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Banu Nadir (Arabic: بنو النضير) were one of the three main Jewish tribes living in the 7th century of Medina, now in Saudi Arabia. Image File history File links Emblem-important. ... Muhammad, viewed by Muslims as the last prophet of Islam, was, amongst other things, a military leader during the last ten years of his life. ... Combatants Muslims of Medina Quraish of Mecca Commanders Muhammad, Hamza, Ali Amr ibn Hishām Strength 300-350 <900-1000 Casualties 14 killed 50-70 killed 43-70 captured The Battle of Badr (Arabic: ), fought March 17, 624 CE (17 Ramadan 2 AH in the Islamic calendar) in the Hejaz... The Banu Qaynuqa (also spelled Banu Kainuka, Banu Kaynuka, Banu Qainuqa, Arabic: ) were one of the three main Jewish tribes living in the 7th century of Medina, now in Saudi Arabia. ... Combatants Muslims Quraysh-led Coalition Commanders Muhammad Abu Sufyan Strength 700 3,000 Casualties 70 dead 22 The Battle of Uhud was fought on 23 March, 625, between a force from the small Muslim community of Medina, in what is now north-western Arabia, and a force from Mecca, the... Combatants Muslims Quraysh-led Coalition Commanders Muhammad Abu Sufyan ibn Harb Strength 3,000 10,000 Casualties only few few hundreds or more The Battle of the Trench or Battle of the Ditch (Arabic غزوة الخندق), also known as or Battle of Confederates (Arabic غزوة الاحزاب) was an attack by the non-Muslim Ahzab... The massacre of the Banu Qurayza. ... This article or section needs a complete rewrite for the reasons listed on the talk page. ... Combatants Muslim army Jews of Khaybar oasis Commanders Muhammad  ? Strength 1,600  ? Casualties 16  ? The Battle of Khaybar was fought in the year 629 between Muhammad and his followers against the Jews living in the oasis of Khaybar, located 150 kilometers (95 miles) from Medina in the north-western part... Combatants Muslim Arabs Eastern Roman Empire Christian Arabs Commanders Zayd ibn Harithah † Jafar ibn Abu Talib † Abdullah ibn Rawahah † Khalid ibn al-Walid Heraclius Theodorus Shurahbil ibn Amr al-Ghassani Strength 3,000 (Ibn Qayyim)[4][5] 3,000 (Ibn Hajar)[6][5] 100,000 according to Muslim sources... Combatants Muslims Quraish Commanders Muhammad Khalid ibn al-Walid Abu Sufyan ibn Harb Strength 10,000 Unknown Casualties 0 0 Mecca was conquered by the Muslims in January 630 AD (10th day of Ramadan8 AH). ... The Battle of Hunayn is the name of a battle where the prophet Muhammad participiated in the year 630 CE. Categories: Military stubs | Islam-related stubs ... The Battle of Autas or Auras was an early battle involving Muslim forces, fought in the year 630. ... The Siege of Taif took place in 630 CE, as the Muslims besieged the city of Taif after their victory in the Battle of Hunayn. ... The Battle of Tabouk (also called the Battle of Tabuk) is said to have taken place in October AD 630. ... Arabic redirects here. ... For other uses, see Jew (disambiguation). ... There were several Tribes of Arabia during Muhammads era. ... This article is about the city in Saudi Arabia. ...

Early history

In early Medina, in addition to Banu Nadir, there were two other major Jewish tribes: Banu Qurayza and Banu Qaynuqa. They were joined centuries later by two non-Jewish Arab tribes from Yemen, Banu Aus and Banu Khazraj. The massacre of the Banu Qurayza. ... The Banu Qaynuqa (also spelled Banu Kainuka, Banu Kaynuka, Banu Qainuqa, Arabic: ) were one of the three main Jewish tribes living in the 7th century of Medina, now in Saudi Arabia. ... The Banu Aus or Banu Aws (Arabic:?) was one of the tribes of Arabia during Muhammads era. ... The Banu Khazraj (Arabic:?) was one of the tribes of Arabia during Muhammads era. ...

Banu Nadir settled outside the city of Yathrib, now Medina, because of the Roman persecutions of the Jews in Palestine. According to the Muslim historian al-Yaqubi, Banu Nadir were an Arab tribe ethnically, which had converted to Judaism and initially settled on the eponymous Mount Nadir. Some, however, believe them to be an ethnically Jewish tribe connected with the Khaybar Jews. ^{[Please name specific person]} Like other Medinese Jews, Banu Nadir bore Arabic names, but spoke a distinct dialect of Arabic. They earned their living through agriculture, money lending, and trade in weapons and jewels, maintaining commercial relations with Arab merchants of Mecca. Their fortresses were located half a day's march to the south of Medina. ^[1] Banu Nadir were wealthy and were lived in some of the best lands in Medina. ^[2] For other uses, see Roman Empire (disambiguation). ... This article is about the geographical area known as Palestine. ... There is also a collection of Hadith called Sahih Muslim A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم, Persian: Mosalman or Mosalmon Urdu: مسلمان, Turkish: Müslüman, Albanian: Mysliman, Bosnian: Musliman) is an adherent of the religion of Islam. ... Yaqubi (Ahmad Ibn Abu Yaqub Ibn Jafar Ibn Wahb Ibn Wadih Al-yaqubi, 9th century), was an Arab historian and geographer, was a great-grandson of Wadih, the freedman of the caliph Mansur. ... For other uses, see Arab (disambiguation). ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Ruins of a Jewish Fortress at Khaybar Khaybar (خيبر) is the name of an oasis some 95 miles to the north of Medina (ancient Yathrib), Saudi Arabia. ... This article is about the city in Saudi Arabia. ...

Tribal warfare

When the two Arabian tribes of Aws and Khazraj went to war against each other in the Battle of Bu'ath in 617, the three Jewish tribes split on different sides of the war. The Banu Nadir, led by Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf and Huyayy ibn Akhtab^[1], and the Banu Qurayza fought with Banu Aus, while Banu Qaynuqa were allied with Banu Khazraj. The latter were defeated after a long and arduous battle. ^[3] AWS can mean: Abyss Web Server Ada Web Server Advanced Wireless Services Apple Workgroup Server Automatic Warning System for railway use. ... The Banu Khazraj (Arabic:?) was one of the tribes of Arabia during Muhammads era. ... The Battle of Buath was fought in 617 between Banu Aus and Banu Khazraj, the Arab tribes of Medina (then Yathrib), in the south-eastern quarter of the Medinan oasis, belonging to the Jewish tribe of Banu Qurayza. ... Events Sui Gong Di succeeds Sui Yang Di as emperor of China. ... Kab ibn al-Ashraf (Arabic: كعب بن الاشرف)(d. ... Huyayy ibn Akhtab was a chief of the Banu al-Nadir, a Jewish tribe of pre-Islamic Arabia. ... The Banu Khazraj (Arabic:?) was one of the tribes of Arabia during Muhammads era. ...

The Arrival of Muhammad

Muhammad was invited to Medina to broker a peace between the warring tribes, and in September 622, he arrived with a group of his followers, who were given shelter by members of the indigenous community known as the Ansar. Amongst his first actions was the construction of the first Mosque in Medina, as well as obtaining residence with Abu Ayyub al-Ansari.^[4] He then set about the establishment of a pact, known as the Constitution of Medina, between the Muslims, the Ansar, and the various Jewish tribes of Medina ^[5] to regulate the matters of governance of the city, as well as the extent and nature of inter-community relations. Conditions of the pact included boycotting Quraysh, abstinence from "extending any support to them", assistance of one another if attacked by a third party, as well as "defending Medina, in case of a foreign attack".^[6][7][8] Muhammad in a new genre of Islamic calligraphy started in the 17th century by Hafiz Osman. ... Muhajir or Mohajir (Arabic: مهاجر) is an Arabic word meaning refugee or immigrant or emigrant. ... Ansar (Arabic: الأنصار, meaning aiders, or patrons) refer to a class of warriors who are renouned for there arsenal of weapons and the speed and mobility of there arabian horse. ... Abu Ayyub al-Ansari (587 - 668) - born Khalid ibn Zayd ibn Kulayb in Yathrib - hailed from the tribe of Banu Najjar and was a close companion (Arabic: الصحابه, sahaba) of the Prophet Muhammed. ... The Constitution of Medina is the earliest known written constitution. ...

Reaction to the expulsion of the Banu Qaynuqa

When Muhammad expelled the Jewish tribe of the Banu Qaynuqa, the Banu Nadir did not get involved, viewing the conflict as another example of tribal struggle. ^[9] The conflict led to a ruling that such future action by any of the other parties to the Constitution of Medina would constitute a voiding of their benefits under the system, and requiring subsequent punishment. The Banu Qaynuqa (also spelled Banu Kainuka, Banu Kaynuka, Banu Qainuqa, Arabic: ) were one of the three main Jewish tribes living in the 7th century of Medina, now in Saudi Arabia. ... The Constitution of Medina is the earliest known written constitution. ...

Assassination of Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf

After the Battle of Badr, one of the Banu Nadir's chiefs Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf, who was also a gifted poet, wrote a poetic eulogy commemorating the slain Quraish notables; later, he also wrote erotic poetry about Muslim women, which the Muslims found offensive.^[10] This poetry influenced so many ^[11] that his actions were considered directly against the Constitution of Medina which states, loyalty gives protection against treachery and this document will not (be employed to) protect one who is unjust or commits a crime. Combatants Muslims of Medina Quraish of Mecca Commanders Muhammad, Hamza, Ali Amr ibn Hishām Strength 300-350 <900-1000 Casualties 14 killed 50-70 killed 43-70 captured The Battle of Badr (Arabic: ), fought March 17, 624 CE (17 Ramadan 2 AH in the Islamic calendar) in the Hejaz... Kab ibn al-Ashraf (Arabic: كعب بن الاشرف)(d. ... The Constitution of Medina is the earliest known written constitution. ...

Other historians cite that Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf went to Quraish in order to lament the loss at Badr and to incite them to take up arms to regain lost honor, noting the statement of Muhammad: "He (Ka'b) has openly assumed enmity to us and speaks evil of us and he has gone over to the polytheists (who were at war with Muslims) and has made them gather against us for fighting".^[12] This too was thought to be in contravention of the Constitution of Medina, of which the tribe led by Ka'b ibn al-Asharf was a signatory, which prohibited them from "extending any support" to the tribes of Mecca, namely Banu Quraish. The Constitution of Medina is the earliest known written constitution. ...

Muhammad called upon his followers to kill Ka'b. Muhammad ibn Maslama offered his services, collecting four others. By pretending to have turned against Muhammad, Muhammad ibn Maslama and the others enticed Ka'b out of his fortress on a moonlit night,^[10] and killed him in spite of his vigorous resistance.^[13] Some attribute this action to norms of the Arab society of that period that demanded retaliation for a slight to a group's honor.^[14] The Jews were terrified at his assassination, and as a Muslim biographer of Muhammad put it "...there was not a Jew who did not fear for his life".^[15] Muhammad in a new genre of Islamic calligraphy started in the 17th century by Hafiz Osman. ...

Expulsion from Medina

Submission of Banu Nadir to the Muslim troops (14-century painting)

After defeat by the Quraish at the Mount Uhud in March, 625, Banu Nadir challenged Muhammad as the leader of Medina. ^[16] Image File history File links Banul_nadir. ... Image File history File links Banul_nadir. ... Combatants Muslims Quraysh-led Coalition Commanders Muhammad Abu Sufyan Strength 700 3,000 Casualties 70 dead 22 The Battle of Uhud was fought on 23 March, 625, between a force from the small Muslim community of Medina, in what is now north-western Arabia, and a force from Mecca, the...

In July of the same year, two men were killed during skirmish in which the Muslims were involved. As a result Muhammad went to the Nadir, asking them to make a contribution towards the blood money of two men killed. Initially most of the Nadir, except Huyayy ibn Akhtab, were inclined to accept Muhammad's request. However, Ibn Ubayy communicated to ibn Akhtab of his intent, along with allied nomads, to attack Muhammad. The Nadir, then postponed the contribution until later that day. ^[17] Huyayy ibn Akhtab was a chief of the Banu al-Nadir, a Jewish tribe of pre-Islamic Arabia. ...

Muhammad left the locality immediately accusing the Banu Nadir of plotting to assassinate him, saying to have learned this either through revelation^[16] or Muhammad ibn Maslama.^[18] Montgomery Watt suggests that, in accordance with 7th century Arabian ideals, Muhammad knew the Banu Nadir sought an opportunity to kill him, in order to avenge the death of Ka'b bin Ashraf. Watt deduces that Banu Nadir's postponement of the contribution gave them such an opportunity. Muhammad ibn Maslamah or Muhammad bin Maslama Ansari (589 - 666) was a Companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. ...

According to other sources, the Banu Nadir invited Muhammad to their habitations for a religious debate, to which Muhammad accepted. Muhammad also accepted the condition that he bring no more than three men with him. On his way he was notified by a Banu Nadir convert to Islam of an assassination attempt at the debate.^[18] However, this allegation contradicts the story on the requested contribution that has wide acceptance rather than the unfounded Jewish invitation to discuss religion.

Muhammad besieged Banu Nadir. He ordered them to surrender their property and leave Medina within ten days. The tribe at first decided to comply, but "certain persons of Medina who were not Believers sent a message to the Banu al-Nadir, saying, 'Hold out, and defend yourselves; we shall not surrender you to Muhammad. If you are attacked we shall fight with you and if you are sent away we shall go with you.'" ^[19] Huyayy ibn Akhtab decided to put up resistance, hoping also for help from Banu Qurayza, despite opposition within the tribe.^[1] Banu Nadir were forced to surrender after the siege had lasted for 14 days, when the promised help failed to materialize and when Muhammad ordered the burning and felling of their palm-trees. Under the conditions of surrender, Banu Nadir could only take with them what they could carry on camels with the exception of weapons. ^[1] Huyayy ibn Akhtab was a chief of the Banu al-Nadir, a Jewish tribe of pre-Islamic Arabia. ... The massacre of the Banu Qurayza. ...

The Banu Nadir left on 600 camels, parading through Medina to the music of pipes and tambourines.^[16] Al-Waqidi described their impressive farewell: "Their women were decked out in litters wearing silk, brocade, velvet, and fine red and green silk. People lined up to gape at them."^[20] Most of Banu Nadir found refuge among the Jews of Khaybar, while others emigrated to Syria.^[1]

Muhammad divided their land between his companions who had emigrated with him from Mecca. Until then, the emigrants had to rely upon the Medinese sympathizers for financial assistance. Muhammad reserved a share of the seized land for himself, which also made him financially independent.^[16]

Upon expulsion of Banu Nadir, Muhammad is said to have received a revelation of Sura 59 of the Qur'an.^[1] Surat Al-Hashr (Arabic: سورة الحشر ) (Exile, Banishment) is the 59th sura of the Quran with 24 ayat. ... The Qur’ān [1] (Arabic: , literally the recitation; also sometimes transliterated as Quran, Koran, or Al-Quran) is the central religious text of Islam. ...

Battle of Khaybar: 627-629

Main article: Battle of Khaybar

After their expulsion from Medina, Banu Nadir, along with the other Jews living in Khaybar, understood that Muhammad might attack them again. The Nadir chief Huyayy ibn Akhtab together with his son joined the Meccans and Bedouins besieging Medina during the Battle of the Trench. Huyayy ibn Akhtab unsuccessfully attempted to recruit Banu Qurayza within Medina to join the fight against the Muslims. After the battle, the Muslims besieged the Banu Qurayza until they surrendered, and both Huyayy and his son were killed by order of Muhammad alongside all the men of the Banu Qurayza whose women and children were enslaved.^[21] Combatants Muslim army Jews of Khaybar oasis Commanders Muhammad  ? Strength 1,600  ? Casualties 16  ? The Battle of Khaybar was fought in the year 629 between Muhammad and his followers against the Jews living in the oasis of Khaybar, located 150 kilometers (95 miles) from Medina in the north-western part... Huyayy ibn Akhtab was a chief of the Banu al-Nadir, a Jewish tribe of pre-Islamic Arabia. ... Combatants Muslims Quraysh-led Coalition Commanders Muhammad Abu Sufyan ibn Harb Strength 3,000 10,000 Casualties only few few hundreds or more The Battle of the Trench or Battle of the Ditch (Arabic غزوة الخندق), also known as or Battle of Confederates (Arabic غزوة الاحزاب) was an attack by the non-Muslim Ahzab...

Later, Muhammad sent a delegation under Abdullah bin Rawaha to ask another chief of Banu Nadir, Usayr (Yusayr) ibn Zarim to come to Medina along with other Nadir leaders to discuss the two groups political relations to which they agreed. Six miles out of Khaybar however, Usayr had a change of mind and drew a sword against Abdullah which led to a heated scuffle. The thirty Banu Nadir leaders were killed and only one escaped. ^[22] Usayr had actually no sword. The result of the "heated scuffle" would undoubtedly be quite different if the Jewish delegation was armed. ^[23] Usayr ibn Zarim was the war chief of the Banu Nadir, who succeeded Abu al-Rafi ibn Abu al-Huqayq who was assassinated. ...

Muhammad and his followers attacked Khaybar in May 629 after the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah. Although the Jews put up fierce resistance, the lack of central command and their unpreparedness for an extended siege sealed the outcome of the battle in favor of the Muslims. When all but two fortresses were captured, the Jews managed to negotiate their surrender. The terms required them to hand over one-half of the annual produce to the Muslims, while the land itself became the collective property of the Muslim state.^[24] This article or section needs a complete rewrite for the reasons listed on the talk page. ...

The agreement, however, did not cover the Banu Nadir tribe, who were not given any quarter. Muslims killed all the men of Banu Nadir and divided the women among themselves.^[24] According to Ibn Ishaq, when the Banu Nadir's treasurer Kinana ibn al-Rabi was discovered hiding some of the tribe's wealth, he was tortured by Muhammad's order to compel him to reveal the location of the rest, then beheaded. Muhammad took al-Rabi's widow Safiyya bint Huyayy, who was also the daughter of the killed Banu Nadir chief Huyayy ibn Akhtab, as his wife.^[25] Muhammad ibn Ishaq ibn Yasar, or simply Ibn Ishaq (Arabic: , meaning the son of Isaac) (died 767, or 761 (Robinson 2003, p. ... Kinana ibn al-Rabi was a Jewish leader of seventh-century Arabia and an opponent of Muhammad; son of the poet al-Rabi ibn Abu al-Huqayq, who flourished at Medina in the seventh century, prior to the appearance of Mohammed at that town. ... Safiyya bint Huyayy (Arabic: صفية بنت حيي, c. ... Huyayy ibn Akhtab was a chief of the Banu al-Nadir, a Jewish tribe of pre-Islamic Arabia. ...

Muslim biographers of Muhammad tell a story that a Jewish woman of Banu Nadir attempted to poison Muhammad to avenge her slain relatives. She poisoned a piece of lamb that she cooked for Muhammad and his companion, putting a particularly high amount into the shoulder — Muhammad's favorite part. The attempt on Muhammad's life failed because he reportedly spit out the meat, feeling that it was poisoned, while one of his companions ate the meat and died. Muhammad's companions then reported that on his deathbed Muhammad said that his illness was the result of that poison.^{[26][dubious – discuss]}

See also

• Banu Qurayza
• Banu Qaynuqa
• Safiyya bint Huyayy
• Constitution of Medina
• Jihad
• Itmam al-hujjah

The massacre of the Banu Qurayza. ... The Banu Qaynuqa (also spelled Banu Kainuka, Banu Kaynuka, Banu Qainuqa, Arabic: ) were one of the three main Jewish tribes living in the 7th century of Medina, now in Saudi Arabia. ... Safiyya bint Huyayy (Arabic: صفية بنت حيي, c. ... The Constitution of Medina is the earliest known written constitution. ... For other uses, see Jihad (disambiguation). ... Itmām al-hujjah (Arabic completion of proof, from completion, realization and pretext, proof) is an Islamic term, which is used when the unveiling of truth by a Messenger of God to his addressees occurs to the extent that the addressees have no excuse but stubbornness and enmity to deny...

References

The Encyclopaedia of Islam (EI) is the standard encyclopaedia of the academic discipline of Islamic studies. ... Clifford Edmund Bosworth (born December 29, 1928, Sheffield, United Kingdom) is a British historian and orientalist, specializing in Arabic studies. ... N. Stillman Norman Arthur Stillman is the Schusterman-Josey Professor and Chair of Judaic History at the University of Oklahoma. ... The Jewish Encyclopedia was an encyclopedia originally published between 1901 and 1906 by Funk and Wagnalls. ... N. Stillman Norman Arthur Stillman is the Schusterman-Josey Professor and Chair of Judaic History at the University of Oklahoma. ... William Montgomery Watt is a English Islamic scholar. ... The Encyclopaedia of Islam (EI) is the standard encyclopaedia of the academic discipline of Islamic studies. ... Clifford Edmund Bosworth (born December 29, 1928, Sheffield, United Kingdom) is a British historian and orientalist, specializing in Arabic studies. ... Ibn Hisham, Abu Muhammad Abd al-Malik (d. ... Abd-Allah ibn Ubayy was a chief of some groups part of the Arab tribe Banu al-Khazraj at Medina (then known as Jathrib) and an opponent of Muhammad, who had undermined Abd-Allahs influence in that city. ... Abu `Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Omar Ibn Waqid al-Aslami (Arabic ) (c. ... The Encyclopaedia of Islam (EI) is the standard encyclopaedia of the academic discipline of Islamic studies. ... Clifford Edmund Bosworth (born December 29, 1928, Sheffield, United Kingdom) is a British historian and orientalist, specializing in Arabic studies. ...

External links

• Muhammad and the Jews of Medina