Banksia
Banksia prionotes
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Proteales Family: Proteaceae Genus: Banksia L.f.
Diversity
About 170 species; see List of Banksia species
Synonyms
Sirmuellera Kuntze Isostylis (R.Br.) Spach Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (2576x1932, 1419 KB) where the image is stored/displayed electronically original metadata must be retained and be included with further copies File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed... Binomial name Banksia prionotes Lindl. ... Scientific classification redirects here. ... For other uses, see Plant (disambiguation). ... Classes Magnoliopsida - Dicots Liliopsida - Monocots The flowering plants or angiosperms are the most widespread group of land plants. ... Orders See text. ... Families See text The Proteales are an order of flowering plants, which belong among the basal eudicots. ... Genera See text The Proteaceae are a large family of flowering plants, which includes 75-80 genera and 1500 species of evergreen trees, shrubs, and herbs. ... Portrait by Jonas Forslund Carl von Linné or Carolus Linnaeus the Younger (20 January 1741 – 1 November 1783) was a Swedish naturalist. ... This is a taxonomic arrangement of Banksia according to George (1999). ... This is an alphabetically ordered list of Banksia species, as of 2005. ... In scientific nomenclature, synonyms are different scientific names used for a single taxon. ... Otto Carl Ernst Kuntze (June 23, 1843 - 1907) was a German botanist. ... Robert Brown (1773–1858) Robert Brown (December 21, 1773–June 10, 1858) is acknowledged as the leading British botanist to collect in Australia during the first half of the 19th century. ...

Banksia is a genus of around 170 species in the plant family Proteaceae. Iconic Australian wildflower and popular garden plants, they are easily recognised by their characteristic flower spikes and fruiting "cones" and can vary from prostrate woody shrubs to trees up to 30 metres tall. They are generally found in a wide variety of landscapes; sclerophyll forest, (occasionally) rainforest, shrubland, and some more arid landscapes, though not in Australia's deserts. For other uses, see Genus (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Species (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Plant (disambiguation). ... The hierarchy of scientific classification In biological classification, family (Latin: familia, plural familiae) is a rank, or a taxon in that rank. ... Genera See text The Proteaceae are a large family of flowering plants, which includes 75-80 genera and 1500 species of evergreen trees, shrubs, and herbs. ... For other uses, see Garden (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Plant (disambiguation). ... A broom shrub in flower A shrub or bush is a horticultural rather than strictly botanical category of woody plant, distinguished from a tree by its multiple stems and lower height, usually less than 6 m tall. ... Arid, largely treeless areas aside, most Australian bushland is sclerophyll forest. ...

Heavy producers of nectar, banksias form a vital part of the food chain in the Australian bush. They are an important food source for all sorts of nectariferous animals, including birds, bats, rats, possums and a host of invertebrates. Furthermore, they are of economic importance to Australia's nursery and cut flower industries. However these plants are threatened by a number of processes including land clearing, frequent burning and disease, and a number of species are rare and endangered. Nectar of camellia Nectar, in botany, is a sugar-rich liquid produced by the flowers of plants in order to attract pollinating animals. ... A nursery is a place where plants are propagated, usually for sale as a business, though some gardeners and farmers keep private nurseries. ... A vase arrangement of Tulips Floristry, flower arranging, floral arrangement, floral design or floral arts is the art of creating flower arrangements in vases, bowls and baskets, or making bouquets and compositions from cut flowers, foliage, herbs, ornamental grasses and other botanical materials. ... Rare species is an organism which is very uncommon or scarce. ... The Siberian Tiger is a subspecies of tiger that are critically endangered. ...

Description

Banksia prionotes inflorescence, Reabold Hill, Bold Park, Floreat, WA

A prostrate species, Banksia blechnifolia with unusual twin buds, Maranoa Gardens, North Balwyn, Victoria

Banksias grow as trees or woody shrubs. Trees of the largest species, B. integrifolia (Coast Banksia) and B. seminuda (River Banksia), often grow over 15 metres tall, and may be up to 30 metres tall^[1]. Banksia species that grow as shrubs are usually erect, but there are several species that are prostrate, with branches that grow on or below the soil. Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1600x1700, 416 KB) where the image is stored/displayed electronically original metadata must be retained and be included with further copies File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high-resolution version (1600x1700, 416 KB) where the image is stored/displayed electronically original metadata must be retained and be included with further copies File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed... Binomial name Banksia prionotes Lindl. ... Feral Rainbow Lorikeets at Perry Lakes Sculpture to commemorate the 1979 Jamboree at Perry Lakes and 75 years of Scouts Floreat is a suburb located in the affluent western suburbs of Perth, Western Australia, located within the Town of Cambridge and 6 km west of the CBD. Its postcode is... Image File history File links B_blech_twinbud_maranoa. ... Image File history File links B_blech_twinbud_maranoa. ... Binomial name Banksia blechnifolia F.Muell. ... Maranoa Gardens is located next to Beckett Park in Balwyn, a suburb of Melbourne, Australia. ... The coniferous Coast Redwood, the tallest tree species on earth. ... The word bush re-directs here; for alternate uses see Bush (disambiguation). ... Binomial name Banksia integrifolia L.f. ... Binomial name Banksia seminuda (A.S.George) B.Rye Banksia seminuda, commonly known as the River Banksia, is a tree in the plant genus Banksia. ...

The leaves of Banksia vary greatly between species. Sizes vary from the narrow, 1–1½ centimetre long leaves of B. ericifolia (Heath-leaved Banksia), to the very large leaves of B. grandis (Bull Banksia), which may be up to 45 centimetres long. The leaves of most species have serrated edges, but a few, such as B. integrifolia, do not. Leaves are usually arranged along the branches in irregular spirals, but in some species they are crowded together in whorls. Many species have differing juvenile and adult leaves (e.g. Banksia integrifolia has large serrated juvenile leaves). Binomial name Banksia ericifolia L.f. ... Binomial name Banksia grandis Willd. ... Look up whorl in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Banksias are most easily recognised by their characteristic flower spike, known as an inflorescence, and the woody fruiting structures that appear after flowering. The flower spike consists of a central woody axis with a furry coating; it is generally held erect, but hangs down in a few species. This axis is covered in tightly-packed pairs of flowers, which are attached to the axis at right angles. A single flower spike generally contains hundreds, if not thousands of flowers. The most recorded is around 6000 individual flowers on inflorescences of B. grandis. Red clover inflorescence (spike) An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers on a branch of a plant. ...

Banksia flowers are usually a shade of yellow, but orange, red and pink flowers also occur. The colour of the flowers is determined by the colour of the perianth parts and often the style. The style is much longer than the perianth, and is initially trapped by the upper perianth parts. These are gradually released over a period of days, either from top to bottom or from bottom to top. When the styles and perianth parts are different colours, the visual effect is of a colour change sweeping along the spike. This can be most spectacular in B. prionotes (Acorn Banksia) and related species, as the white inflorescence in bud becomes a brilliant orange. In most case, the individual flowers are tall, thin saccate (sack-shaped) in shape. This article is about the color. ... The orange, the fruit from which the modern name of the orange colour comes. ... For other uses, see Red (disambiguation). ... This article is about the color. ... The perianth is the outer envelope of a flower. ... Amaryllis style and stigmas A carpel is the outer, often visible part of the female reproductive organ of a flower; the basic unit of the gynoecium. ... Binomial name Banksia prionotes Lindl. ...

B. ericifolia "White Candles" showing multiple spikes

Occasionally, multiple flower spikes can form. This is most often seen in Banksia marginata and B. ericifolia^[2][3] (pictured right). Image File history File links Banksia_ericifolia_WC_multibuds_email. ... Image File history File links Banksia_ericifolia_WC_multibuds_email. ... Binomial name Banksia ericifolia L.f. ... Binomial name Banksia marginata Cav. ... Binomial name Banksia ericifolia L.f. ...

As the flower spikes age, the flower parts dry up and may turn shades of orange, tan or dark brown colour, before fading to grey over a period of years. In some species, old flower parts are lost, revealing the furry axis; in others, the old flower parts may persist for many years, giving the spikes a hairy appearance. Old flower spikes are commonly referred to as "cones", although they are not: cones only occur in conifers and cycads. Mature female European Black Pine cone Male cones of a pine A cone (in formal botanical usage: strobilus, plural strobili) is an organ on plants in the division Pinophyta (conifers) that contains the reproductive structures. ... Orders & Families Cordaitales † Pinales   Pinaceae - Pine family   Araucariaceae - Araucaria family   Podocarpaceae - Yellow-wood family   Sciadopityaceae - Umbrella-pine family   Cupressaceae - Cypress family   Cephalotaxaceae - Plum-yew family   Taxaceae - Yew family Vojnovskyales † Voltziales † The conifers, division Pinophyta, are one of 13 or 14 division level taxa within the Kingdom Plantae. ... Families Cycadaceae cycas family Stangeriaceae stangeria family Zamiaceae zamia family Leaves and male cone of Cycas revoluta Cycads are an ancient group of seed plants characterized by a large crown of compound leaves and a stout trunk. ...

Despite the large size of the flower spike and the huge number of flowers per spike, only a very small number of flowers ever develop fruit, and in some species a flower spike will often set no fruit at all. The fruit of Banksia is a woody follicle embedded in the "cone". These consist of two horizontal valves that tightly enclose the seeds. The follicle opens to release the seed by splitting along the suture, and in some species each valve splits too. In some species the follicles open as soon as the seed is mature, but in most species most follicles open only after stimulated to do so by bushfire. Each follicle usually contains one or two small seeds, each with a wedge-shaped papery wing that causes it to spin as it falls to the ground. In botany, a follicle is a dry fruit which splits along one rupture site in order to release seeds, such as in larkspur, magnolia, banksia, peony and milkweed. ... Backburning in Townsville, Australia. ...

Taxonomy

Main article: Taxonomy of Banksia

The Banksia genus was first described and named by Carolus Linnaeus the Younger in his April 1782 publication Supplementum Plantarum; hence the full name for the genus is "Banksia L.f." The genus name honours the English botanist Sir Joseph Banks, who collected the first Banksia specimens in 1770, during James Cook's first expedition. This is a taxonomic arrangement of Banksia according to George (1999). ... Portrait by Jonas Forslund Carl von Linné or Carolus Linnaeus the Younger (20 January 1741 – 1 November 1783) was a Swedish naturalist. ... 1782 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... The cover page of Supplementum Plantarum Supplementum Plantarum Systematis Vegetabilium Editionis Decimae Tertiae, Generum Plantarum Editiones Sextae, et Specierum Plantarum Editionis Secundae, commonly abbreviated to Supplementum Plantarum Systematis Vegetabilium or just Supplementum Plantarum, and further abbreviated by botanists to Suppl. ... Latin name redirects here. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... Botany is the scientific study of plant life. ... For clothing store, see JoS. A. Bank Clothiers. ... For the village in Queensland, see 1770, Queensland. ... This article is about the British explorer. ...

Banksia belongs to the family Proteaceae, subfamily Grevilleoideae, and tribe Banksieae. Banksia and the closely related Dryandra are placed together in subtribe Banksiinae, mainly because in both genera the flowers occur in condensed heads. Recent research into the relationship between Banksia and Dryandra has suggested that Dryandra should be sunk into Banksia. Genera See text The Proteaceae are a large family of flowering plants, which includes 75-80 genera and 1500 species of evergreen trees, shrubs, and herbs. ... genera see text Grevilleoideae is a subfamily of the Proteaceae family of flowering plants. ... genera see text Grevilleoideae is a subfamily of the Proteaceae family of flowering plants. ... Species Vernicia anxius Vernicia cordata Vernicia fordii - tung tree Vernicia montana Vernicia pseudomargarettiae The genus Vernicia, commonly referred to as Candlenut, is a taxon of shrubs or trees. ... genera see text Grevilleoideae is a subfamily of the Proteaceae family of flowering plants. ...

The exact number of species of Banksia is a matter of some contention. The most recent authoritative synopsis, George (1999), listed 76 species. Since then a new species, B. rosserae, has been published,^[4] bringing the number of species to 77. However George (1999) gave subspecific rank to four taxa that had previously been promoted to species by Kevin Thiele in his 1996 cladistic analysis of the genus. Some Australian herbaria have continued to follow Thiele and Ladiges in ranking these taxa as species, thus recognising 81 species. Furthermore Harden (2002) recognises the species B. cunninghamii Sieber ex Reichb, even though both George (1999) and Thiele and Ladiges (1996) consider it a subspecies of B. spinulosa. Finally, B. paludosa subsp. astrolux is under review and is likely to be raised to species level soon. Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... It has been suggested that Clade be merged into this article or section. ... Studying a plant sample in the Herbarium In botany, a herbarium is a collection of preserved plant specimens. ... Binomial name Banksia paludosa R.Br. ...

Distribution and Habitat

Distribution of Banksia within Australia

All but one of the Banksia species are endemic to Australia. The exception is B. dentata (Tropical Banksia), which occurs throughout northern Australia, and on islands to the north including New Guinea and the Aru Islands. The other species occur in two distinct geographical regions: southwest Western Australia and eastern Australia. Southwest Western Australia is the main centre of biodiversity; over three quarters of Banksia species occur only there, from Exmouth down to east of Esperance. Eastern Australia has far fewer species, but these include some of best known and most widely distributed species, including B. integrifolia and B. spinulosa (Hairpin Banksia). Here they occur from the Eyre Peninsula in South Australia right around the east coast up to Cape York in Queensland. Image File history File links Banksia_aus_dist_map_colour_gnangarra. ... Image File history File links Banksia_aus_dist_map_colour_gnangarra. ... In biology and ecology endemic means exclusively native to a place or biota, in contrast to cosmopolitan or introduced. ... Binomial name Banksia dentata L.f. ... The Aru Islands (also Aroe Islands or Kepulauan Aru) are a group of about 95 low-lying islands in the Maluku province of Indonesia. ... Southwest Australia is a biodiversity hotspot that includes the Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and shrub ecoregions of Western Australia. ... Slogan or Nickname: Wildflower State or the Golden State Other Australian states and territories Capital Perth Government Constitutional monarchy Governor Ken Michael Premier Alan Carpenter (ALP) Federal representation  - House seats 15  - Senate seats 12 Gross State Product (2005-06)  - Product ($m)  $107,910 (4th)  - Product per capita  $53,134/person... Rainforests are among the most biodiverse ecosystems on earth Biodiversity is the variation of life forms within a given ecosystem, biome or for the entire Earth. ... Exmouth is a town on the tip of the North West Cape in Western Australia. ... Esperance is a town in Western Australia, located on the south coast around half-way between Albany and the South Australian border. ... Binomial name Banksia spinulosa Smith The Hairpin Banksia () is an attractive shrub species of the genus Banksia. ... Satellite photo of the Eyre Peninsula bushfires, taken on January 11 2005 Eyre Peninsula is a triangular peninsula in South Australia. ... Categories: Australia geography stubs | Peninsulas | Headlands ... Slogan or Nickname: Sunshine State, Smart State Motto(s): Audax at Fidelis (Bold but Faithful) Other Australian states and territories Capital Brisbane Government Constitutional monarchy Governor Quentin Bryce Premier Anna Bligh (ALP) Federal representation  - House seats 28  - Senate seats 12 Gross State Product (2004-05)  - Product ($m)  $158,506 (3rd...

The vast majority of Banksia are found in sandy (or gravelly) soils, though some populations of B. marginata (Silver Banksia) and B. spinulosa do occur on heavier, more clay-like, soils. B. seminuda is exceptional for its preference for rich loams along watercourses. Most occur in heathlands or low woodlands, but B. seminuda and B. integrifolia both grow in forests. Most species do not grow well near the coast, and few species, including B. rosserae and B. elderiana (Swordfish Banksia), occur in arid areas. Most of the eastern Australian species survive in uplands, but of the Western Australian species only B. solandri (Stirling Range Banksia) survives at high altitudes. Binomial name Banksia marginata Cav. ... Heaths are anthropogenic habitats found primarily in northern and western Europe, where they have been created by thousands of years of human clearance of natural forest vegetation by grazing and burning on mainly infertile acidic soils. ... Limber Pine woodland, Toiyabe Range, central Nevada Biologically, a woodland is a treed area differentiated from a forest. ... This article is about a community of trees. ... For other uses, see Coast (disambiguation). ... Binomial name Banksia rosserae Olde & Marriott Banksia rosserae is a recently described species of Banksia. ... Binomial name Banksia elderiana F.Muell & Tate The Swordfish Banksia (Banksia elderiana), also known as the Palm Banksia, is a species of shrub in the plant genus Banksia. ... This article is about arid terrain. ... In Geology an upland is generally considered to be land that is at a higher elevation than the alluvial plain or stream terrace, which are considered to be lowlands. ... Binomial name Banksia solandri R.Br. ...

Studies of the south-western species have found the distribution of Banksia species to be primarily constrained by rainfall. With the exception of B. rosserae, no species tolerates annual rainfall of less than 200 millimetres, despite many species surviving in areas that receive less than 400 millimetres. Banksia species are present throughout the region of suitable rainfall, with greatest speciation in cooler, wetter areas. Hotter, drier regions around the edges of the genus's range tend to have fewer species with larger distributions. The greatest species richness occurs in association with uplands, especially the Stirling Range.^[5]

Ecology

Rainbow Lorikeet (Trichoglossus haematodus) feasting on Banksia integrifolia var. integrifolia, Waverley, New South Wales

Main article: Ecology of Banksia

Banksias are heavy producers of nectar, and so are important sources of food for nectariferous animals, including honeyeaters and small mammals such as rodents, antechinus, honey possums, pygmy possums, gliders and bats^[6]. Many of these animals play a role in pollination of Banksia. Various studies have shown mammals and birds to be important pollinators.^[7][8] An interesting observation by Carpenter in 1978 was that some banksias had a stronger odour at night possibly to attract mammal pollinators. Other associated fauna include the larvae of moths (such as the Dryandra Moth) and weevils, which burrow into the "cones" to eat the seeds and pupate in the follicles; and birds such as cockatoos, who break off the "cones" to eat both the seeds and the insect larvae. Image File history File links Banksia_integrifolia_with_lorikeet_Waverley_email. ... Image File history File links Banksia_integrifolia_with_lorikeet_Waverley_email. ... Binomial name Trichoglossus haematodus (Linnaeus, 1771) The Rainbow Lorikeet (Trichoglossus haematodus) is a parrot common to the eastern seaboard of Australia, ranging from Queensland to South Australia. ... Binomial name Banksia integrifolia L.f. ... Waverley is an eastern suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. ... The ecology of Banksia refers to all the relationships and interactions between the plant genus Banksia and its environment. ... Nectar of camellia Nectar, in botany, is a sugar-rich liquid produced by the flowers of plants in order to attract pollinating animals. ... Genera  Anthochaera  Acanthagenys  Plectorhyncha  Philemon  Xanthornyzma  Entomyzon  Manorina  Xanthotis  Meliphaga  Lichenostomus  Melithreptus  Notiomystis  Glycichaera  Lichmera  Trichodere  Grantiella  Phylidonyris  Ramsayornis  Conopophila  Acanthorhynchus  Certhionyx  Myzomela  Anthornis  Prosthemadera  Epthianura  Ashbyia The honeyeaters are a large and diverse family of small to medium sized birds most common in Australia and New Guinea, but also... Binomial name Tarsipes rostratus Gervais & Verreaux, 1842 The Honey Possum (Tarsipes rostratus) or Noolbenger is a tiny Australian marsupial weighing just five to 10 grams—about half the size of a mouse. ... Genera Burramys Cercartetus The pygmy possums are the small possums of the family Burramyidae. ... “Chiroptera” redirects here. ... A larval insect A larva (Latin; plural larvae) is a juvenile form of animal with indirect development, undergoing metamorphosis (for example, insects or amphibians). ... For other uses, see Moths. ... Families Anthribidae - fungus weevils Attelabidae - leaf rolling weevils Belidae - primitive weevils Brentidae - straight snout weevils Caridae Curculionidae - true weevils Nemonychidae - pine flower weevils Wikispecies has information related to: Curculionoidea A weevil is any beetle from the Curculionoidea superfamily. ... Cockchafer (Melolontha melolontha) pupa A pupa (Latin pupa for doll, pl: pupae or pupas) is the life stage of some insects undergoing transformation. ... For other uses, see Bird (disambiguation). ... This article is about the family of birds. ... Orders Subclass Apterygota Archaeognatha (bristletails) Thysanura (silverfish) Subclass Pterygota Infraclass Paleoptera (Probably paraphyletic) Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Infraclass Neoptera Superorder Exopterygota Grylloblattodea (ice-crawlers) Mantophasmatodea (gladiators) Plecoptera (stoneflies) Embioptera (webspinners) Zoraptera (angel insects) Dermaptera (earwigs) Orthoptera (grasshoppers, etc) Phasmatodea (stick insects) Blattodea (cockroaches) Isoptera (termites) Mantodea (mantids) Psocoptera...

A number of Banksia species are considered rare or endangered. These include B. brownii (Feather-leaved Banksia), B. cuneata (Matchstick Banksia), B. goodii (Good's Banksia), B. oligantha (Wagin Banksia), B. tricuspis (Pine Banksia), and B. verticillata (Granite Banksia). Binomial name Banksia brownii Baxter ex R.Br. ... Binomial name Banksia cuneata A.S.George Banksia cuneata, commonly known as the Matchstick Banksia or Quairading Banksia, is an endangered species in the plant family Proteaceae. ... Binomial name Banksia goodii R.Br. ... Binomial name Banksia oligantha A.S.George Banksia oligantha, commonly known as the Wagin Banksia, is an endangered species in the plant family Proteaceae. ... Binomial name Banksia tricuspis Meissn. ... Binomial name Banksia verticillata R.Br. ...

Response to fire

Banksia prionotes seedlings after fire, Burma Road Nature Reserve, WA

Banksia plants are naturally adapted to the presence of regular bushfires in the Australian landscape. About half of Banksia species are killed by bushfire, but these regenerate quickly from seed, as fire also stimulates the opening of seed-bearing follicles and the germination of seed in the ground. The remaining species usually survive bushfire, either because they have very thick bark that protects the trunk from fire, or because they have lignotubers from which they can resprout after fire. In Western Australia, the first group are known as 'seeders' while the second 'sprouters'. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (661x810, 220 KB) Banksia prionotes, seedlings after fire, Burma Rd April 2006 photo Cas Liber File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Banksia Ecology of Banksia ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (661x810, 220 KB) Banksia prionotes, seedlings after fire, Burma Rd April 2006 photo Cas Liber File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Banksia Ecology of Banksia ... Binomial name Banksia prionotes Lindl. ... Backburning in Townsville, Australia. ... A lignotuber is a starchy swelling on underground stems or roots. ... Slogan or Nickname: Wildflower State or the Golden State Other Australian states and territories Capital Perth Government Constitutional monarchy Governor Ken Michael Premier Alan Carpenter (ALP) Federal representation  - House seats 15  - Senate seats 12 Gross State Product (2005-06)  - Product ($m)  $107,910 (4th)  - Product per capita  $53,134/person...

Banksia attenuata resprouting after fire, Burma Road Nature Reserve, WA

Infrequent bushfires at expected intervals pose no threat, and are in fact beneficial for regeneration of banksia populations. However, too frequent bushfires can seriously reduce or even eliminate populations from certain areas, by killing seedlings and young plants before they reach fruiting age.^[9] Many fires near urban areas are caused by arson, and thus the frequency is often much higher than fires would have been prior to human habitation. Furthermore, residents who live in areas near bushland may pressure local councils to burn areas near homes more frequently, to reduce fuel-load in the bush and thus reduce ferocity of future fires. Unfortunately there are often discrepancies in agreed frequency between these groups and conservation groups. Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1350x1124, 694 KB) Banksia attenuata resprouting after fire, Burma Road, WA April 2006 photo Cas Liber File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Banksia Ecology of Banksia ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (1350x1124, 694 KB) Banksia attenuata resprouting after fire, Burma Road, WA April 2006 photo Cas Liber File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Banksia Ecology of Banksia ... Binomial name Banksia attenuata R. Brown The Candlestick Banksia (Banksia attenuata) is a species of shrub in the plant genus Banksia. ...

Dieback

Another threat to Banksia is the water mould Phytophthora cinnamomi, commonly known as "dieback". Dieback attacks the roots of plants, destroying the structure of the root tissues, "rotting" the root, and preventing the plant from absorbing water and nutrients. Banksia's proteoid roots, which help it to survive in low-nutrient soils, make it highly susceptible to this disease. All Western Australian species are vulnerable, although most eastern species are fairly resistant^[10]. Orders Lagenidiales Leptomitales Peronosporales Pythiales Rhipidiales Saprolegniales Sclerosporales Water moulds or Oomycetes are a group of filamentous protists, physically resembling fungi. ... Binomial name Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands Phytophthora cinnamomi is a soil-borne water mould that produces an infection which causes a condition in plants called root rot or dieback. infects the roots by zoospores entering the root behind the root tip. ... Proteoid roots of Leucospermum cordifolium Proteoid roots, also known as cluster roots, are plant roots that form clusters of closely spaced short lateral rootlets. ... This article is about the medical term. ...

Vulnerable plants typically die within a few years of infection. In southwest Western Australia, where dieback infestation is widespread, infested areas of Banksia forest typically have less than 30% of the cover of uninfested areas. Plant deaths in such large proportions can have a profound influence on the makeup of plant communities. For example, in southwestern Australia Banksia often occurs as an understory to forests of Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata), another species highly vulnerable to dieback. Infestation kills both the Jarrah overstory and the Banksia understory, and over time these may be replaced by a more open woodland consisting of an overstory of the resistant Marri (Corymbia calophylla), and an understory of the somewhat resistant Parrotbush (Dryandra sessilis).^[11] Southwest Australia is a biodiversity hotspot that includes the Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and shrub ecoregions of Western Australia. ... Subspecies subsp. ... Binomial name Corymbia calophylla (R. Br. ... Binomial name Dryandra sessilis (Knight) Domin Parrotbush (Dryandra sessilis) is a species of shrub or tree in the plant genus Dryandra. ...

A number of species of Banksia are threatened by dieback. Nearly every known wild population of B. brownii shows some signs of dieback infection, which could possibly wipe it out within years.^[12][13]. Other vulnerable species include B. cuneata, and B. verticillata.

Dieback is notoriously difficult to treat, although there has been some success with phosphite and phosphorous acid, which are currently used to inoculate wild B. brownii populations. However this is not without potential problems as it alters the soil composition by adding phosphorus. Some evidence suggests that phosphorous acid may inhibit proteoid root formation^[14]. The phosphite ion is a polyatomic ion with phosphorus as its central atom. ... The compound phosphorous acid, with formula H3PO3, is an oxoacid of phosphorus. ... General Name, symbol, number phosphorus, P, 15 Chemical series nonmetals Group, period, block 15, 3, p Appearance waxy white/ red/ black/ colorless Standard atomic weight 30. ...

Because dieback thrives in moist soil conditions, it can be a severe problem for Banksias that are watered, such as in the cut flower industry and urban gardens.

Uses

A dwarf form of B. media (Southern Plains Banksia), a popular garden plant, cultivated Maranoa Gardens, Victoria

B. baxteri (Birds Nest Banksia), a species used in the cut flower trade, cultivated near Colac, Victoria

Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (576x864, 121 KB) Banksia media, Maranoa gardens - June 2006 photo Cas Liber File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Banksia Maranoa Gardens Category: ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (576x864, 121 KB) Banksia media, Maranoa gardens - June 2006 photo Cas Liber File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Banksia Maranoa Gardens Category: ... Binomial name Banksia media R.Br. ... Maranoa Gardens is located next to Beckett Park in Balwyn, a suburb of Melbourne, Australia. ... Image File history File links Banksia_baxteri_Stahl_email. ... Image File history File links Banksia_baxteri_Stahl_email. ... Binomial name Banksia baxteri R.Br. ... Colac is a town in the western district of Victoria, Australia, situated on the southern shore of Lake Colac. ...

In the garden

Banksias are popular garden plants in Australia because of their large, showy flower heads, and because the large amounts of nectar they produce attracts birds and small mammals. Popular garden species include B. spinulosa, B. ericifolia, B. aemula (Wallum Banksia ), B. serrata (Saw Banksia), Banksia media (Southern Plains Banksia) and the cultivar Banksia 'Giant Candles'. Banksia species are primarily propagated by seed in the home garden as cuttings can be difficult to strike. However commercial nurserymen extensively utilize the latter method (indeed, cultivars by nature must be vegetatively propagated by cuttings or grafting). In Greek mythology, nectar and ambrosia are the food of the gods. ... For other meanings of bird, see bird (disambiguation). ... Subclasses & Infraclasses Subclass †Allotheria* Subclass Prototheria Subclass Theria Infraclass †Trituberculata Infraclass Metatheria Infraclass Eutheria For the folk-rock band see The Mammals. ... Binomial name Banksia aemula R. Br. ... Binomial name Banksia serrata L.f. ... Binomial name Banksia media R.Br. ... This Osteospermum Pink Whirls is a successful cultivar. ... Banksia “Giant Candles” has been said to be a vigorous hybrid to 5m of B. ericifolia and B. spinulosa cunninghamii which originated in a Brisbane garden around 30 years ago. ...

Over time, dwarf cultivars and prostrate species are becoming more popular as urban gardens grow ever smaller. These include miniature forms under 50cm high of B. spinulosa and B. media, as well as prostrate species such as B. petiolaris and B. blechnifolia . Binomial name Banksia petiolaris F.Muell. ... Binomial name Banksia blechnifolia F.Muell. ...

Banksias possibly require more TLC (i.e. maintenance) than other Australian natives, though are fairly hardy if the right conditions are provided (sunny aspect and well drained sandy soil). They may need extra water during dry spells until established, which can take up to two years. If fertilised, only slow-release, low-phosphorus fertilizer should be used, as the proteoid roots may be damaged by high nutrient levels in the soil. All respond well to some form of pruning. General Name, symbol, number phosphorus, P, 15 Chemical series nonmetals Group, period, block 15, 3, p Appearance waxy white/ red/ black/ colorless Standard atomic weight 30. ... Spreading manure, an organic fertilizer Fertilizers (also spelled fertilisers) are compounds given to plants to promote growth; they are usually applied either through the soil, for uptake by plant roots, or by foliar feeding, for uptake through leaves. ... A nutrient is a substance used in an organisms metabolism which must be taken in from the environment. ...

Within the Australian horticultural community there is an active subculture of Banksia enthusiasts who seek out interesting flower variants, breed and propagate cultivars, exchange materials and undertake research into cultivation problems and challenges. The main forum for exchange of information within this group is ASGAP's Banksia Study Group. The Association of Societies for Growing Australian Plants (ASGAP) is a federation of seven state-based member societies for people interested in Australias native flora. ...

Cut flower industry

With the exception of the nursery industry, Banksia have limited commercial use. Some species, principally B. coccinea (Scarlet Banksia), B. baxteri, B. hookeriana (Hooker's Banksia), B. sceptrum) (Sceptre Banksia), B. speciosa (Showy Banksia) and B. menziesii (Menzies' Banksia) are grown on farms in Western and Southern Australia, as well as Israel and Hawaii, and the flower heads harvested for the cut flower trade. Their nectar is also sought by beekeepers, not for the quality of the honey, which is often poor, but because the trees provide an abundant and reliable source of nectar at times when other sources provide little. A nursery is a place where plants are propagated, usually for sale as a business, though some gardeners and farmers keep private nurseries. ... Binomial name Banksia coccinea R.Br Banksia coccinea, commonly known as the Scarlet Banksia, Waratah Banksia or Albany Banksia, is an erect shrub in the plant genus Banksia. ... Binomial name Banksia baxteri R.Br. ... Binomial name Banksia hookeriana Meisn. ... Binomial name Banksia sceptrum Meisn. ... Binomial name Banksia speciosa R.Br. ... Binomial name Banksia menziesii R.Br. ... Floriculture is a discipline of horticulture concerned with the cultivation of flowering and ornamental plants for gardens and for floristry. ... A commercial beekeeper working in an apiary. ... For other uses, see Honey (disambiguation). ...

Woodworked Banksia grandis cone

Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (411x664, 63 KB) Woodworked Banksia grandis cone Photo Cas Liber File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Banksia ... Image File history File links Download high-resolution version (411x664, 63 KB) Woodworked Banksia grandis cone Photo Cas Liber File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Banksia ... Binomial name Banksia grandis Willd. ...

Woodworking

Banksia wood is a red colour with an attractive grain, but it is rarely used as it warps badly on drying. It is occasionally used for ornamental purposes, such as turnery and cabinet panelling, and has also been used to make keels for small boats. Historically, the wood of certain species such as B. serrata' was used for yokes and boat parts. ^[15] The large "cones" or seed pods of B. grandis are used for woodturning projects. They are also sliced up and sold as drink coasters; these are generally marketed as souvenirs for international tourists. Woodturners throughout the world value Banksia pods for making ornamental objects.[1][2][3] For other uses, see Wood (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Keel (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Boat (disambiguation). ... This article or section is not written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article. ... For other uses, see Souvenir (disambiguation). ... Tourist redirects here. ...

Indigenous uses

The Indigenous people of south-western Australia would suck on the flower spikes to obtain the nectar, they also soaked the flower spikes in water to make a sweet drink^[16]. Banksia trees are a reliable source of grubs which are extracted as food. Language(s) Several hundred Indigenous Australian languages (many extinct or nearly so), Australian English, Australian Aboriginal English, Torres Strait Creole, Kriol Religion(s) Primarily Christian, with minorities of other religions including various forms of Traditional belief systems based around the Dreamtime Related ethnic groups see List of Indigenous Australian group...

Musical Instruments

Banksia is used in musical instrument making, as a top for the acoustic Stompbox and guitar inlays by Western Australian luthier Ellis Guitars. The TS9 Tubescreamer from Ibanez, a popular stomp box adding vacuum tube-like distortion to the output signal from electric instruments. ... Ellis Guitars is a company based in Perth, Western Australia producing handmade acoustic guitars and acoustic stompboxes . ...

Cultural references

Field guides and other technical resources

A number of field guides and other semi-technical books on the genus have been published. These include:

Field Guide to Banksias

Written by Ivan Holliday and Geoffrey Watton and first published in 1975, this book contained descriptions and colour photographs of species known at the time. It was largely outdated by the publication of Alex George's classic 1981 monograph, but a revised and updated second edition was released in 1990.

The Banksias

This three volume monograph contains watercolour paintings of every Banksia species by renowned botanical illustrator Celia Rosser, with accompanying text by Alex George. Its publication represents the first time that such a large genus has been entirely painted. Published by Academic Press in association with Monash University, the three volumes were published in 1981, 1988 and 2000 respectively.

The Banksia Book

Begun by Fred Humphries and Charles Gardner, both of whom passed away before its completion, The Banksia Book was eventually completed by Alex George and first published in 1984. A comprehensive volume containing colour illustrations of every species, it is now in its third edition, published in 1996. This book is sought after by many and becoming hard to find.

The Banksia Atlas

In 1983 the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS) decided to pilot an Australia-wide distribution study of a significant plant genus. Banksia was chosen because it was a high-profile, widely distributed genus that was easily identified, but for which distribution and habitat was poorly known. The study mobilised over 400 volunteers, collecting over 25,000 field observations over a two year period. Outcomes included the discovery of two new species, as well as new varieties and some rare colour variants, and discoveries of previously unknown populations of rare and threatened species. The collated data was used to create The Banksia Atlas, which was first published in 1988.^[17].

Banksias, Waratahs and Grevilleas and all other plants in the Australian Proteaceae family

Written by J. W. Wrigley and M. Fagg, this was published by Collins Publishers in 1989. A comprehensive text on all the Proteaceae genera with good historical notes and an overview of the 1975 Johnson & Briggs classification. It is out of print and hard to find.

Watercolor is a painting technique making use of water-soluble pigments that are either transparent or opaque and are formulated with gum to bond the pigment to the paper. ... Banksia coccinea from Ferdinand Bauers 1813 flora Illustrationes Florae Novae Hollandiae A botanical illustrator is a person who paints, sketches or otherwise illustrates botanical subjects such as trees and flowers. ... Celia Elizabeth Rosser (born 1930) is a renowned Australian botanical illustrator, best known for having published a monograph containing watercolour paintings of every Banksia species. ... Robert Menzies Building at the Clayton Campus Monash University is a public university with campuses located in Australia, Malaysia and South Africa. ... The first edition of The Banksia Atlas The second edition of The Banksia Atlas The Banksia Atlas is an atlas that documents the ranges, habitats and growth forms of various species and other subgeneric taxa of Banksia, an iconic Australian wildflower genus. ... Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS) is a project undertaken by Parks Australia Division of Australias Department of the Environment and Heritage. ... The first edition of The Banksia Atlas The second edition of The Banksia Atlas The Banksia Atlas is an atlas that documents the ranges, habitats and growth forms of various species and other subgeneric taxa of Banksia, an iconic Australian wildflower genus. ...

May Gibb's "Banksia men"

B. aemula seed pod, ANBG,
Canberra, a possible inspiration
for Gibbs

 

A Banksia man, from May Gibbs'
Snugglepot and Cuddlepie

Perhaps the best known cultural reference to Banksia is the "big bad Banksia men" of May Gibbs' children's book Snugglepot and Cuddlepie. Gibb's "Banksia men" are modelled on the appearance of aged Banksia "cones", with follicles for eyes and other facial features. There is some contention over which species actually provided the inspiration for the "Banksia men": the drawings most resemble the old cones of B. aemula, but B. attenuata (Slender Banksia) has also been cited, as this was the species that Gibbs saw as a child in Western Australia. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1600x1067, 290 KB) Banksia seed pod - National Botanical Gardens File links The following pages link to this file: Banksia ... The Australian National Botanic Gardens (ANBG) are located in Canberra and are administered by the Australian Governments Department of the Environment and Heritage. ... For other uses, see Canberra (disambiguation). ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (3201x3701, 244 KB) This image is an illustration of a Banksia man from May Gibbs childrens novel Snugglepot and Cuddlepie. ... Cecilia May Gibbs MBE (17 January 1877–27 November 1969) was an Australian childrens author, illustrator, and cartoonist. ... Snugglepot and Cuddlepie is a childrens book by Australian author May Gibbs. ... Cecilia May Gibbs MBE (17 January 1877–27 November 1969) was an Australian childrens author, illustrator, and cartoonist. ... Snugglepot and Cuddlepie is a childrens book by Australian author May Gibbs. ... Binomial name Banksia attenuata R. Brown The Candlestick Banksia (Banksia attenuata) is a species of shrub in the plant genus Banksia. ...

Other cultural references

In 1989, the Banksia Environmental Foundation was created to support and recognise people and organizations that make a positive contribution to the environment. The Foundation launched the annual Banksia Environmental Awards in the same year.^[18] The Banksia Environmental Foundation is an Australian organization created in 1989 to support and confer recognition on individuals and organizations that make a positive contribution to the environment. ... The Banksia Environmental Foundation is an Australian organization created in 1989 to support and confer recognition on individuals and organizations that make a positive contribution to the environment. ...

Notes

Also see: 2002 (number). ... This article is about the year. ... This article is about the year. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... Binomial name Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands Phytophthora cinnamomi is a soil-borne water mould that produces an infection which causes a condition in plants called root rot or dieback. infects the roots by zoospores entering the root behind the root tip. ... The Department of Environment and Conservation is a department of the Government of Western Australia that is responsible for implementing the states conservation and environment policies. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ... is the 52nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Murdoch University is a university with its main campus at Murdoch, 14 kilometres (9 mi) south of Perth, Western Australia, along South Street near the Kwinana Freeway ( ). It commenced operations as the states second university in 1973, and accepted its first students in 1975. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 177th day of the year (178th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Stephen Donald Hopper (born 1951) is a Western Australian botanist, specialising in conservation biology and vascular plants. ... The first edition of The Banksia Atlas The second edition of The Banksia Atlas The Banksia Atlas is an atlas that documents the ranges, habitats and growth forms of various species and other subgeneric taxa of Banksia, an iconic Australian wildflower genus. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 192nd day of the year (193rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

References

• Boland, D. J. et al. (1984). Forest Trees of Australia (Fourth edition revised and enlarged). CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Victoria, Australia. ISBN 0-643-05423-5. .
• George, A. S. (1981). "The Genus Banksia". Nuytsia 3 (3): 239–473. 
• George, A. S. (1999). "Banksia", in Wilson, Annette (ed.): Flora of Australia: Volume 17B: Proteaceae 3: Hakea to Dryandra. CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study, 175–251. ISBN 0-643-06454-0. 
• Harden, Gwen (2002). "Banksia", in Harden, Gwen (ed): Flora of New South Wales: Volume 2 (Revised Edition). New South Wales University Press, Kensington, 82–86. ISBN 0-86840-156-0. 
• Taylor, Anne and Stephen Hopper (1988). The Banksia Atlas (Australian Flora and Fauna Series Number 8). Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. ISBN 0-644-07124-9. 
• Thiele, Kevin and Ladiges, Pauline Y. (1996). "A Cladistic Analysis of Banksia (Proteaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany 9: 661–733. 

The Banksia Book, Alex George, Kangaroo Press Alex George Alexander Segger George (born 4 April 1939) is a Western Australian botanist. ... AUGUST 25 1981 US Marine Sean Vance is Born on the 25th of August {ear nav|1981}} Year 1981 (MCMLXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Gregorian calendar). ... Alex George Alexander Segger George (born 4 April 1939) is a Western Australian botanist. ... Stephen Donald Hopper (born 1951) is a Western Australian botanist, specialising in conservation biology and vascular plants. ... The first edition of The Banksia Atlas The second edition of The Banksia Atlas The Banksia Atlas is an atlas that documents the ranges, habitats and growth forms of various species and other subgeneric taxa of Banksia, an iconic Australian wildflower genus. ... Year 1996 (MCMXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar). ...

See also

• Banksia Environmental Foundation

The Banksia Environmental Foundation is an Australian organization created in 1989 to support and confer recognition on individuals and organizations that make a positive contribution to the environment. ...

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Banksia

Wikisource has several original texts related to:

Banksia

Wikispecies has information related to:

Banksia

• Banksia. Flora of Australia Online. Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australian Government.
• Banksia L.f.. FloraBase. Department of Environment and Conservation, Government of Western Australia.
• The Banksia Page of ASGAP
• Banksia Study Group of ASGAP
• Banksia Farm, Private collection of all Banksia Species, Mt. Barker, Western Australia