Barbara Ward

Barbara Mary Ward (1914 - 1981) was a British economist and writer interested in the problems of developing countries. She urged Western governments to share their prosperity with the rest of the world and in the 1960s turned her attention to environmental questions as well. She was an early advocate of sustainable development before this term became familiar and was well-known as a journalist, lecturer and broadcaster. Ward was adviser to policy-makers in the UK, US and elsewhere. In the last few years of her life she had the title Baroness Jackson of Lodsworth. Sustainable development is a process of developing (land, cities, business, communities, etc) that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs according to the Brundtland Report, a 1987 report from the United Nations. ... United States may refer to: Places: United States of America SS United States, the fastest ocean liner ever built. ... A title is a prefix or suffix added to a persons name to signify either veneration, an official position or a professional or academic qualification. ...

Education and early career

Barbara Ward was born in Heworth, Yorkshire on 23 May 1914, but her family soon moved to Felixstowe. Her father was a solicitor with Quaker tendencies, while her mother was a devout Catholic. Their daughter went to a convent school before studying in Paris: first at a lycée, then for some months at the Sorbonne before going on to Germany. Though she had once planned to study modern languages, her interest in public affairs led to a degree course in politics, philosophy, and economics at Somerville College, Oxford University, from which she graduated in 1935. Heworth is a village in the unitary authority of City of York in the north of England, approximately 1 mile to the East of the centre of York, Yorkshire and North West of Osbaldwick. ... The White Yorkshire rose. ... Map sources for Felixstowe at grid reference TM3034 Felixstowe is a North Sea seaport in Suffolk, England, with a population of 2,705,200,000 (2001 census). ... The Religious Society of Friends, commonly known as Quakers, or Friends, is a religious community founded in England in the 17th century. ... This article is about an abbey as a religious building. ... The Eiffel Tower, the international symbol of the city For other uses, see Paris (disambiguation). ... In France, secondary education is divided into two schools: the collège (IPA: ) (somewhat comparable to U.S. junior high school) for the first four years directly following primary school; the lycée (IPA: ) (comparable to a U.S. high school) for the next three years. ... The Sorbonne, Paris, in a 17th century engraving The Sorbonne today, from the same point of view The Sorbonne is frequently used in ordinary parlance as synonymous with the faculty of theology of Paris or the University of Paris in its entirety. ... Somerville College, part of the University of Oxford, was one of the first womens colleges to be founded there. ... The University of Oxford, located in the city of Oxford in England, is the oldest university in the English-speaking world. ...

She did post-graduate work on Austrian politics and economics. After witnessing antisemitism there and in Nazi Germany she began to help Jewish refugees, and mobilise Catholic support for any forthcoming UK war effort, although she had initially been "sympathetic to Hitler".^[1] With Christopher Dawson, the historian, as leader and Ward as secretary, the Sword of the Spirit organisation was established to bring together Catholics and Anglicans opposing Nazism. It became a Roman Catholic group whose policies were promoted by the Dublin Review which Dawson edited, and for which Ward wrote regularly. The Eternal Jew: 1937 German poster. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Nazism. ... Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler (April 20, 1889 – April 30, 1945, standard German pronunciation in the IPA) was the Führer (leader) of the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi Party) and of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. ... Christopher Henry Dawson (1889 – 1970) was an English independent scholar, who wrote many books on cultural history and Christendom. ... The term Anglican describes those people and churches following the religious traditions of the Church of England, especially following the Reformation. ...

During the war she worked for the Ministry of Information and travelled in Europe and the US. Partly on the strength of her 1938 book, The International Share-out, Geoffrey Crowther, editor of The Economist, offered her a job. She left the magazine in 1950 having risen to foreign editor, but continued to contribute articles throughout her life. As well as writings on economic and foreign policy, her broadcasts on Christian values in wartime were published as The Defence of the West by Sword of the Spirit. During this time she was also president of the Catholic Women's League and a popular panel member of the BBC programme The Brains Trust which answered listeners' questions. She became a BBC governor in 1946. Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 18 km into the air. ... The Minister of Information is a British government position that was created briefly during the First World War and again during the Second World War. ... United States may refer to: Places: United States of America SS United States, the fastest ocean liner ever built. ... The Economist is a weekly news and international affairs publication of The Economist Newspaper Ltd edited in London, UK. It has been in continuous publication since September 1843. ... The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC, sometimes also known as the Beeb or Auntie) is the largest broadcasting corporation in the world, founded in 1922. ...

After the war Ward was a supporter of the Marshall Plan, of a strong Europe, and of a European free trade area. Map of Cold-War era Europe showing countries that received Marshall Plan aid. ... This is the history of the European Union. ...

International influence, and marriage

In 1950 Barbara Ward married Australian Commander Robert Jackson, an administrator for the UN. Their son Robert was born in 1956, the same year that his father was knighted. Ward continued to use her own name professionally and was not widely known as Lady Jackson. Over the next few years they lived in West Africa and made various visits to India, and these experiences helped form Ward's views on the need for Western nations to contribute to the economic development of poorer countries. For the next two decades both husband and wife travelled a great deal, and eventually their marriage suffered from this.^[2] A legal separation was arranged in the early 1970s though Ward, as a Catholic, did not want divorce. In 1976 when she was given a life peerage she used her husband's surname in the title Baroness Jackson of Lodsworth. Insignia of a United States Navy Commander Commander is a military rank used in many navies but not generally in armies or air forces. ... This article is about the United Nations, for other uses of UN see UN (disambiguation) Official languages English, French, Spanish, Russian, Chinese, Arabic Secretary-General Kofi Annan (since 1997) Established October 24, 1945 Member states 191 Headquarters New York City, NY, USA Official site http://www. ... In the United Kingdom, Life Peers are appointed members of the Peerage whose titles may not be inherited (those whose titles are inheritable are known as hereditary peers). ...

Ward had been a frequent public speaker since leaving university, and by the 1960s her lectures attracted international respect; several lecture series, including some presented in Canada, Ghana and India, were published in book form. Ward spent increasing amounts of time in the US, much of her work there funded by the Carnegie Foundation. In 1957 Harvard gave her an honorary LittD and until 1968 she was a Carnegie fellow there, living for part of each year in Cambridge, Massachusetts. She got to know Adlai Stevenson and John F Kennedy and acted as adviser to various influential policy makers, including Robert McNamara at the World Bank and Lyndon B Johnson, who welcomed her thoughts on his Great Society projects despite her opposition to the Vietnam war. She also influenced James Wolfensohn's thinking on development questions. She had influence in the Vatican, helped set up a pontifical commission for justice and peace, and in 1971 was the first woman ever to address a synod of Roman Catholic bishops. The Carnegie Foundation is named after Andrew Carnegie, the Scottish-American idealist and industrial magnate, whose generous gift made it possible to carry out plans for the construction of the Peace Palace in 1903, the year in which it was founded. ... Harvard University is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, and a member of the Ivy League. ... A Doctor of Letters is a university academic degree. ... Map of the Cambridgeshire area (1904) The city of Cambridge is an old English university town and the administrative centre of the county of Cambridgeshire. ... Adlai Ewing Stevenson II (February 5, 1900 – July 14, 1965) was an American politician and statesman, noted for his skill in debate and oratory. ... JFK redirects here. ... Robert McNamara in 1964 Robert Strange McNamara (born June 9, 1916) is an American business executive and a former United States Secretary of Defense. ... Logo of the World Bank The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD, in Romance languages: BIRD), better known as the World Bank, is an international organization whose original mission was to finance the reconstruction of nations devastated by WWII. Now, its mission has expanded to fight poverty by means... Lyndon Baines Johnson (August 27, 1908–January 22, 1973), often referred to as LBJ, was an American politician. ... The Great Society was a set of domestic programs proposed or enacted in the United States on the initiative of President Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969). ... Combatants Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) United States of America South Korea Thailand Australia New Zealand the Philippines Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) National Liberation Front (Viet Cong) Strength ~1,200,000 (1968) ~420,000 (1968) Casualties South Vietnamese dead: 230,000 South Vietnamese wounded: 300,000 US dead... James D. Wolfensohn (2003) James Wolfensohn (b. ... Pope John Paul II has reigned since 22 Oct 1978. ... A synod (also known as a council) is a council of a church, usually a Christian church, convened to decide an issue of doctrine, administration or application. ...

One of her proposals was that richer countries should commit a certain proportion of their GNP in aid to the developing world, and she also spoke of the need for institutions to enable and manage both 'aid and trade'. This was a practical as well as an ethical concern: Ward believed such policies would encourage stability and peace. She is sometimes called a distributist. ^[3] Measures of national income and output are used in economics to estimate the value of goods and services produced in an economy. ... Distributism, also known as distributionism and distributivism, is an economic philosophy held by such Catholic thinkers as G. K. Chesterton and Hilaire Belloc. ...

Environmental concerns

Only One Earth written with Dubos for the 1972 UN Conference on the Human Environment

Ward started to see a close connection between wealth distribution and conservation of planetary resources. "... the careful husbandry of the Earth is sine qua non for the survival of the human species, and for the creation of decent ways of life for all the people of the world."^[4] She used the phrases "inner limits and "outer limits" to refer to the inner limits of the human right to an adequate standard of living and the outer limits of what the Earth can sustain. ^[5] Sine qua non or conditio sine qua non was originally a Latin legal term for without which it could not be (but for). It refers to an indispensable and essential action, condition, or ingredient. ...

In 1966 she published Spaceship Earth and is sometimes said to have coined the phrase, though it had in fact been used before. Not only had her friend Adlai Stevenson made a speech to the UN in 1965 in which he said We travel together, passengers on a little space ship, dependent on its vulnerable reserves of air and soil....^[6] but two years before that Buckminster Fuller had published his Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth. Spaceship Earth is a world view term usually expressing concern over the use of limited resources available on Earth. ... In the U.S. postage stamp commemorating Buckminster Fuller and his contributions to architecture and science, some of his inventions are visible. ... Operating Manual For Spaceship Earth ( ISBN 0525474331 ) is a short book by R. Buckminster Fuller, first published in 1963. ...

With hindsight, Ward is seen as a pioneeer of sustainable development. She and René Dubos, co-authors of Only One Earth, have been described as "parents" of a concept which "did not know its own name at first".^[7] Only One Earth: The Care and Maintenance of a Small Planet was written for the 1972 UN Stockholm conference on the Human Environment. Sustainable development is a process of developing (land, cities, business, communities, etc) that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs according to the Brundtland Report, a 1987 report from the United Nations. ... René Jules Dubos (1901-1982), was a French-born American microbiologist, experimental pathologist, environmentalist, humanist, and Pulitzer Prize-winning author who exemplified qualities of the modern Renaissance person. ... This article is about the United Nations, for other uses of UN see UN (disambiguation) Official languages English, French, Spanish, Russian, Chinese, Arabic Secretary-General Kofi Annan (since 1997) Established October 24, 1945 Member states 191 Headquarters New York City, NY, USA Official site http://www. ... Stockholm panorama from the City Hall is the capital of Sweden, located on the south east coast of Sweden. ...

Ward's work was rooted in her sense of morality and Christian values. She saw care of the environment and concern for the well-being of all humankind as a "dual responsibility", especially for anyone sharing her religious outlook. ^[8] At the same time, she believed wealth distribution combined with conservation was essentially a rational policy: We are a ship’s company on a small ship. Rational behaviour is the condition of survival. ^[9]

In 1971 she founded the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), acting as president from 1973 and chairman from 1980.

Later life

Ward had recovered from cancer in the late 1940s thanks, she believed, to the spiritual support of Padre Pio. The illness recurred twenty years later but surgery did not cure her. In 1973 she retired from Columbia University where she had been Schweitzer Professor of Economic Development for the previous five years and went to live in Lodsworth, Sussex. The next year she was made a DBE, and in 1976 a life peer, Baroness Jackson of Lodsworth. She wrote her last book, Progress for a Small Planet, despite her deteriorating health, discussing the "planetary community", dwindling resources used up too fast by wealthy countries, and the needs of poorer parts of the world. It was published in 1979, two years before her death on 31 May 1981. Pope John Paul II sent a Cardinal to represent him at Ward's requiem service. At her own request, she was buried in the graveyard of the local Anglican parish church. Pater Pio Saint Pater Pio (or Padre Pio) (May 25, 1887 - September 23, 1968) was an Italian priest who had stigmata for many years. ... Columbia University is a private university in the Morningside Heights neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City and a member of the Ivy League. ... Sussex is a traditional county in South East England corresponding roughly in area to the ancient Kingdom of Sussex. ... Commanders Badge of the Order of the British Empire The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is an order of chivalry established on 4 June 1917 by George V. The Order includes five classes in civil and military divisions, in order of seniority: Knight or Dame Grand Cross... Pope John Paul II (Latin: ), born Karol Józef Wojtyła [1] (May 18, 1920 – April 2, 2005) reigned as Pope of the Roman Catholic Church for almost 27 years, from October 16, 1978 until his death, making his the second-longest pontificate. ... The word cardinal comes from the Latin cardo for hinge and usually refers to things of fundamental importance, as in cardinal rule or cardinal sins. ... The Requiem or Requiem Mass, also known formally (in Latin) as the Missa pro defunctis or Missa defunctorum, is a liturgical service of the Roman Catholic Church and its Eastern Rite. ...

UN conferences

Barbara Ward was involved in:

• 1972 Stockholm Conference on Human Environment (Earth Summit I)
• 1974 Cocoyoc Declaration, UNEP/UNCTAD Symposium on Patterns of Resource Use, Environment and Development strategies
• 1976 Vancouver Habitat Conference on Human Settlements

Stockholm panorama from the City Hall is the capital of Sweden, located on the south east coast of Sweden. ... Klaus Töpfer, UNEP Exec. ... The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) was established in 1964 as a permanent intergovernmental body, UNCTAD is the principal organ of the United Nations General Assembly dealing with trade, investment and development issues. ... Vancouver (pronounced ) is a Canadian city in the province of British Columbia. ...

Selected works

• The International Share-out (1938)
• Turkey (1941)
• Defence of the West (1942)
• The West at Bay (1948)
• Policy for the West (1951)
• Faith and Freedom (1954)
• Britain's interest in Atlantic union (1954)
• Interplay of East and West (1957)
• India and the West (1961)
• The Rich Nations and the Poor Nations (1961)
• The Plan under Pressure (1963)
• Nationalism and Ideology (1966) - lecture series - Carleton University
• Spaceship Earth (1966) - led to documentary film Survival of Spaceship Earth in 1972
• The Lopsided World (1968) - lecture series - Johns Hopkins University
• Only One Earth (1972) - with René Dubos
• A new creation? Reflections on the environmental issue (1973)
• The Home of Man (1976)
• Progress for a Small Planet (1979)

Carleton University is a non-denominational, co-educational, international university in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. ... The Johns Hopkins University, founded in 1876, is a private institution of higher learning located in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. ... René Jules Dubos (1901-1982), was a French-born American microbiologist, experimental pathologist, environmentalist, humanist, and Pulitzer Prize-winning author who exemplified qualities of the modern Renaissance person. ...

References

The Dictionary of National Biography (or DNB) is a standard work of reference on notable figures from British history. ... The Liberales Institut is a swiss classical liberal think tank, founded in Zurich in 1979 and headed by Robert Nef ever since. ...

External links

• The Sword of the Spirit
• The Papers of Barbara Ward
• IIED]