17 -December 16) Col(ret). ...
The Pakistan Army (Urdu: پاک Ùوج) is the largest branch of the Pakistan military, and is mainly responsible for protection of the state borders, the security of administered territories and defending the national interests of Pakistan within the framework of its international obligations. ...
is the 84th day of the year (85th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
For other uses, see Bengal (disambiguation). ...
March 26 is the 85th day of the year (86th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
This is false story,never been established by any scientific survey. ...
According to the Asia Times,[33]
At a meeting of the military top brass, Yahya Khan declared: "Kill 3 million of them and the rest will eat out of our hands." Accordingly, on the night of 25 March, the Pakistani Army launched Operation Searchlight to "crush" Bengali resistance in which Bengali members of military services were disarmed and killed, students and the intelligentsia systematically liquidated and able-bodied Bengali males just picked up and gunned down. Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan (February 4, 1917 – August 10, 1980) was the President of Pakistan from 1969 to 1971, following the resignation of Ayub Khan. ...
is the 84th day of the year (85th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Combatants Bengali units of Pakistan Army and civilian volunteers Pakistan Armed Forces Commanders Prime Minister Tajuddin Ahmed (April 17 -December 16) Col(ret). ...
Before the beginning of Operation Searchlight, all foreign journalists were systematically deported from Bangladesh. Regarding violence against women, in Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape, Susan Brownmiller writes "... 200,000, 300,000 or possibly 400,000 women (three sets of statistics have been variously quoted) were raped." Susan Brownmiller (b. ...
Although the violence focused on the provincial capital, Dhaka, the process of ethnic elimination was also carried out all around Bangladesh. Residential halls of University of Dhaka were particularly targeted. The only Hindu residential hall — the Jagannath Hall — was destroyed by the Pakistani armed forces, and an estimated 600 to 700 of its residents were murdered. The Pakistani army denies any cold blooded killings at the university, though the Hamood-ur-Rehman commission in Pakistan states that overwhelming force was used at the university. This fact and the massacre at Jagannath Hall and nearby student dormitories of Dhaka University are corroborated by a videotape secretly filmed by Prof. Nur Ullah of the East Pakistan Engineering University, whose residence was directly opposite the student dormitories. This article does not cite any references or sources. ...
The Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET) is the foremost Engineering University in Bangladesh. ...
Hindu areas all over Bangladesh suffered particularly heavy blows. By midnight, Dhaka was literally burning, especially the Hindu dominated eastern part of the city. Time magazine reported on August 2, 1971, "The Hindus, who account for three-fourths of the refugees and a majority of the dead, have borne the brunt of the Pakistani military hatred." is the 214th day of the year (215th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. ...
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was arrested by the Pakistani Army. Yahya Khan appointed Brigadier Rahimuddin Khan (later General) to preside over a special tribunal charging Mujib with multiple charges. Rahimuddin sentenced Mujib to death, but Yahya put the verdict into abeyance. Other Awami League leaders were arrested as well, while a few fled Dhaka to avoid arrest. The Awami League was banned by General Yahya Khan. Full General Rahimuddin Khan (Urdu: رØیم الدین خان) (born 21 July 1926) was the Governor of Balochistan, the largest province of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, for an unprecedented seven years (1978-1984), while simultaneously holding the military posts of Armoured Corps Commander as well as Martial Law Administrator of Balochistan, the latter...
[edit] Declaration of independence: 26 March 1971 The violence unleashed by the Pakistani forces on March 25, 1971, proved the last straw to the efforts to negotiate a settlement. Following these outrages, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman signed an official declaration that read: is the 84th day of the year (85th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. ...
Today Bangladesh is a sovereign and independent country. On Thursday night, West Pakistani armed forces suddenly attacked the police barracks at Razarbagh and the EPR headquarters at Pilkhana in Dhaka. Many innocent and unarmed have been killed in Dhaka city and other places of Bangladesh. Violent clashes between E.P.R. and Police on the one hand and the armed forces of Pakistan on the other, are going on. The Bengalis are fighting the enemy with great courage for an independent Bangladesh. May Allah aid us in our fight for freedom. Joy[34] Bangla.[35] Sheikh Mujib also called upon the people to resist the occupation forces through a radio message.[36] Mujib was arrested on the night of March 25-26, 1971 at about 1:30 a.m. (as per Radio Pakistan’s news on March 29, 1971). is the 88th day of the year (89th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. ...
A telegram containing the text of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's declaration reached some students in Chittagong. The message was translated to Bangla by Dr. Manjula Anwar. The students failed to secure permission from higher authorities to broadcast the message from the nearby Agrabad Station of Radio Pakistan. They crossed Kalurghat Bridge into an area controlled by an East Bengal Regiment under Major Ziaur Rahman. Bengali soldiers guarded the station as engineers prepared for transmission. At 19:45 hrs on 27 March 1971, Major Ziaur Rahman broadcast another announcement of the declaration of independence on behalf of Sheikh Mujibur which is as follows. Bengali or Bangla (IPA: ) is an Indo-Aryan language of the eastern Indian subcontinent, evolved from the Magadhi Prakrit, PÄli and Sanskrit languages. ...
Dr. Manjula Anwar is a prominent Bengali linguist. ...
Radio Pakistan is the official international broadcasting station of Pakistan. ...
Ziaur Rahman (Bengali: Ziaur Rôhman) (January 19, 1936 — May 30, 1981) was the 6th President of Bangladesh and the founder of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party. ...
is the 86th day of the year (87th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. ...
This is Shadhin Bangla Betar Kendro. I, Major Ziaur Rahman, at the direction of Bangobondhu sheikh Mujibur Rahman, hereby declare that the independent People's Republic of Bangladesh has been established. At his direction, I have taken command as the temporary Head of the Republic. In the name of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, I call upon all Bengalis to rise against the attack by the West Pakistani Army. We shall fight to the last to free our Motherland. By the grace of Allah, victory is ours. Joy Bangla. Audio of Zia's announcement (interview - Belal Mohammed) The Kalurghat Radio Station's transmission capability was limited. The message was picked up by a Japanese ship in Bay of Bengal. It was then re-transmitted by Radio Australia and later by the British Broadcasting Corporation. Kalurghat is located several miles north of Chittagong, Bangladesh. ...
Look up Bay of Bengal in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
ABC Radio Australia is the international shortwave radio service operated by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Australias public broadcaster. ...
This article is an overview article about the Crown chartered British Broadcasting Corporation formed in 1927. ...
M A Hannan, an Awami League leader from Chittagong, is said to have made the first announcement of the declaration of independence over the radio on 26 March 1971[37]. There is controversy now as to when Major Zia gave his speech. BNP sources maintain that it was the 26th of March, and there was no message regarding declaration of independence from Mujibur Rahman. Pakistani sources, like Siddiq Salik in "Witness to Surrender" had written that he heard about Mujibor Rahman's message on the Radio while Operation Searchlight was going on, and Maj. Gen. Hakeem A. Qureshi in his book "The 1971 Indo-Pak War: A Soldier's Narrative", gives the date of Zia's speech as 27 March 1971 in Annex M (Oxford University Press, 2002 ISBN 0-19-579778-7). M. A. Hannan (Abdul Hannan) is cited by many as the first person to read over radio the text declaration of independence written by the great leader of the then East Pakistan and Chief of Awami League Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman from the Kalurghat Betar Kendra, Chittagong on March 26...
This article is about Chittagong as a city in Bangladesh. ...
March 26 is the 85th day of the year (86th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. ...
is the 86th day of the year (87th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. ...
March 26, 1971, is considered the official Independence Day of Bangladesh, and the name Bangladesh was in effect henceforth. In July 1971, Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi openly referred to the former East Pakistan as Bangladesh.[38] Some Pakistani and Indian officials continued to use the name "East Pakistan" until 16 December, 1971. is the 350th day of the year (351st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
[edit] Civil War: 27 March to 2nd December 1971
[edit] March 26 to June
 Leaflets and pamphlets played an important role in driving public opinion during the war. At first resistance was spontaneous and disorganized, and was not expected to be prolonged.[39] But when the Pakistani Army cracked down upon the population, resistance grew. The Mukti Bahini were became increasingly active. The Pakistani military sought to quell them, but increasing numbers of Bengali soldiers defected to the underground "Bangladesh army". These Bengali units slowly merged into the Mukti Bahini and bolstered their weaponry with supplies from India. Pakistan responded by airlifting in two infantry divisions and reorganizing their forces. They also raised paramilitary forces of Razakars, Al-Badrs and Al-Shams (who were mostly members of Jamaat-e-Islami and other Islamist groups), as well as other Bengalis who opposed independence, and Bihari Muslims who had settled during the time of partition.The Bangladesh government-in-exile was formed on April 17 at Mujib Nagar. Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ...
Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ...
Liberation War commemoration poster Mukti Bahini (Bengali: ) (Liberation Army), also termed as the Freedom Fighters or FFs was a guerrilla force which fought against the Pakistan Army during the Bangladesh War of Independence in 1971. ...
A defector is a person who gives up allegiance to one political entity in exchange for allegiance to another. ...
Liberation War commemoration poster Mukti Bahini (Bengali: ) (Liberation Army), also termed as the Freedom Fighters or FFs was a guerrilla force which fought against the Pakistan Army during the Bangladesh War of Independence in 1971. ...
Razakars was the name given to a paramilitary force organized by the Pakistan Army during the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. ...
al-Badr (al-Badr Mujahideen)(created 1998) is a Islamic militant group operating in the Jammu Kashmir region. ...
The traditional Arabic term Bilad al-Sham (Arabic: بلاد الشام , also transliterated bilad-ush-sham etc. ...
Jamaat-e-Islami (Arabic: جماعت٠اسلامی, Islamic Assembly Jamaat, JI) is an Islamic political movement founded in Lahore by Syed Abul Ala Maududi on 26 August 1941. ...
For other uses, see Bihar (disambiguation). ...
This article is under construction. ...
is the 107th day of the year (108th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
[edit] June-September Bangladesh forces command was set up in July 11, with Col. M A G Osmani as commander in chief, Lt. Col. Abdur Rab as chief of Army Staff and Group Captain A K Khandker as Deputy Chief of Army Staff and Chief of Air Force. Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ...
Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ...
Map showing Bangladesh Liberation War Sectors During Bangladesh Liberation War the Mukti Bahini divided the geographical area of Bangladesh into eleven sectors. ...
Muhammad Ataul Gani Osmani, better known by General M.A.G. Osmani (1918-16 February 1984)was the supreme commander of Mukti Bahini and Bangladesh Armed Forces during the Bangladesh Liberation War. ...
Bangladesh was divided into Eleven Sectors each with a commander chosen from defected officers of Pakistan army who joined the Mukti Bahini to conduct guerrilla operations and train fighters. Most of their training camps were situated near the border area and were operated with assistance from India. The 10th Sector was directly placed under Commander in Chief (C-in-C) and included the Naval Commandos and C-in-C’s special force.[40] Three brigades (11 Battalions) were raised for conventional warfare; a large guerrilla force (estimated 100,000) was trained. Map showing Bangladesh Liberation War Sectors During Bangladesh Liberation War the Mukti Bahini divided the geographical area of Bangladesh into eleven sectors. ...
Liberation War commemoration poster Mukti Bahini (Bengali: ) (Liberation Army), also termed as the Freedom Fighters or FFs was a guerrilla force which fought against the Pakistan Army during the Bangladesh War of Independence in 1971. ...
Guerrilla operations, which slacked during the training phase, picked up after August. Economic and Military targets in Dhaka were attacked. The major success story was Operation Jackpot, in which naval commandos mined and blew up berthed ships in Chittagong on August 16, 1971. Pakistani reprisals claimed lives of thousands of civilians. The Indian army took over supplying the Mukti Bahini from the BSF. They organised 6 sectors for supplying the Bangladesh forces. Operation Jackpot was the codename assaigned to 2, possibly 3 operations launched by the Indian Army and the Bangladesh forces during the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. ...
This article is about Chittagong as a city in Bangladesh. ...
is the 228th day of the year (229th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...
Year 1971 (MCMLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. ...
Liberation War commemoration poster Mukti Bahini (Bengali: ) (Liberation Army), also termed as the Freedom Fighters or FFs was a guerrilla force which fought against the Pakistan Army during the Bangladesh War of Independence in 1971. ...
[edit] October - December Bangladesh conventional forces attacked border outposts. Kamalpur, Belonia and Battle of Boyra are a few examples. 90 out of 370 BOPs fell to Bengali forces. Guerrilla attacks intensified, as did Pakistani and Razakar reprisals on civilian populations. Pakistani forces were reinforced by eight battalions from West Pakistan. The Bangladeshi freedom fighters even managed to temporarily capture airstrips at Lalmonirhat and Shalutikar.[41] Both of these were used for flying in supplies and arms from India. Pakistan sent 5 battalions from West Pakistan as reinforcements. A HAL Ajeet fighter . ...
An airstrip is a kind of airport that consists only of a runway with perhaps fueling equipment. ...
[edit] Indian Intervention: December 3-December 16 - See also: Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
 Illustration showing military units and troop movements during the war. | Major battles
Combatants India Mukti Bahini Pakistan Commanders Sam Manekshaw J.S. Aurora A. A. K. Niazi # Strength 500,000+ troops 400,000+ troops Casualties 3,843 killed[1] 9,851 wounded[1] c. ...
Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 478 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1596 × 2000 pixels, file size: 973 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) BACKGROUND:(taken from http://hdl. ...
Image File history File links Metadata Size of this preview: 478 × 599 pixelsFull resolution (1596 × 2000 pixels, file size: 973 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) BACKGROUND:(taken from http://hdl. ...
| Wary of the growing involvement of India, the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) launched a pre-emptive strike on India. The attack was modelled on the Operation Focus employed by Israel Air Force during the Six-Day War. However, the plan failed to achieve the desired success and was seen as an open act of unprovoked aggression against the Indians. A HAL Ajeet fighter . ...
Commanders Lt. ...
The Battle of Dhalai was a battle in the Bangladesh Liberation War. ...
Combatants Indian Armed Forces Military of Pakistan Commanders Major General Lachhman Singh Brigadier Tajammul Hussain Malik Strength 20th Indian Mountain Division 205 Infantry Brigade, Pakistan Casualties ? ? The Battle of Hilli or the Battle of Bogra was a major battle fought in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 and Bangladesh Liberation...
The battle of Kushtia can mean two incidents, both in what is now Bangladesh:- A battle on 19 April 1971 between East Bengali rebels and Pakistani forces. ...
The Pakistan Air Force (PAF) (Urdu: پاک ÙضائیÛ, Pak Fazaya) is the Aviation branch of the Pakistan armed forces and is responsible for defending Pakistani air-space from intrusions. ...
Combatants Pakistan Air Force Indian Air Force Strength •36 Aircrafts in first two waves. ...
Operation Focus (Hebrew: מבצע מוקד, Mivtza Moked) was the opening pre-emptive airstrike by Israel at the start of the Six-Day War of 1967. ...
The Israeli Air Force (IAF) (Hebrew: חיל האוויר Heyl haAvir) is the Air branch of the Israel Defense Force. ...
Combatants Israel Egypt Syria Jordan Iraq Commanders Yitzhak Rabin, Moshe Dayan, Uzi Narkiss, Israel Tal, Mordechai Hod, Ariel Sharon Abdel Hakim Amer, Abdul Munim Riad, Zaid ibn Shaker, Hafez al-Assad Strength 264,000 (incl. ...
Indian prime minister Indira Gandhi, declared war on Pakistan and in aid of the Mukti Bahini, then ordered the immediate mobilisation of troops and launched the full scale invasion. This marked the official start of the Indo-Pakistani War. A young Indira Nehru and Mahatma Gandhi, during one of the latters fasts Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (Hindi: ) (19 November 1917 - October 31, 1984) She was the Prime Minister of India for three consecutive terms from 1966 to 1977 and for a fourth term from 1980 until her assassination in...
Combatants India Mukti Bahini Pakistan Commanders Sam Manekshaw J.S. Aurora A. A. K. Niazi # Strength 500,000+ troops 400,000+ troops Casualties 3,843 killed[1] 9,851 wounded[1] c. ...
 Indian Army's T-55 tanks on their way to Dhaka. India's military intervention played a crucial role in turning the tide in favour of the Bangladeshi rebels. Three Indian Corps were involved in the invasion of East Pakistan. They were supported by nearly 3 brigades of Mukti Bahini fighting alongside them, and many more fighting irregularly. This was far superior to the Pakistani army of three divisions[42]. The Indians quickly overran the country, bypassing heavily defended strongholds. Pakistani forces were unable to effectively counter the Indian attack because they had been deployed in small units around the border to counter guerrilla attacks by the Mukti Bahini.[43] Unable to effectively defend Dacca, the Pakistanis surrendered on 16 December 1971. Image File history File links 0147. ...
Image File history File links 0147. ...
In military science a brigade is a military unit that is part of a division and includes regiments (where that level exists), or (in modern armies) is composed of several battalions (typically two to four) and directly attached supporting units. ...
Liberation War commemoration poster Mukti Bahini (Bengali: ) (Liberation Army), also termed as the Freedom Fighters or FFs was a guerrilla force which fought against the Pakistan Army during the Bangladesh War of Independence in 1971. ...
 Indian Army troops in action during the war India's external intelligence agency, the R.A.W., played a crucial role in providing logistic support to the Mukti Bahini during the initial stages of the war. RAW's operations in then East Pakistan, was the largest covert mission in the history of South Asia.[citation needed] Image File history File links IndianArmour. ...
The Cabinet Secretariat Research and Analysis Wing (often abbreviated as R.A.W. or R&AW) is Indias premier external intelligence body. ...
[edit] Pakistani Response Pakistan launched a number of armoured thrusts along India's western front in attempts to force Indian troops away from East Pakistan. Pakistan tried to fight back and boost the sagging morale by incorporating the Special Services Group commandos in sabotage and rescue missions. This however could not stop the juggernaut of the advancing columns whose speed and power were too much to contain for the Pakistani Army. Military manpower Military age 16 years of age Availability 39,028,014 (2005) Males ages 16-49 Reaching military age males: 1,969,055 (2005) Active troops 620,000 (Ranked 9th) Military expenditures Dollar figure $3. ...
For other uses, see Sabotage (disambiguation). ...
The Car of Juggernaut, as depicted in the 1851 Illustrated London Reading Book The term juggernaut ( ) is used to describe any literal or metaphorical force regarded as unstoppable that will crush all in its path. ...
[edit] The Air and Naval War The Indian Air Force carried out several sorties against Pakistan and within a week, IAF aircraft dominated the skies of East Pakistan. It achieved near total |
