NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Bardolatry

The famous Chandos portrait, the subject of which, although commonly assumed to be William Shakespeare, has never been definitely identified. This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. This applies worldwide. File history Legend: (cur...

William Shakespeare, "the man who of all Modern, and perhaps Ancient Poets, had the largest and most comprehensive soul" (, 1668), "our myriad-minded Shakespeare" (, 1817), "up for grabs" (Terry Hawkes, 1992).

William Shakespeare, "the man who of all Modern, and perhaps Ancient Poets, had the largest and most comprehensive soul" ( John Dryden John Dryden (August 19, 1631 – May 12, 1700) was an influential English poet, literary critic, and playwright. He was born in a village rectory near Oundle in Northamptonshire and educated at Westminster School and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was a professional writer throughout his life. His early... John Dryden, 1668), "our myriad-minded Shakespeare" ( This page is about the nineteenth century English poet. For the twentieth century classical composer, see Samuel Coleridge-Taylor. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, English poet, 1795 Samuel Taylor Coleridge (October 21, 1772-July 25, 1834) was an English poet, critic, and philosopher and, along with his friend William Wordsworth, one of... S. T. Coleridge, 1817), "up for grabs" (Terry Hawkes, 1992).

In his own time, Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. Start the William-Shakespeare article (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William-Shakespeare&action=edit) Search for William-Shakespeare in other articles Look for William-Shakespeare in Wiktionary, our sister dictionary project. Look for William... William Shakespeare ( Years: 1561 1562 1563 - 1564 - 1565 1566 1567 Decades: 1530s 1540s 1550s - 1560s - 1570s 1580s 1590s Centuries: 15th century - 16th century - 17th century Events March 8 - Naples bans kissing in public in the penalty of death June 22 - Fort Caroline, the first French attempt at colonizing the New World September... 1564— Years: 1613 1614 1615 - 1616 - 1617 1618 1619 Decades: 1580s 1590s 1600s - 1610s - 1620s 1630s 1640s Centuries: 16th century - 17th century - 18th century 1616 in literature 1616 in science Events Dirk Hartog lands on an island off the Western Australian coast Pocahontas arrives in England War between Venice and Austria... 1616) was seen as merely one among many talented A playwright is an author of plays for performance in the theater. The earliest playwrights with surviving works are a group of playwrights from Greece during the 5th century BC, notably Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, and Aristophanes. The term dramatist is sometimes synonymous with playwright, but often is not meant to... playwrights and Poets are authors of poems. Poets are often regarded as imaginative thinkers or writers. List of poets Apocalypse poets List of surrealist poets Mystic poets Symbolist Poets War poet List of Contemporary Turkish Poets Georgian poets List of Albanian language poets List of Afrikaans-language poets List of Arabic language... poets, but ever since the late (16th century - 17th century - 18th century - more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 17th century was that century which lasted from 1601-1700. During this period, the power of England and the United Provinces increased; while that of Spain and Portugal declined. Similarly, the power... 17th century he has been considered the supreme playwright, and to a lesser extent poet of the English language. No other dramatist has been performed even remotely as often on the British (and later the world) stage as Shakespeare. The plays have often been drastically adapted in performance; King Lear and the Fool in the Storm by William Dyce (1806-1864) King Lear is generally regarded as one of William Shakespeares greatest tragedies. It is believed to have been written in 1605 and is based on the legend of Llyr, a king of pre-Roman Britain. His... King Lear, for instance, had a happy ending between Years: 1678 1679 1680 - 1681 - 1682 1683 1684 Decades: 1650s 1660s 1670s - 1680s - 1690s 1700s 1710s Centuries: 16th century - 17th century - 18th century 1681 in literature 1681 in science 1681 state leaders Events March 4 - Charles II of England grants a land charter to William Penn for the area that... 1681 and Years: 1835 1836 1837 - 1838 - 1839 1840 1841 Decades: 1800s 1810s 1820s - 1830s - 1840s 1850s 1860s Centuries: 18th century - 19th century - 20th century 1838 in art 1838 in literature 1838 in rail transport 1838 in science 1838 in music 1838 in sports List of state leaders in 1838 List of... 1838. During the 18th and Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. In the sense of the Common Era... 19th centuries, the era of the great acting For alternate meanings see star (disambiguation) Hundreds of stars are visible in this image taken by the Hubble Space Telescope of the Sagittarius Star Cloud in the Milky Way Galaxy. A star (Greek astron) is any massive gaseous celestial body in outer space. Stars appear as shining points in the... stars, to be a star on the British stage became synonymous with being a great Shakespeare actor. The emphasis was then on the Soliloquy is an audible oratory or conversation with oneself. It is a term that is typically applied to theatrical characters engaged in a monologue, but can also be a term that is simply descriptive of any occurrence when one talks with oneself. Soliloquy can take the form of a dramatic... soliloquies as declamatory turns, at the expense of pace and action, and Shakespeare's plays threatened to disappear under music, Theatrical scenery is things that are used as setting for a theatrical production. Scenery may be just about anything, from a single chair to an elaborately re-created street, no matter how large or how small, whether or not the item was custom-made or is, in fact, the real... scenery, thunder, lightning and wave machines.

Editors and A critic (derived from the ancient Greek word krites meaning a judge) is a person who offers a value judgement or an interpretation. The term is used in particular for a professional who regularly judges or interprets performances or other work of other people (such as artists, scientists, musicians or... critics of the plays, disdaining the showiness and A melodrama, in the broadest sense, is a serious drama that can be distinguished from tragedy by the fact that it is open to having a happy ending. In practice, it is a rather pejorative term. In melodrama there is constructed a world of heightened emotion, stock characters and a... melodrama of Shakespearean stage representation, began early to focus on Shakespeare as dramatic poet, to be studied on the printed page rather than in the theatre. The rift between Shakespeare on the stage and Shakespeare on the page was at its widest in the early 19th century, at a time when both the Shakespeares were hitting peaks of fame and popularity: theatrical Shakespeare was successful spectacle and melodrama for the masses, while book or Verse drama is any drama written as verse to be spoken; another possible general terms is poetic drama. For a very long period verse drama was the dominant form of drama in Europe (and was also important in non-European cultures). Greek tragedy and Racines plays are written in... closet drama Shakespeare was being elevated by the reverential commentary of the Romanticism was an artistic and intellectual movement that originated in late 18th century Western Europe. It stressed strong emotion, imagination, freedom within or even from classical notions of form in art, and overturning of previous social conventions, particularly the position of the aristocracy. It followed the Enlightenment period and was... Romantics into unique poetic This article is about people with exceptional mental abilities. For the cartoon, see Genius (cartoon). A genius is a person imbued with distinguished mental prowess. This can manifest either as a foremost intellect, or as an outstanding creative talent. The term also applies to one who is a polymath, or... genius, In numerous religions, including Abrahamic religions, Jah religions, Sikhism, and many forms of Paganism, a prophet is an intermediary with a deity, particularly someone who speaks for the deity or interprets the deitys will or mind. A prophet usually operates through some means of divination, channeling, or extra-sensory... prophet, and A bard is a poet and singer, with the particular meaning differing for various countries and epochs. In Celtic society, a bard (fili) was a professional poet, paid by a monarch to praise the sovereigns activities. If the monarch failed to pay the proper amount, the bard would then... bard. Before the Romantics, Shakespeare was simply the most admired of all dramatic poets, especially for his insight into human nature and his realism, but Romantic critics such as This page is about the nineteenth century English poet. For the twentieth century classical composer, see Samuel Coleridge-Taylor. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, English poet, 1795 Samuel Taylor Coleridge (October 21, 1772-July 25, 1834) was an English poet, critic, and philosopher and, along with his friend William Wordsworth, one of... S. T. Coleridge refactored him into an object of almost religious adoration or "bardolatry" (from bard + idolatry, a word coined by George Bernard Shaw (July 26, 1856–November 2, 1950) was an Irish playwright and winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1925. George Bernard Shaw Contents // 1 Biography 2 Quotes 3 Works 3.1 Dramatic 3.2 Novels & collections of essays 4 External links Biography Born in... George Bernard Shaw) who towered above mere mortal writers, and whose plays were to be worshipped as not "merely great works of art" but as "phenomena of nature, like the sun and the sea, the stars and the flowers" and "with entire submission of our own faculties" ( Thomas de Quincey (August 15, 1785 - December 8, 1859) was an English author and intellectual. Contents // 1 Life and work 2 Influence 3 Online texts 4 Bibliography 5 External links Life and work He was born in Manchester. His father was a successful businessman with an interest in literature; he... Thomas de Quincey, Years: 1820 1821 1822 - 1823 - 1824 1825 1826 Decades: 1790s 1800s 1810s - 1820s - 1830s 1840s 1850s Centuries: 18th century - 19th century - 20th century 1823 in art 1823 in literature 1823 in science 1823 in music 1823 in sports List of state leaders in 1823 List of religious leaders in 1823... 1823). To the later 19th century Shakespeare became in addition an emblem of national pride, the crown jewel of English culture, and a "rallying-sign", as Thomas Carlyle, Scottish essayist and historian. This shows the most familar image of the elderly Carlyle as the bearded sage with a penetrating gaze. See below for an image of the young Carlyle Thomas Carlyle (December 4, 1795 - February 5, 1881) was a Scottish essayist and historian, whose work was... Thomas Carlyle wrote in Years: 1838 1839 1840 - 1841 - 1842 1843 1844 Decades: 1810s 1820s 1830s - 1840s - 1850s 1860s 1870s Centuries: 18th century - 19th century - 20th century 1841 in art 1841 in literature 1841 in science 1841 in music 1841 in sports List of state leaders in 1841 List of religious leaders in 1841... 1841, for the whole British empire.

Beginning around the turn of the 20th century, the historic rift between poet and playwright has begun to heal.

17th century

A Years: 1593 1594 1595 - 1596 - 1597 1598 1599 Decades: 1560s 1570s 1580s - 1590s - 1600s 1610s 1620s Centuries: 15th century - 16th century - 17th century 1596 state leaders Events April 9 - Spanish troops capture Calais July 14 - King Dominicus (Domingos) Corea was behaded by the Portugese in Colombo Ceylon September 17 - The... 1596 sketch of a performance in progress on the platform or apron stage of the typical circular The Elizabethan Era is the period associated with the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1558 - 1603) and is often considered to be a golden age in English history. It was the height of the English Renaissance, and saw the flowering of English literature. It was an age of expansion and... Elizabethan open-roof playhouse Categories: Stub ... The Swan.

It is impossible to calculate Shakespeare's reputation in his own lifetime and shortly after. England scarcely had a modern literature to speak of prior to the Centuries: 15th century - 16th century - 17th century Decades: 1520s 1530s 1540s 1550s 1560s - 1570s - 1580s 1590s 1600s 1610s 1620s Years: 1570 1571 1572 1573 1574 1575 1576 1577 1578 1579 Significant Events and Trends Transition from the Muromachi to the Azuchi-Momoyama period in Japan Categories: 1570s ... 1570s, and detailed Literary criticism is the study, discussion, evaluation, and interpretation of literature. Modern literary criticism is often informed by literary theory, which is the philosophical discussion of its methods and goals. Though the two activities are closely related, literary critics are not always, and have not always been, theorists. Modern literary... critical commentaries on modern authors did not begin to appear until the reign of The name Charles I is used to refer to numerous persons in history: Kings: Charles I of England, Scotland, and Ireland Charles I of France (also known as Charles the Bald) Charles I of Spain (also known as Charles V of the German Empire) Charles I of Romania Charles I... Charles I. The facts about his reputation must be surmised from fragmentary evidence. He was included in some contemporary lists of leading poets, but he seems to have lacked the stature of the aristocratic Philip Sidney Sir Philip Sidney (November 30, 1554 - October 17, 1586) became one of the Elizabethan Ages most prominent figures. Famous in his day in England as a poet, courtier and soldier, he remains known as a writer of sonnets. Born at Penshurst, Kent, he was the eldest son... Philip Sidney, who became a cult figure due to his death in battle at a young age, or of Edmund Spenser Edmund Spenser (c. 1552 - January 13, 1599) was an English poet, and a contemporary of William Shakespeare. The Faerie Queene is his major contribution to English poetry. It is mostly a poem seeking (successfully) the favour of Queen Elizabeth I. The poem is a long allegory of Christian... Edmund Spenser. Shakespeare's poems were reprinted far more frequently than his plays; but Shakespeare's plays were written for performance by his own company, and because no law prevented rival companies from using the plays, Shakespeare's troupe took steps to prevent his plays from being printed. That many of his plays were pirated suggests his popularity in the book market, and the regular Generally, patronage is the act of supporting or favoring some person, group, or institution. A patronage system has different characteristics depending on the area in which it is practiced. Politics Political leaders often have at their disposal a great deal of patronage, in the sense that they take decisions on... patronage of his company by the court, culminating in Years: 1600 1601 1602 - 1603 - 1604 1605 1606 Decades: 1570s 1580s 1590s - 1600s - 1610s 1620s 1630s Centuries: 16th century - 17th century - 18th century 1603 in literature 1603 in science Events March 24 - Elizabeth I of England dies and is succeeded by her cousin King James VI of Scotland, uniting the... 1603 when James VI and I King of England, Scotland and Ireland James VI of Scotland and I of England (Charles James) (19 June 1566–27 March 1625) was a King who ruled over England, Scotland and Ireland, and was the first Sovereign to reign in the three realms simultaneously. He... James I turned it into the "King's Men," suggests his popularity among higher stations of society. Modern plays (as opposed to those in Latin and Greek) were considered ephemeral and even somewhat disreputable entertainments by some contemporaries; the new Entrance to the Library, with the coats-of-arms of several Oxford colleges Oxford University Libraries Service (OULS) comprises over 30 of the University of Oxfords central and faculty libraries: from the world famous Bodleian Library, established 400 years ago, to the modern digital library ventures. Contents // 1 History... Bodleian library explicitly refused to shelve plays. Some of Shakespeare's plays, particularly the history plays, were reprinted frequently in cheap William Shakespeares earliest published plays are referred to as folios or quartos according to the size of the book, folios being large, tall volumes and the quartos smaller and squarer. (See Bookbinding.) The folio format was reserved for expensive, prestigious volumes. During Shakespeares lifetime, stage plays were not... quarto (essentially pamphlet) form; others, including many of his finest, took decades to reach a third edition.

After Benjamin Jonson (June 11, 1572 - August 6, 1637) was an English Renaissance dramatist, poet and actor. He is best known for his plays Volpone and The Alchemist, his garrulous personality, and his tempestuous rivalry with William Shakespeare. Ben Jonson by Abraham Blyenberch, cirka 1617. Contents // 1 Biography 1.1 Early... Ben Jonson pioneered the This article discusses the process of declaring saints. For the canonization of Scripture, see Biblical canon. Canonization is the process used in traditional Christianity of recognizing those persons who have lived exemplary lives suitable of identifying them as Christian Saints. It is currently practiced by the Roman Catholic Church and... canonization of modern plays by printing his own works in William Shakespeares earliest published plays are referred to as folios or quartos according to the size of the book, folios being large, tall volumes and the quartos smaller and squarer. (See Bookbinding.) The folio format was reserved for expensive, prestigious volumes. During Shakespeares lifetime, stage plays were not... folio (the luxury book format) in Years: 1613 1614 1615 - 1616 - 1617 1618 1619 Decades: 1580s 1590s 1600s - 1610s - 1620s 1630s 1640s Centuries: 16th century - 17th century - 18th century 1616 in literature 1616 in science Events Dirk Hartog lands on an island off the Western Australian coast Pocahontas arrives in England War between Venice and Austria... 1616, Shakespeare was the next playwright to be honored by a folio collection, in Years: 1620 1621 1622 - 1623 - 1624 1625 1626 Decades: 1590s 1600s 1610s - 1620s - 1630s 1640s 1650s Centuries: 16th century - 17th century - 18th century 1623 in literature 1623 in science Events August 6 - Pope Urban VIII is elected to the Papacy. Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Osman II... 1623. The fact that that folio went into another edition within nine years indicates that he was held in unusually high regard for a playwright. The dedicatory poems by Ben Jonson and John Milton, English poet John Milton (December 9, 1608—November 8, 1674) was an English poet, most famous for his blank verse epic Paradise Lost. His father, John Milton Sr., was a well-off scrivener, and his grandfather a wealthy landowner in Oxfordshire who, hewing to the old faith... John Milton in the second folio were the first to suggest that Shakespeare was the supreme poet of his age. These expensive reading editions are the first visible sign of a rift between Shakespeare on the stage and Shakespeare for readers, a rift that was to widen over the next two centuries.

During the An interregnum is a period between kings, or between popes of the Roman Catholic Church. In particular: The 1254-1273 period in the Holy Roman Empire between the end of Hohenstaufen rule and the beginning of Habsburg rule. The 1332-1340 period in Denmark when the country was mortgaged to... Interregnum ( Years: 1639 1640 1641 - 1642 - 1643 1644 1645 Decades: 1610s 1620s 1630s - 1640s - 1650s 1660s 1670s Centuries: 16th century - 17th century - 18th century 1642 in literature 1642 in science Events January 4 - Charles I attempts to arrest five leading members of the Long Parliament, but they escape. Beginning of English... 1642— Years: 1657 1658 1659 - 1660 - 1661 1662 1663 Decades: 1630s 1640s 1650s - 1660s - 1670s 1680s 1690s Centuries: 16th century - 17th century - 18th century 1660 in literature 1660 in science Events January 1 - colonel George Monck with his regiment crosses from Scotland to England at the village of Coldstream and begins... 1660), all public stage performances were banned by the The Puritans were members of a group of radical Protestants which developed in England after the Reformation. Contents // 1 Terminology 2 History 3 Beliefs 4 Orthography 5 Further reading Terminology The word Puritan is now applied unevenly to a number of Protestant churches from the late sixteenth century to the... Puritan rulers. When the theatres opened again in 1660 after this uniquely long and sharp break in British theatrical history, two newly licensed London theatre companies, the Duke's and the King's Company, started business with a scramble for performance rights to old plays. Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, and the Beaumont and Fletcher were the English dramatists Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher, who collaborated in their writing during the reign of James I. It is still uncertain how many plays were their joint work. In box office terms, they were very popular, and no effort was made at the time... Beaumont and Fletcher team were among the most valuable properties and remained popular after Restoration playwriting had gained momentum.

Inside the Dorset Gardens playhouse, scenes for Elkanah Settles The Empress of Morocco. The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in the public domain in the United States and in those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years. This...

The The English Restoration or simply Restoration was an episode in the history of Great Britain beginning in 1660 when the monarchy was restored under King Charles II after the English Civil War. Theatres reopened after having been closed during the protectorship of Oliver Cromwell, Puritanism lost its momentum, and the... Restoration playhouses had elaborate scenery. They retained a shortened version of the apron stage for actor/audience contact, although it is not visible in this picture (the artist is standing on it).

In the elaborate The English Restoration or simply Restoration was an episode in the history of Great Britain beginning in 1660 when the monarchy was restored under King Charles II after the English Civil War. Theatres reopened after having been closed during the protectorship of Oliver Cromwell, Puritanism lost its momentum, and the... Restoration London playhouses, designed by Christopher Wren. Sir Christopher Wren (October 20, 1632 _ February 25, 1723) was an English architect of the seventeenth century, famous for his role in the re_building of Londons churches after the Great Fire of London of 1666. Contents // 1 Life and Times 2 Major works attributed to Wren... Christopher Wren, Shakespeare's plays were staged with music, dancing, thunder, lightning, wave machines, and This article is about the explosive device. For the bitmap/vector drawing software, see Macromedia Fireworks Several fireworks bursting Fireworks are classified as low explosive devices and form a distinct variety of pyrotechnics, whose definition also generally includes devices for military and industrial use. Fireworks are primarily for aesthetic and... fireworks. The texts were "reformed" and "improved" for the stage, an undertaking which has seemed shockingly disrespectful to posterity. A notorious example is Nahum Tate (1652 - July 30, 1715) was an Anglo-Irish poet and hymnodist. Born in Dublin, he is remembered chiefly for a number of achievements. Tate wrote the words to a number of hymns, of which the most widely remembered is the Christmas carol As shepherds watched their flocks by... Nahum Tate's happy-ending King Lear and the Fool in the Storm by William Dyce (1806-1864) King Lear is generally regarded as one of William Shakespeares greatest tragedies. It is believed to have been written in 1605 and is based on the legend of Llyr, a king of pre-Roman Britain. His... King Lear ( Years: 1678 1679 1680 - 1681 - 1682 1683 1684 Decades: 1650s 1660s 1670s - 1680s - 1690s 1700s 1710s Centuries: 16th century - 17th century - 18th century 1681 in literature 1681 in science 1681 state leaders Events March 4 - Charles II of England grants a land charter to William Penn for the area that... 1681) (which held the stage until Years: 1835 1836 1837 - 1838 - 1839 1840 1841 Decades: 1800s 1810s 1820s - 1830s - 1840s 1850s 1860s Centuries: 18th century - 19th century - 20th century 1838 in art 1838 in literature 1838 in rail transport 1838 in science 1838 in music 1838 in sports List of state leaders in 1838 List of... 1838), while The Tempest is one of William Shakespeares last plays. It was performed for the first time on November 1, 1611 at Whitehall Palace in London. As a play The Tempest belongs to the class of plays commonly grouped as his late romances. In these plays, Shakespeare shows a concern... The Tempest was turned into an opera replete with special effects by Sir William Davenant (February, 1606 - April 7, 1668), also spelled DAvenant, was an English poet and playwright. Contents // 1 Biography 2 Works 2.1 Epic Poems and Books of Poetry 2.2 Panegyrics 2.3 Original Plays, Masques and Operas 2.4 Revisions, Adaptations and Other Productions for the... William Davenant. In fact, as the director of the Duke's Company, Davenant was legally obliged to reform and modernize Shakespeare's plays before performing them, an ad hoc ruling by the The Lord Chamberlain or Lord Chamberlain of the Household is one of the chief officers of the royal household in the United Kingdom, and is to be distinguished from the Lord Great Chamberlain, one of the great offices of state. The Lord Chamberlain is always a peer and a privy... Lord Chamberlain in the battle for performance rights which "sheds an interesting light on the many twentieth-century denunciations of Davenant for his adaptations" (Hume, p. 20). The common modern view of the Restoration stage as the epitome of Shakespeare abuse and bad taste has been shown by Hume to be exaggerated, and both scenery and adaptation became more reckless in the 18th and 19th centuries.

The incomplete Restoration stage records suggest that Shakespeare, although always a major repertory author, was bested in the 1660—1700 period by the phenomenal popularity of Beaumont and Fletcher. "Their plays are now the most pleasant and frequent entertainments of the stage", reported fellow playwright John Dryden John Dryden (August 19, 1631 – May 12, 1700) was an influential English poet, literary critic, and playwright. He was born in a village rectory near Oundle in Northamptonshire and educated at Westminster School and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was a professional writer throughout his life. His early... John Dryden in Years: 1665 1666 1667 - 1668 - 1669 1670 1671 Decades: 1630s 1640s 1650s - 1660s - 1670s 1680s 1690s Centuries: 16th century - 17th century - 18th century 1668 in literature 1668 in science Contents // 1 Events 2 Births 3 Deaths 4 Heads of states Events January - The Triple Alliance of 1668 is formed. February... 1668, "two of theirs being acted through the year for one of Shakespeare's or Jonson's". In the early 18th century, however, Shakespeare took over the lead on the London stage from Beaumont and Fletcher, never to relinquish it again to anybody.

By contrast to the stage history, in Literary criticism is the study, discussion, evaluation, and interpretation of literature. Modern literary criticism is often informed by literary theory, which is the philosophical discussion of its methods and goals. Though the two activities are closely related, literary critics are not always, and have not always been, theorists. Modern literary... literary criticism there was no lag time, no temporary preference for other dramatists: Shakespeare had a unique position at least from the Restoration can be one of several things, depending on context: In criminal justice, restoration is another term for restorative justice. In history, a restoration is a historical episode under which a previous government of an area is reinstated. In the History of England the term Restoration has a specific meaning... Restoration in 1660 and onwards. The unbending French Neoclassicism (sometimes rendered as Neo-Classicism or Neo-classicism) is the name given to quite distinct movements in the visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture. These movements were in effect at various times between the 18th and the 20th centuries. What could these neoclassicisms have in common? Late Baroque... neo-classical "rules" for the drama and the Three Unities ... three unities of time, place, and action of Corneille is the pseudonym of many artists. Pierre Corneille, 17th century French dramatist. Guillaume Cornelis van Beverloo, better known under his pseudonym Corneille, 20th century Dutch painter. German-born, Quebecois rhythm and blues signer Corneille. Corneille is French word for crow. This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid... Corneille never really caught on in England, and their sole zealous proponent This article is about the English playwright. For the character from the ballad, also known as True Thomas, see Thomas the Rhymer. Thomas Rhymer (1641–1713) was an English playwright and critic who introduced the English to the principles of French Neoclassical Drama. Rhymer is best known for his... Thomas Rhymer is hardly ever mentioned by more influential writers except as an example of narrow This article is on dogma in religion. Other uses of Dogma are at dogma (disambiguation) Dogma (the plural is either dogmata or dogmas) is belief or doctrine held by a religion or any kind of organization to be authoritative or beyond question. Evidence, analysis, or established fact may or may... dogmatism. It is true, argues Dryden in his influential Essay of Dramatick Poesie is a work of dramaturgy by John Dryden published in 1668. It was probably written during the plague year of 1666. Dryden takes up the subject that Philip Sidney had set forth in his Defence of Poesie (1580) and attempts to justify drama as a legitimate... Essay of Dramatick Poesie ( Years: 1665 1666 1667 - 1668 - 1669 1670 1671 Decades: 1630s 1640s 1650s - 1660s - 1670s 1680s 1690s Centuries: 16th century - 17th century - 18th century 1668 in literature 1668 in science Contents // 1 Events 2 Births 3 Deaths 4 Heads of states Events January - The Triple Alliance of 1668 is formed. February... 1668), that Shakespeare does not follow the drama rules and does not know or care about the unities, but so what? Benjamin Jonson (June 11, 1572 - August 6, 1637) was an English Renaissance dramatist, poet and actor. He is best known for his plays Volpone and The Alchemist, his garrulous personality, and his tempestuous rivalry with William Shakespeare. Ben Jonson by Abraham Blyenberch, cirka 1617. Contents // 1 Biography 1.1 Early... Ben Jonson does, and look where it gets him: a distant second place after "the incomparable Shakespeare", the follower of nature, the untaught This article is about people with exceptional mental abilities. For the cartoon, see Genius (cartoon). A genius is a person imbued with distinguished mental prowess. This can manifest either as a foremost intellect, or as an outstanding creative talent. The term also applies to one who is a polymath, or... genius, the great realist of human character.

18th century

Britain

In the 18th century, Shakespeare dominated the London stage, while Shakespeare production turned increasingly into the creation of star turns for star actors. After the The Licensing Act or Theatrical Licensing Act of 1737 was a landmark act of censorship of the British stage. The terms of the Act were that from that point forward, the Lord Chamberlain had the power to approve any play before it was acted. Although many plays and playwrights have... Licensing Act of Years: 1734 1735 1736 - 1737 - 1738 1739 1740 Decades: 1700s 1710s 1720s - 1730s - 1740s 1750s 1760s Centuries: 17th century - 18th century - 19th century 1737 in literature 1737 in music 1737 in science List of state leaders in 1737 List of religious leaders in 1737 Events 12 February - The San Carlo... 1737, one fourth of the plays performed were by Shakespeare, and on at least two occasions rival London playhouses staged the very same Shakespeare play at the same time ( Romeo y Julieta is also a brand of Cuban cigars. Romeo and Juliet is a famous play by William Shakespeare concerning the fate of two young star-crossed lovers. It was probably first performed on January 29, 1595. Contents // 1 History of the story 2 The Story 3 Commentary 4... Romeo and Juliet in Years: 1752 1753 1754 - 1755 - 1756 1757 1758 Decades: 1720s 1730s 1740s - 1750s - 1760s 1770s 1780s Centuries: 17th century - 18th century - 19th century 1755 in art 1755 in literature 1755 in music 1755 in science List of state leaders in 1755 List of religious leaders in 1755 Contents // 1 Events... 1755 and King Lear and the Fool in the Storm by William Dyce (1806-1864) King Lear is generally regarded as one of William Shakespeares greatest tragedies. It is believed to have been written in 1605 and is based on the legend of Llyr, a king of pre-Roman Britain. His... King Lear the next year) and still commanded audiences. This occasion was a striking example of the growing prominence of Shakespeare stars in the theatrical culture, the big attraction being the competition and rivalry between the male leads at Covent Garden and Drury Lane, Spranger Barry (November 23, 1719 – January 10, 1777), British actor, was born in Dublin, the son of a silversmith, to whose business he was brought up. His first appearance on the stage was at the Smock Alley theatre on the February 5, 1744, and his engagement at once increased... Spranger Barry and Categories: Actor stubs | 1717 births | 1779 deaths | English actors | Lichfield ... David Garrick. Apparently no incongruity was perceived in having Barry and Garrick, in their late thirties, play adolescent Romeo one season and geriatric King Lear the next: age appropriateness was nothing, the power to command and electrify audiences was all.

David Garrick as Benedick in Much Ado About Nothing is a play by William Shakespeare. Considered a comedy, it was most likely first performed in 1598 / 1599. The plays style shares many aspects with the modern romantic comedy; it remains one of Shakespeares most enduringly popular plays on stage. The five acts follow... Much Ado About Nothing, Years: 1767 1768 1769 - 1770 - 1771 1772 1773 Decades: 1740s 1750s 1760s - 1770s - 1780s 1790s 1800s Centuries: 17th century - 18th century - 19th century 1770 in art 1770 in literature 1770 in music 1770 in science List of state leaders in 1770 List of religious leaders in 1770 Events March 5... 1770.

As performance playscripts diverged more and more from their originals, the publication of texts intended for reading developed rapidly in the opposite direction, with the invention of Textual criticism is a branch of philology that examines the extant manuscript copies of an ancient or medieval literary work to produce a text that is as close as possible to the original. The original is called the autograph. Before the invention of printing, literary works had to be copied... textual criticism and an emphasis on fidelity to Shakespeare's original words. The texts that we read and perform today were largely settled in the 18th century. Nahum Tate (1652 - July 30, 1715) was an Anglo-Irish poet and hymnodist. Born in Dublin, he is remembered chiefly for a number of achievements. Tate wrote the words to a number of hymns, of which the most widely remembered is the Christmas carol As shepherds watched their flocks by... Nahum Tate and Nathaniel Lee (c. 1653 - May, 1692), was an English dramatist. He was the son of Dr Richard Lee, a Presbyterian clergyman who was rector of Hatfield and held many preferments under the Commonwealth. He was chaplain to George Monck, afterwards Duke of Albemarle, but after the Restoration he conformed to... Nathaniel Lee had already prepared editions and performed scene divisions in the late 17th century, and There have been two people named Nicholas Rowe: Nicholas Rowe (actor) Nicholas Rowe (dramatist) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. If an article link referred you here, you might want to go back and fix it... Nicholas Rowe's edition of Years: 1706 1707 1708 - 1709 - 1710 1711 1712 Decades: 1670s 1680s 1690s - 1700s - 1710s 1720s 1730s Centuries: 17th century - 18th century - 19th century 1709 in literature 1709 in music 1709 in science List of state leaders in 1709 List of religious leaders in 1709 Contents // 1 Events 2 Ongoing events... 1709 is considered the first truly scholarly text for the plays. It was followed by many good 18th-century editions, crowned by Edmond Malone (October 4, 1741 - April 25, 1812), was an Irish Shakespearean scholar and editor of the works of William Shakespeare. His first name is sometimes spelled Edmund. He was born in Dublin, the son of a barrister and Judge who was a member of the Irish House of Commons... Edmund Malone's landmark Variorum Edition, which was published posthumously in Years: 1818 1819 1820 - 1821 - 1822 1823 1824 Decades: 1790s 1800s 1810s - 1820s - 1830s 1840s 1850s Centuries: 18th century - 19th century - 20th century 1821 in art 1821 in literature 1821 in rail transport 1821 in science 1821 in music 1821 in sports List of state leaders in 1821 List of... 1821 and remains the basis of modern editions. These collected editions were meant for reading, not staging, and some of them were even convenient for a poetry lover to carry around; Rowe's 1709 edition was, compared to the old folios, a light pocketbook. Shakespeare criticism also increasingly spoke to readers, rather than to theatre audiences.

The only aspects of Shakespeare's plays that were consistently disliked and singled out for criticism in the 18th century were the The factual accuracy of this article is disputed. Please see the relevant discussion on the talk page. A pun (also known as paronomasia) is a deliberate confusion of similar-sounding words or phrases for comic or serious effect. Humorous puns are more common today, but formerly the serious pun was... puns ("clenches") and the "low" (sexual) allusions. While a few editors attempted to gloss over or remove the puns and the A double entendre or innuendo is a figure of speech similar to the pun, in which a spoken phrase can be understood in either of two ways. The first, literal meaning is an innocent one, while the second meaning is usually indecently sexual. Although a French term, the French generally... double entendres, notably Alexander Pope Alexander Pope (May 21, 1688 – May 30, 1744) was one of the greatest English poets of the eighteenth century. Born to a Catholic family in 1688, Alexander was educated mostly outside normal schools and colleges as a result of the penal laws that were in force at... Alexander Pope, they were quickly reversed, and by mid-century the puns and sexual humor were (with only a few exceptions, see Thomas Bowdler (July 11, 1754 – February 24, 1825), an English physician, has become (in)famous as the editor of a childrens edition of William Shakespeare, the Family Shakespeare, in which he endeavoured to remove every thing that could give just offence to the religious and virtuous mind. For... Thomas Bowdler) back in to stay.

Dryden's sentiments about Shakespeare's matchless imagination and capacity for painting "nature" were echoed without a break in the 18th century by for example Joseph Addison, the Kit-cat portrait, circa 1703-1712, by Godfrey Kneller. Joseph Addison (May 1, 1672 - June 17, 1719) was an English politician and writer. His name is usually remembered alongside that of his long-standing friend, Richard Steele, with whom he founded The Spectator magazine. Addison was born... Joseph Addison ("Among the English, Shakespeare has incomparably excelled all others"), Alexander Pope ("every single character in Shakespeare is as much an Individual as those in Life itself"), and This article is about the literary figure. For the locomotive engineer see Samuel W. Johnson. For the political writer see Samuel Johnson (1649-1703). Samuel Johnson circa 1772, painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds. Dr Samuel Johnson (September 7, 1709 Old Style/September 18 New Style 1–December 13, 1784... Samuel Johnson (who scornfully dismissed Voltaire François-Marie Arouet (November 21, 1694—May 30, 1778), better known by the pen name Voltaire, was a French Enlightenment writer, deist and philosopher. Contents // 1 Biography 1.1 Exile to England 1.2 Return to Paris 1.3 Cirey 1.4 Frederick the Great 1.5... Voltaire's and Rhymer's neoclassical Shakespeare criticism as "the petty cavils of petty minds"). The long-lived myth that the Romanticism was an artistic and intellectual movement that originated in late 18th century Western Europe. It stressed strong emotion, imagination, freedom within or even from classical notions of form in art, and overturning of previous social conventions, particularly the position of the aristocracy. It followed the Enlightenment period and was... Romantics were the first generation to truly appreciate Shakespeare and to prefer him to Ben Jonson is contradicted by unstinting praise from writers throughout the 18th century. Ideas about Shakespeare that many people think of as typically post-Romantic were frequently expressed in the 18th and even in the 17th century: he was described as a genius who needed no learning, as deeply original, and as creating uniquely "real" and individual characters (see This page consists of a chronological collection of critical quotations about William Shakespeare, which illustrate the article Shakespeares reputation. 17th century John Dryden, 1668: To begin then with Shakespeare; he was the man who of all Modern, and perhaps Ancient Poets, had the largest and most comprehensive soul. All... Timeline of Shakespeare criticism). To compare and contrast Shakespeare and his well-educated contemporary Ben Jonson was a popular exercise at this time, a comparison that was invariably complimentary to Shakespeare. It functioned to highlight the special qualities of both writers, and it especially powered the assertion that natural genius trumps rules, that "there is always an appeal open from criticism to nature" (Samuel Johnson).

Elsewhere in Europe

Some of Shakespeare's work was performed in continental Europe during the 17th century, but it was not until the mid 18th century that it became widely known. In Germany Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (January 22, 1729 - February 15, 1781), writer, philosopher, publicist, and art thinker, is the most outstanding German representative of the Enlightenment era. With his plays and his theoretical writings he substantially influenced the development of German literature. Contents // 1 Life 2 Work 3 Select bibliography 4 External... Lessing compared Shakespeare to German folk literature. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (pronounced [gø tə]) (August 28, 1749–March 22, 1832) was a German writer, politician, humanist, scientist, and philosopher. As a writer, Goethe was one of the paramount figures of German literature and European Romanticism during and around the 18th... Goethe organised a Shakespeare jubilee in Frankfurt in 1771, stating that the dramatist had shown that the Aristotelian unities were "as oppressive as a prison" and were "burdensome fetters on our imagination". For the a German literary figure see Johann Gottfried Herder A herder is a worker who lives a semi-nomadic life, caring for various domestic animals, especially in places where these animals wander unfenced pasture lands. Because their work is necessarily mostly outdoors, they move around from place to place... Herder likewise proclaimed that reading Shakespeare's work opens "leaves from the book of events, of providence, of the world, blowing in the sands of time." This claim that Shakespeare's work breaks though all creative boundaries to reveal a chaotic, teeming, contradictory world became characyeristic of Romantic criticism, later being expressed by Victor Hugo Victor Hugo (February 26, 1802 - May 22, 1885) was a French author, the most important of the Romantic authors in the French language. His major works include the novels The Hunchback of Notre Dame and Les Misérables, and a large body of poetry. Contents // 1 Life and... Victor Hugo in the preface to his play Cromwell, in which he lauded Shakespeare as an artist of the When commonly used grotesque means strange, fantastic, ugly or bizarre and thus is often used to describe shapes and distorted forms such as Halloween masks or gargoyles on churches. More specifically, the grotesque forms on buildings which are not used as drainspouts should not be called gargoyles, but rather referred... grotesque, a genre in which the tragic, absurd, trivial and serious were insepeably intertwined.

19th century

Shakespeare in performance

The Theatre Royal at This article is about a street in London called Drury Lane. For the fictional detective created by Ellery Queen writing as Barnaby Ross, see Drury Lane (fictional detective). The present-day Theatre Royal in Drury Lane, sketched when it was new, in 1813. Drury Lane is a London street, originally... Drury Lane in 1813. The platform stage is gone, and note the orchestra cutting off the actors from the audience.

Theatres and theatrical scenery became ever more elaborate in the 19th century, and the acting editions used were progressively cut and restructured to emphasize more and more the Soliloquy is an audible oratory or conversation with oneself. It is a term that is typically applied to theatrical characters engaged in a monologue, but can also be a term that is simply descriptive of any occurrence when one talks with oneself. Soliloquy can take the form of a dramatic... soliloquies and the stars, at the expense of pace and action. Performances were further slowed by the need for frequent pauses to change the scenery, creating a perceived need for even more cuts in order to keep performance length within tolerable limits; it became a generally accepted maxim that Shakespeare's plays were too long to be performed without substantial cuts. The platform, or apron, stage, on which actors of the 17th century would come forward for audience contact, was gone, and the actors stayed permanently behind the Specifically in a proscenium theater, the term fourth wall applies to the imaginary invisible wall at the front of the stage in a theater through which the audience sees the action in the world of the play. In an arena theater, or theater-in-the-round, all four walls are... fourth wall or The proscenium arch is, in literal terms, the square frame around a raised stage area in traditional theatres. It presents a style of theatre which has persisted since Greek times and has as such as become an almost derrogatory term to many modern dramatists. The proscenium arch perpetuates the fourth... proscenium arch, further separated from the audience by the Orchestra at City Hall (Edmonton). An orchestra is a musical ensemble used most often in classical music. A small orchestra is called a chamber orchestra. Full size orchestras may sometimes be called symphony orchestras or philharmonic orchestras; these prefixes do not indicate any difference either to the instrumental content or... orchestra, see image right.

Through the 19th century, a roll call of legendary actors' names all but drown out the plays in which they appear: Sarah Siddons Sarah Siddons (1755–1831) was a British actress, the best-known of the 18th century. She was born Sarah Kemble in Brecon, Wales, the eldest daughter of Roger Kemble, an actor-manager whose travelling company included most members of his family. Sarahs brothers, Charles Kemble, John... Sarah Siddons ( Years: 1752 1753 1754 - 1755 - 1756 1757 1758 Decades: 1720s 1730s 1740s - 1750s - 1760s 1770s 1780s Centuries: 17th century - 18th century - 19th century 1755 in art 1755 in literature 1755 in music 1755 in science List of state leaders in 1755 List of religious leaders in 1755 Contents // 1 Events... 1755— Years: 1828 1829 1830 - 1831 - 1832 1833 1834 Decades: 1800s 1810s 1820s - 1830s - 1840s 1850s 1860s Centuries: 18th century - 19th century - 20th century 1831 in art 1831 in literature 1831 in rail transport 1831 in science 1831 in music 1831 in sports List of state leaders in 1831 List of... 1831), John Philip Kemble (February 1, 1757 - February 26, 1823), was an English actor. The second child of Roger Kemble, he was born at Prescot, Lancashire. His mother being a Roman Catholic, he was educated at Sedgeley Park Catholic seminary, near Wolverhampton, and the English college at Douai, with a view... John Philip Kemble ( Years: 1754 1755 1756 - 1757 - 1758 1759 1760 Decades: 1720s 1730s 1740s - 1750s - 1760s 1770s 1780s Centuries: 17th century - 18th century - 19th century 1757 in art 1757 in literature 1757 in music 1757 in science List of state leaders in 1757 List of religious leaders in 1757 Contents // 1 Events... 1757— Years: 1820 1821 1822 - 1823 - 1824 1825 1826 Decades: 1790s 1800s 1810s - 1820s - 1830s 1840s 1850s Centuries: 18th century - 19th century - 20th century 1823 in art 1823 in literature 1823 in science 1823 in music 1823 in sports List of state leaders in 1823 List of religious leaders in 1823... 1823), Henry Irving, as Hamlet, in a 1893 illustration from The Idler magazine John Henry Brodribb Irving (February 6, 1838–October 13, 1905), better known as Sir Henry Irving, was one of the most famous stage actors of all time. He was born at Keinton Mandeville in the English county... Henry Irving ( Years: 1835 1836 1837 - 1838 - 1839 1840 1841 Decades: 1800s 1810s 1820s - 1830s - 1840s 1850s 1860s Centuries: 18th century - 19th century - 20th century 1838 in art 1838 in literature 1838 in rail transport 1838 in science 1838 in music 1838 in sports List of state leaders in 1838 List of... 1838— Years: 1902 1903 1904 - 1905 - 1906 1907 1908 Decades: 1870s 1880s 1890s - 1900s - 1910s 1920s 1930s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1905 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics Canada - Sport Lists of leaders: State leaders - Religious... 1905), and Ellen Alice Terry (February 27, 1847 - July 21, 1928) was an English stage actress. Born in Coventry, she came of a theatrical family, her brother Fred Terry and several of her other siblings being actors. She first appeared on stage as a child. On 20 February 1864, shortly before her... Ellen Terry ( Years: 1844 1845 1846 - 1847 - 1848 1849 1850 Decades: 1810s 1820s 1830s - 1840s - 1850s 1860s 1870s Centuries: 18th century - 19th century - 20th century 1847 in art 1847 in literature 1847 in music 1847 in rail transport 1847 in science 1847 in sports List of state leaders in 1847 List of... 1847— Years: 1925 1926 1927 - 1928 - 1929 1930 1931 Decades: 1890s 1900s 1910s - 1920s - 1930s 1940s 1950s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1928 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics Canada - Sport Lists of leaders: State leaders - Religious... 1928). To be a star of the legitimate drama came to mean being first and foremost a "great Shakespeare actor", with a famous interpretation of, for men, Hamlet, and for women, Lady Macbeth, and especially with a striking delivery of the great soliloquies. The acme of spectacle, star, and soliloquy Shakespeare performance came with the reign of actor-manager Henry Irving at the Royal Lyceum Theatre in London from Years: 1875 1876 1877 - 1878 - 1879 1880 1881 Decades: 1840s 1850s 1860s - 1870s - 1880s 1890s 1900s Centuries: 18th century - 19th century - 20th century 1878 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Literature - Music Other topics Canada - Rail transport - Science - Sport Lists of leaders: Colonial governors - State leaders Contents // 1 Events 1.1... 1878 to Years: 1896 1897 1898 - 1899 - 1900 1901 1902 Decades: 1860s 1870s 1880s - 1890s - 1900s 1910s 1920s Centuries: 18th century - 19th century - 20th century 1899 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Literature - Music Other topics Canada - Rail transport - Science - Sport Lists of leaders: Colonial governors - State leaders Contents // 1 Events 1.1... 1899. At the same time, a revolutionary return to the roots of Shakespeare's original texts, and to the platform stage, absence of scenery, and fluid scene changes of the Elizabethan theatre, was being effected by William Poel's Elizabethan Stage Society.

Shakespeare in criticism

The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in the public domain in the United States and in those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years. This photograph of the work is also in the public domain in the United States...

Thomas de Quincey (August 15, 1785 - December 8, 1859) was an English author and intellectual. Contents // 1 Life and work 2 Influence 3 Online texts 4 Bibliography 5 External links Life and work He was born in Manchester. His father was a successful businessman with an interest in literature; he... Thomas de Quincey: "O, mighty poet! Thy works are… like the phenomena of nature, like the sun and the sea, the stars and the flowers".

The For the computer game, see Myth (computer game). Articles related to mythology Myth Roman mythology Greek mythology Egyptian mythology Symbolism Religion Theology Comparative religion A myth is often thought to be a lesson in story form which has deep explanatory or symbolic resonance for preliterate cultures, who preserve and cherish... myth of the unappreciated 18th-century Shakespeare was proposed at the beginning of the Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar. In the sense of the Common Era... 19th century by the Romantics, in support of their view of 18th-century literary criticism as mean, formal, and rule-bound, which was contrasted with their own reverence for the poet as prophet and genius. Such ideas were most fully expressed by German critics such as Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (pronounced [gø tə]) (August 28, 1749–March 22, 1832) was a German writer, politician, humanist, scientist, and philosopher. As a writer, Goethe was one of the paramount figures of German literature and European Romanticism during and around the 18th... Goethe and the This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. If an article link referred you here, you might want to go back and fix it to point directly to the intended page. For the German ornithologist, please look at... Schlegel brothers. Romantic critics such as This page is about the nineteenth century English poet. For the twentieth century classical composer, see Samuel Coleridge-Taylor. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, English poet, 1795 Samuel Taylor Coleridge (October 21, 1772-July 25, 1834) was an English poet, critic, and philosopher and, along with his friend William Wordsworth, one of... Samuel Taylor Coleridge raised admiration for Shakespeare to worship or even "bardolatry" (a sarcastic coinage from bard + idolatry by George Bernard Shaw (July 26, 1856–November 2, 1950) was an Irish playwright and winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1925. George Bernard Shaw Contents // 1 Biography 2 Quotes 3 Works 3.1 Dramatic 3.2 Novels & collections of essays 4 External links Biography Born in... George Bernard Shaw in Years: 1898 1899 1900 - 1901 - 1902 1903 1904 Decades: 1870s 1880s 1890s - 1900s - 1910s 1920s 1930s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1901 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics Canada - Sport Lists of leaders: State leaders - Religious... 1901, meaning excessive or religious worship of Shakespeare). To compare him to other Renaissance playwrights at all, even for the purpose of finding him superior, began to seem irreverent. Shakespeare was rather to be studied without any involvement of the critical faculty, to be addressed or apostrophized—almost prayed to—by his worshippers, as in Thomas de Quincey (August 15, 1785 - December 8, 1859) was an English author and intellectual. Contents // 1 Life and work 2 Influence 3 Online texts 4 Bibliography 5 External links Life and work He was born in Manchester. His father was a successful businessman with an interest in literature; he... Thomas de Quincey's classic essay "On the Knocking at the Gate in Macbeth" (1823): "O, mighty poet! Thy works are not as those of other men, simply and merely great works of art; but are also like the phenomena of nature, like the sun and the sea, the stars and the flowers,—like frost and snow, rain and dew, hail-storm and thunder, which are to be studied with entire submission of our own faculties…".

As the concept of literary This page is a candidate to be moved to Wiktionary. If the page can be expanded into an encyclopedic article, rather than a dictionary definition, please do so and remove this message. Otherwise, you can help by formatting it per the Wiktionary guidelines in preparation for the move. Originality refers... originality grew in importance, critics were horrified at the idea of adapting Shakespeare's tragedies for the stage by putting happy endings on them, or editing out the puns in Romeo and Juliet. In another way, what happened on the stage was seen as unimportant, as the Romantics, themselves writers of Verse drama is any drama written as verse to be spoken; another possible general terms is poetic drama. For a very long period verse drama was the dominant form of drama in Europe (and was also important in non-European cultures). Greek tragedy and Racines plays are written in... closet drama, considered Shakespeare altogether more suitable for reading than staging. Charles Lamb (1775- 27 July 1834) was an English essayist, best known for his Essays of Elia and for the childrens book Tales from Shakespeare, which he produced along with his sister, Mary Lamb. Charles Lamb was the youngest child of John Lamb, a lawyers clerk. He was... Charles Lamb saw any form of stage representation as distracting from the true qualities of the text. This view, argued as a timeless truth, was also a natural consequence of the dominance of melodrama and spectacle on the early 19th-century stage.

Shakespeare became an important emblem of national pride in the 19th century, which was the heyday of the The British Empire in 1897, marked in pink, the traditional colour for Imperial British dominions on maps. The British Empire, in the early decades of the 20th century, held sway over a population of 400–500 million people — roughly a quarter of the worlds population — and... British Empire and the acme of British power in the world. To Thomas Carlyle, Scottish essayist and historian. This shows the most familar image of the elderly Carlyle as the bearded sage with a penetrating gaze. See below for an image of the young Carlyle Thomas Carlyle (December 4, 1795 - February 5, 1881) was a Scottish essayist and historian, whose work was... Thomas Carlyle in On Heroes, Hero-Worship, and the Heroic in History ( Years: 1838 1839 1840 - 1841 - 1842 1843 1844 Decades: 1810s 1820s 1830s - 1840s - 1850s 1860s 1870s Centuries: 18th century - 19th century - 20th century 1841 in art 1841 in literature 1841 in science 1841 in music 1841 in sports List of state leaders in 1841 List of religious leaders in 1841... 1841), Shakespeare was one of the great poet-heroes of history, in the sense of being a "rallying-sign" for British cultural patriotism all over the world, including even the lost American colonies: "From Paramatta, from New York, wheresoever… English men and women are, they will say to one another, 'Yes, this Shakespeare is ours; we produced him, we speak and think by him; we are of one blood and kind with him'" ("The Poet as Hero"). As the foremost of the great Canonical--an adjective derived from canon--essentially means standard or generally accepted or part of the backstory. Contents // 1 Religion 2 Literature and art 3 Mathematics 4 Computer science Religion This word is used by theologians and canon lawyers to refer to the canons of the Eastern Orthodox and Roman... canonical writers, the jewel of English culture, and as Carlyle puts it, "merely as a real, marketable, tangibly useful possession", Shakespeare became in the 19th century a means of creating a common heritage for the motherland and all her colonies. Post-colonialism refers to the intellectual field opened up by Edward Saids book Orientalism. It refers to a set of theories in continental philosophy that grapple with the legacy of 19th century British and French colonial rule, especially with the dilemmas of developing a national identity in the wake... Post-colonial literary critics have had much to say of this use of Shakespeare's plays in what they regard as a move to subordinate and deracinate the cultures of the colonies themselves.

20th century

Shakespeare continued to be considered the greatest English writer of all time throughout the 20th century. Most Western educational systems required the textual study of two or more of Shakespeare's plays, and both amateur and professional stagings of Shakespeare were commonplace. Shakespeare's reputation was so sterling, his preeminence so unchallenged, that it was assumed. It was, indeed, the proliferation of high-quality, well-annotated texts and the unrivalled reputation of Shakespeare that allowed for stagings of Shakespeare's plays to remain textually faithful, but with an extraordinary variety in setting, stage direction, and costuming.

Shakespeare performances reflected the tensions of the times, and early in the century, Barry Jackson of the Birmingham Repertory Theater began the staging of modern-dress productions, thus starting a new trend in Shakesperian production. Even as institutions such as the The Folger Shakespeare Library is an independent research library located on Capitol Hill in Washington, DC. Contents // 1 History 2 Collections 3 Other information 4 External links History Standard Oil president, then chairman of the board, Henry Clay Folger was an avid collector of Shakespeareana. Toward the end of World... Folger Shakespeare Library in the For other uses, see United States (disambiguation) and US (disambiguation). The United States of America, also referred to as the United States, U.S.A., U.S., US, America¹, or the States, is a federal republic of fifty states, mostly in central North America. The U.S. has three land... United States worked to ensure constant, serious study of Shakespearean texts and the The Royal Shakespeare Company is a theatre company located in Stratford-upon-Avon, London, and Newcastle. It was founded by Peter Hall in 1960. Contents // Categories: Stub | William Shakespeare | Theatre in London | Theatre in the United Kingdom ... Royal Shakespeare Company in the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a country in western Europe, and a member of the European Union. Usually known simply as the United Kingdom, UK or, inaccurately, as Great Britain or Britain, the UK has four constituent parts. Three of these parts England, Wales and... United Kingdom worked to maintain a yearly staging of at least two plays, performances of the plays could be highly interpretive. Thus, play directors would emphasize This article is part of the Communism series. Schools of Communism Marxism Leninism Trotskyism Stalinism Maoism Left communism Council communism Anarcho-Communism Eurocommunism Juche Communist states Afghanistan (1978-1992) Albania (1945-1991) Angola (1975-1991) Benin (1975-1990) Bulgaria (1946-1989) Burma (1974-1988) Cambodia (1975-1991) Congo (1969-1991... Marxist, Feminism is a social theory and political movement primarily informed and motivated by the experience of women. While generally providing a critique of social relations, many proponents of feminism also focus on analyzing gender inequality and the promotion of womens rights, interests, and issues. Feminist theory aims to understand... Feminist, or, perhaps most popularly, Sigmund Freud His famous couch Sigmund Freud (May 6, 1856 - September 23, 1939) was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of the psychoanalytic school of psychology, a movement that popularized the theory that unconscious motives control much behavior. He became interested in hypnotism and how it could be used to... Freudian interpretations of the plays, even as they retained letter-perfect scripts.

That divergence between text and performance in Shakespeare continued into the new media of For other uses see film (disambiguation) Film refers to the celluliod media on which movies are printed Film — also called movies, the cinema, the silver screen, moving pictures, photoplays, picture shows, flicks, or motion pictures, — is a field that encompasses motion pictures as an art form or as... movies. For instance, both Hamlet and Romeo and Juliet were filmed in modern settings, sometimes with contemporary "updated" dialogue, and a Punk culture as it is seen today started in the mid 1970s as a movement or rebellion against some styles of music which existed at the time such as Prog Rock and Heavy Metal whose stars were seen as out of touch with their fans. Followers of punk culture developed... punk version of Romeo and Juliet was made. Additionally, there were efforts (notably by the This article is an overview article about the Crown chartered British Broadcasting Corporation formed in 1927. See links below for a list of other BBC articles available on Wikipedia. For other meanings of BBC, see BBC (disambiguation). The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) was established by a Royal Charter in 1927... BBC) to ensure that there was a filmed version of every Shakespeare play. The reasoning for this was educational, as many government educational initiatives recognized the need to get performative Shakespeare into the same classrooms as the read plays.

Many English-language T. S. Eliots poem The Waste Land is one of the key texts of modernist poetry in English. Modernist poetry is a mode of writing characterised by two main features. The first of these is technical innovation in the writing through the extensive use of free verse. The second... Modernist poets drew on Shakespeare's works, interpreting in new ways. Ezra Pound in 1913. Ezra Weston Loomis Pound (October 30, 1885 - November 1, 1972) was a poet, musician and critic who, along with T. S. Eliot, was one of the major figures of the modernist movement in early 20th century poetry. He was the driving force behind several modernist movements... Ezra Pound, for instance, considered the Sonnets as a kind of apprentice work, with Shakespeare learning the art of poetry through writing them. He also declared the History plays to be the true English EPIC might be an acronym or abbreviation for: Electronic Privacy Information Center Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing Enhanced Programmable ircII Client El Paso Intelligence Center End Poverty In California European Privatisation and Investment Corporation Sometimes it is also used to refer to Epic Games game development company. This is a disambiguation... epic. Basil Bunting (March 3, 1900 – 1985) was a British modernist poet. He had a lifelong interest in music and this led him to emphasise the idea of poetry as sound and the importance of reading poetry aloud. Bunting was an accomplished reader of his own work. Bunting was born... Basil Bunting rewrote the sonnets as modernist poems by simply erasing all the words he considered unnecessary. The cover of the 1978 edition of Zukofskys long poem A. Louis Zukofsky (January 23, 1904 - May 12, 1978) was one of the most important second-generation American modernist poets. He was co-founder of the Objectivist group of poets and was to be an important influence on subsequent... Louis Zukofsky had read all of Shakespeare's works by the time he was eleven, and his Bottom: On Shakespeare ( Years: 1944 1945 1946 - 1947 - 1948 1949 1950 Decades: 1910s 1920s 1930s - 1940s - 1950s 1960s 1970s Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century 1947 in topic: Arts Architecture - Art - Film - Literature - Music Science and technology Aviation - Rail transport - Science - Television Other topics Canada - Sport Lists of leaders: State leaders - Religious... 1947) is a book-length Prose poetry is prose that breaks some of the normal rules of prose discourse for heightened imagery or emotional effect. As a specific poetic form, prose poetry originated in the 19th century in France. French prose was governed by laws so strict that by breaking them, it was possible to... prose poem exploring the role of the This article refers to the sight organ. See Eye (disambiguation) for other usages. Diagram of a human eye. Note that not all eyes have the same anatomy as a human eye. An eye is an organ that detects light. Different kinds of light-sensitive organ are found in a variety... eye in the plays. In its original printing, a second volume consisting of a setting of The Tempest by the poet's wife, Celia Zukofsky was also included.

Critical quotations

Main article: This page consists of a chronological collection of critical quotations about William Shakespeare, which illustrate the article Shakespeares reputation. 17th century John Dryden, 1668: To begin then with Shakespeare; he was the man who of all Modern, and perhaps Ancient Poets, had the largest and most comprehensive soul. All... Timeline of Shakespeare criticism

The growth of Shakespeare's reputation is illustrated by a This page consists of a chronological collection of critical quotations about William Shakespeare, which illustrate the article Shakespeares reputation. 17th century John Dryden, 1668: To begin then with Shakespeare; he was the man who of all Modern, and perhaps Ancient Poets, had the largest and most comprehensive soul. All... timeline of Shakespeare criticism, from John Dryden's "when he describes any thing, you more than see it, you feel it too" ( Years: 1665 1666 1667 - 1668 - 1669 1670 1671 Decades: 1630s 1640s 1650s - 1660s - 1670s 1680s 1690s Centuries: 16th century - 17th century - 18th century 1668 in literature 1668 in science Contents // 1 Events 2 Births 3 Deaths 4 Heads of states Events January - The Triple Alliance of 1668 is formed. February... 1668) to Thomas Carlyle's estimation of Shakespeare as the "strongest of rallying-signs" ( Years: 1838 1839 1840 - 1841 - 1842 1843 1844 Decades: 1810s 1820s 1830s - 1840s - 1850s 1860s 1870s Centuries: 18th century - 19th century - 20th century 1841 in art 1841 in literature 1841 in science 1841 in music 1841 in sports List of state leaders in 1841 List of religious leaders in 1841... 1841) for an England (In detail) (In detail) Royal motto: Dieu et mon droit (French: God and my right) Official language None; English is de facto Capital London Capitals coordinates 51° 30 N, 0° 10 W Largest city London Area - Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population - Total (2001... English identity.

17th century

18th century

Britain

Elsewhere in Europe

19th century

Shakespeare in performance

Shakespeare in criticism

20th century

Critical quotations

External links

E-texts (chronological)

Other resources

References

17th century GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

18th century

Britain

Elsewhere in Europe

19th century

Shakespeare in performance

Shakespeare in criticism

20th century

Critical quotations

External links

E-texts (chronological)

Other resources

References

17th century