Baroclinic Instability is a fluid dynamic instability which helps to understand some important features of the so-called large scale waves in the mid-latitude atmosphere. These waves provide a mechanism for transporting heat and angular momentum and are believed to control the temperature gradient between the equator and the pole. The first accurate theoretical model to include baroclinic instability was the one developed by Jule Charney in 1947. He considered a simplified version of the equations of motion for the atmosphere in which the scaling is made for small Rossby number and a stratified fluid. The approximate equations are known as quasi-geostrophic system. In the Charney formulation the effect of the rotation of the earth is approximated by the so-called beta plane. A simplified version of the baroclinic instability was proposed independently by Eady in 1949. Eady considered constant vertical shear, no beta and a upper lid. Jule Gregory Charney (January 1, 1917 – June 16, 1981) was an American meteorologist who played an important role in developing weather prediction. ...

The balance between Coriolis forces due to rotation and buoyancy forces can create a fluid which is unstable. Potential energy can be trapped in sloping density surfaces, and released in the form of fluid motions known as baroclinic waves. In physics, the Coriolis effect is an inertial force first described by Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis, a French scientist, in 1835. ...

Baroclinic instability can be investigated in the laboratory using a rotating, fluid filled annulus. This is heated at the outer wall (think equator) and cooled at the inner wall (think pole) and the resulting fluid flows give rise to baroclinic waves.

This experimental system gives rise to a rich range of complex non-linear dynamics and has been the source of a large body of academic research over the last 50 years.