John Maynard Keynes, 1st Baron Keynes of Tilton (pronounced kānz / kAnze), ) (June 5, 1883 – April 21, 1946) was an English economist, whose ideas had a major impact on modern economic and political theory as well as on Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal. He is particularly remembered for advocating interventionist government policy, by which the government would use fiscal and monetary measures to aim to mitigate the adverse effects of economic recessions, depressions and booms. He is considered by many to be the founder of modern macroeconomics. His popular expression "In the long run we are all dead" is still quoted. Jump to: navigation, search This article discusses liberalism as a major political ideology, not the usage of the term in specific countries. ... 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In political science, the label radical denotes one who desires extreme change of all or part of the social order. (Britannica Deluxe CD2000). ... Social liberalism is either a synonym for new liberalism or a label used by progressive liberal parties in order to differentiate themselves from the more conservative liberal parties, especially when there are two or more liberal parties in a country. ... This is an (partial) overview of individuals that contributed to the development of liberal theory on a worldwide scale and therefore are strongly associated with the liberal tradition and instrumental in the exposition of political liberalism as a philosophy. ... A free market is an idealized market, where all economic decisions and actions by individuals regarding transfer of money, goods, and services are voluntary, and are therefore devoid of coercion and theft (some definitions of coercion are inclusive of theft). Colloquially and loosely, a free market economy is an economy... Jump to: navigation, search A mixed economy is an economy that combines capitalism and socialism [1]. Some sources prefer the use of command economy over socialism in defining a mixed economy (see external links below). ... Jump to: navigation, search Individual rights is a legal term referring to what one is allowed to do and what can be done to an individual. ... Civil rights or positive rights are those legal rights retained by citizens and protected by the government. ... The philosophical concept of negative liberty is the absence of coercion from others. ... Positive liberty, essentially identical with the concept of positive right, an idea that was first expressed and analyzed as a separate conception of liberty by John Stuart Mill but most notably described by Isaiah Berlin, refers to the ability to act to fulfill ones own potential, as opposed to... Jump to: navigation, search Liberal democracy is a form of representative democracy where the ability of elected representatives to exercise decision-making power is subject to the rule of law and moderated by a constitution which emphasizes the protection of the rights and freedoms of individuals and minorities (also called... This article is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... This article links to articles on liberalism in diverse countries around the world. ... The Liberal International is an international organization for liberal parties. ... Logo of the European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party The European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party (founded in 1993) is a liberal party, active in the European Union, uniting liberal and centrist parties around Europe which together represent more than 20 million European voters and is an international non-profit... 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Biography

Education

John Maynard Keynes was the son of John Neville Keynes, an economics lecturer at Cambridge University, and Florence Ada Brown, a successful author and a social reformist. Keynes enjoyed an elite early education at Eton, where he displayed talent in nearly every field of his unusually wide-ranging interests. His abilities were remarkable for their sheer diversity. He entered King’s College, Cambridge to study mathematics, but his interest in politics led him towards the field of economics, which he studied at Cambridge under A.C. Pigou and Alfred Marshall. John Neville Keynes (31 August 1852 - 15 November 1949) was a British economist and father of John Maynard Keynes. ... REDIRECT [1] ... Eton can refer to several things: Eton, Berkshire, a town in England. ... Full name The Kings College of Our Lady and St Nicholas Motto Veritas Et Utilitas Truth and usefulness Named after Henry VI Previous names - Established 1441 Sister College New College Provost Dame Judith Mayhew-Jonas Location Kings Parade Undergraduates 397 Graduates 239 Homepage Boatclub Kings College, Cambridge... Wikibooks Wikiversity has more about this subject: School of Mathematics Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Mathematics Look up Mathematics on Wiktionary, the free dictionary Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Mathematics Bogomolny, Alexander: Interactive Mathematics Miscellany and Puzzles. ... U.S. Economic Calendar Economics at the Open Directory Project Economics textbooks on Wikibooks The Economists Economics A-Z Institutions and organizations Bureau of Labor Statistics - from the American Labor Department Center for Economic and Policy Research (USA) National Bureau of Economic Research (USA) - Economics material from the organization... Arthur Cecil Pigou (November 18, 1877 _ March 7, 1959) was an English economist, known for his work in many fields and particularly in welfare economics. ... Alfred Marshall Alfred Marshall (July 26, 1842–July 13, 1924), born in Bermondsey, London, England, became one of the most influential economists of his time. ...

Career

Also during this time, he worked on his dissertation, which was—to his annoyance—not accepted when he submitted it, meaning also that the accompanying lifelong fellowship to Cambridge was not granted either. Instead, he accepted a lectureship in economics funded personally by Alfred Marshall, from which position he began to build his reputation as an economist. Soon he was appointed to the Royal Commission on Indian Currency and Finance, a position from which he could show his considerable talent at applying economic theory to practical problems.

Having demonstrated such an aptitude, particularly with regards to currency and credit, his services were called on after the outbreak of the first World War. He worked for the Adviser to the Chancellor of the Exchequer and to the Treasury on Financial and Economic Questions. Among his responsibilities were the design of terms of credit between Britain and its continental allies during the war, and the acquisition of scarce currencies.

At this latter endeavor Keynes’ “nerve and mastery became legendary,” in the words of Robert Lekachman, as in the case where he managed to put together—with difficulty—a small supply of Spanish pesetas and sold them all to break the market: it worked, and pesetas became much less scarce and expensive. These accomplishments led eventually to the appointment that would have a huge effect on Keynes’ life and career: financial representative for the Treasury to the 1919 Paris Peace Conference.

Keynes' career lifted off as an adviser to the British finance department from 1915–1919 during World War I, and their representative at the Versailles peace conference in 1919. The visit resulting in the publication of The Economic Consequences of the Peace the same year followed by A Revision of the Treaty in 1922 earned him public prominence. The works argued that the reparations which Germany was forced to pay to the victors in the war were too large and would lead to the ruin of the German economy. These predictions were arguably borne out when the German economy collapsed in the hyperinflation of 1923, with only a small amount of reparations ever being paid. The finance minister is a cabinet position in a government. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1915 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search 1919 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search World War I was primarily a European conflict with many facets: immense human sacrifice, stalemate trench warfare, and the use of new, devastating weapons - tanks, aircraft, machineguns, and poison gas. ... Jump to: navigation, search The treaty was an International affair The Treaty of Versailles of 1919 was the peace treaty which officially ended World War I between the Allies and Germany. ... The Economic Consequences of the Peace is a book published by John Maynard Keynes in 1919. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1922 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... A 1,000,000,000 (1 billion) Mark banknote, issued in Bavaria/Germany during the hyperinflation of 1923 (http://www. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1923 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Keynes published his Treatise on Probability in 1920, a notable contribution to the philosophical and mathematical underpinnings of probability theory. He attacked the deflation policies of the 1920s with A Tract on Monetary Reform in 1923, a trenchant argument that countries should target stability of domestic prices and proposing flexible exchange rates. The Treatise on Money 1930 (2 volumes) effectively set out his Wicksellian theory of the credit cycle. Jump to: navigation, search 1920 is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar) // Events WIKIPEDIA EATS VAGINA January 7 - Forces of Russian White admiral Kolchak surrender in Krasnoyarsk. ... Probability theory is the mathematical study of probability. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1923 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search 1930 is a common year starting on Wednesday. ... Johan Gustaf Knut Wicksell, (December 20, 1851-May 3, 1926), Swedish economist. ...

His magnum opus, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money challenged the economic paradigm when published in 1936. In this book Keynes put forward a theory based upon the notion of aggregate demand to explain variations in the overall level of economic activity, such as were observed in the Great Depression. The total income in a society is defined by the sum of consumption and investment; and in a state of unemployment and unused production capacity, one can only enhance employment and total income by first increasing expenditures for either consumption or investment. Magnum opus (sometimes Opus magnum), from the Latin meaning great work, refers to the best or most renowned achievement of an author, artist, or composer. ... The General Theory of Employment Interest and Money is generally considered to be the masterwork of the English economist John Maynard Keynes. ... Classical economics is a school of economic thought whose major developers include William Petty, Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Thomas Malthus, and John Stuart Mill, and Johann Heinrich von Thünen. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1936 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... In economics, aggregate demand is the total demand for goods and services in the economy (Y) during a specific time period. ... Jump to: navigation, search This article is about the worldwide economic crisis of the 1930s; for other uses of the term, see The Great Depression (disambiguation). ...

The total amount of saving in a society is determined by the total income and thus, the economy could achieve an increase of total saving, even if the interest rates were lowered to increase the expenditures for investment. The book advocated activist economic policy by government to stimulate demand in times of high unemployment, for example by spending on public works. The book is often viewed as the foundation of modern macroeconomics and had a profound impact on U.S. president Roosevelt's New Deal. Jump to: navigation, search Dorothea Langes Migrant Mother depicts destitute pea pickers in California during the Great Depression. ... Jump to: navigation, search Macroeconomics is the economics sub-field of study that considers aggregate behavior, i. ... Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882–April 12, 1945), 32nd President of the United States, the longest-serving holder of the office and the only man to be elected President more than twice, was one of the central figures of 20th century history. ... Jump to: navigation, search The New Deal was President Franklin D. Roosevelts legislative agenda for rescuing the United States from the Great Depression. ...

In 1942 Keynes was a very recognised economist and was raised to the peerage as Baron Keynes of Tilton. During World War II, Keynes argued in How to pay for the war that the war effort should be largely financed by higher taxation, rather than deficit spending, in order to avoid inflation. As Allied victory began to look certain, Keynes was heavily involved, as leader of the British delegation and chairman of the World Bank commission, in the negotiations that established the Bretton Woods system. The Keynes-plan, concerning an international clearing-union argued for a radical system for the management of currencies, involving a world central bank, the Bancor, responsible for a common world unit of currency. The USA's greater negotiating strength, however, meant that the final outcomes accorded more closely to the less radical plans of Harry Dexter White. Jump to: navigation, search This article is about the year. ... The Peerage is a system of titles of nobility which exists in the United Kingdom and is one part of the British honours system. ... Jump to: navigation, search World War II was a truly global conflict with many facets: immense human suffering, fierce indoctrinations, and the use of new, extremely devastating weapons such as the atom bomb. ... Deficit spending is the amount by which a government, private company, or individuals spending exceeds income over a particular period of time, also called simply deficit, or budget deficit, the opposite of budget surplus. ... Logo of the World Bank The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD, in Romance languages: BIRD), better known as the World Bank, is an international organization whose original mission was to finance the reconstruction of nations devastated by WWII. Now, its mission has expanded to fight poverty by means... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Harry Dexter White (left) and John Maynard Keynes (right) at the Bretton Woods Conference Harry Dexter White (October 1892–August 16, 1948) was an American economist and senior U.S. Department of Treasury official. ...

Harry Dexter White (left) and John Maynard Keynes at the Bretton Woods Conference

Keynes wrote Essays in Biography and Essays in Persuasion, the former giving portraits of economists and notables, whilst the latter presents some of Keynes' attempts to influence decision-makers during the Great Depression. Keynes was editor in chief for the Economical Journal from 1912. Download high resolution version (500x630, 95 KB) This work is copyrighted. ... Download high resolution version (500x630, 95 KB) This work is copyrighted. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Jump to: navigation, search This article is about the worldwide economic crisis of the 1930s; for other uses of the term, see The Great Depression (disambiguation). ... 1912 was a leap year starting on Monday. ...

Investor

Keynes' brilliant record as an investor is demonstrated by the publicly available data of a fund he managed on behalf of King's College, Cambridge. Full name The Kings College of Our Lady and St Nicholas Motto Veritas Et Utilitas Truth and usefulness Named after Henry VI Previous names - Established 1441 Sister College New College Acting Provost Dr Tess Adkins Location Kings Parade Undergraduates 397 Graduates 239 Homepage Boatclub Kings College, Cambridge...

From 1928 to 1945, despite taking a massive hit during the Stock Market Crash of 1929, Keynes' fund produced a very strong average increase of 13.2% compared with the general market in the United Kingdom declining by an average 0.5% per annum. Jump to: navigation, search 1928 was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search 1945 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... The 1929 stock market crash devastated economies worldwide The Wall Street Crash refers to the stock market crash that occurred on October 29, 1929, when share prices on the New York Stock Exchange collapsed, leading eventually to the Great Depression. ...

The approach generally adopted by Keynes with his investments he summarised accordingly:

• 1. A careful selection of a few investments having regard to their cheapness in relation to their probable actual and potential intrinsic value over a period of years ahead and in relation to alternative investments at the time;

• 2. A steadfast holding of these fairly large units through thick and thin, perhaps for several years, until either they have fulfilled their promise or it is evident that they were purchases on a mistake, and;

• 3. A balanced investment position, i.e. a variety of risks in spite of individual holdings being large, and if possible opposed risks (e.g. a holding of gold shares among other equities, since they are likely to move in opposite directions when there are general fluctuations).

Keynes argued that "It is a mistake to think one limits one's risks by spreading too much between enterprises about which one knows little and has no reason for special confidence ... One's knowledge and experience are definitely limited and there are seldom more than two or three enterprises at any given time in which I personally feel myself to put full confidence." Intrinsic value in general, is the argument that the value of a product is intrinsic within the product rather than dependent on the buyers perception. ... Jump to: navigation, search General Name, Symbol, Number gold, Au, 79 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 11, 6, d Appearance metallic yellow Atomic mass 196. ... Ownership equity, commonly known simply as equity, also risk or liable capital, is a financial term for the difference between a companys assets and liabilities -- that is, the value that accrues to the owners (sole proprieter, partners, or shareholders). ... Fluctuation Fluctuation refer to an economical term called conjuncture. ...

Keynes' advice on speculation, some might say, is timeless: Speculation involves the buying, holding, and selling of stocks, commodities, futures contract, currencies, collectibles, real estate, or any valuable thing to profit from fluctuations in its price as opposed to buying it for use or for income ( via dividends, rent etc). ...

(Investment is) intolerably boring and over-exacting to any one who is entirely exempt from the gambling instinct; whilst he who has it must pay to this propensity the appropriate toll.

When reviewing an important early work on equities investments, Keynes argued that "Well-managed industrial companies do not, as a rule, distribute to the shareholders the whole of their earned profits. In good years, if not in all years, they retain a part of their profits and put them back in the business. Thus there is an element of compound interest operating in favor of a sound industrial investment." A shareholder or stockholder is an individual or company (including a corporation), that legally owns one or more shares of stock in a joint stock company. ...

Personal and marital life

Standing at approximately 6' 6", Keynes was very tall even by today's standards. In the early part of his life he had homosexual relationships. He had a series of relationships with men during his university days, and a serious relationship with the Bloomsbury painter Duncan Grant from 1908 to 1915. Keynes continued to assist Grant financially for the rest of his life. Keynes met Lydia Lopokova, a well-known Russian ballerina, in October 1918. The two married, and by most accounts, Keynes enjoyed a happy marriage with Lopokova. They were unable to have children for medical reasons. Homosexuality is a sexual orientation characterized by esthetic attraction, romantic love, or sexual desire exclusively for another of the same sex. ... The Bloomsbury Group or Bloomsbury Set or just Bloomsbury, as its adherents (members is probably too formal a designation) would generally refer to it, was an English group of artists and scholars that existed from around 1905 until around World War II. // History The group began as an informal social... Duncan James Corrowr Grant (21 January 1885- 9 May 1978) was a Scottish painter, a member of the Bloomsbury group. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1908 is a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search 1915 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Lydia Lopokova (October 21, 1892-June 8, 1981) was a famous Russian ballerina dancer during the early 20th-century and was the wife of the economist, John Maynard Keynes. ... A ballerina is a female ballet dancer. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1918 was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar (see link for calendar) or a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. ...

Keynes was ultimately a successful investor building up a substantial private fortune. He was nearly wiped out following the Stock Market Crash of 1929 but soon recouped his fortunes. He enjoyed collecting books and for example collected and protected during his lifetime many of Isaac Newton's papers. He was interested in literature in general and drama in particular and supported the Cambridge Arts Theatre financially, which allowed the institution to become at least for a while a major British stage outside of London. Keynes died of cardiac infarction, his heart problems being aggravated by the strain of working on post-war international financial problems. The word investor may refer to: A person who makes investments Investor AB, a Swedish investment company institutional investor corporate investor This is a disambiguation page, a list of pages that otherwise might share the same title. ... Jump to: navigation, search Sir Isaac Newton at 46 in Godfrey Knellers 1689 portrait Sir Isaac Newton, PRS (25 December 1642 (OS) – 20 March 1727 (OS) / 4 January 1643 (NS) – 31 March 1727 (NS)) was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, philosopher, and alchemist. ... In medicine, infarction is necrosis of tissue due to upstream obstruction of its arterial blood supply. ...

John Neville Keynes (1852 - 1949) outlived his son by three years. Keynes' brother Sir Geoffrey Keynes (1887-1982) was a distinguished surgeon, scholar and bibliophile. His nephews are Richard Keynes (born 1919), a physiologist, and Quentin Keynes (1921-2003) an adventurer and bibliophile. Sir Geoffrey Langdon Keynes (March 25, 1887 in Cambridge - July 5, 1982, in Cambridge) was an English surgeon, physician, scholar and bibliophile. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1887 is a common year starting on Saturday (click on link for calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search 1982 (MCMLXXXII) is a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. ... A typical modern surgery operation For other meanings of the word, see Surgery (disambiguation) Surgery (from the Greek cheirourgia - lit. ... A scholar is either a student or someone who has achieved a mastery of some academic discipline. ... Bibliophilia is the love of books; a bibliophile is a lover of books. ... Professr Richard Darwin Keynes FRS (born 14 August 1919) is a British physiologist. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1919 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Physiology (in Greek physis = nature and logos = word) is the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms. ... Quentin Keynes Quentin Keynes (1921 - February 2003) was a bibliophile. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1921 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar). ... Jump to: navigation, search 2003 (MMIII) is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Bibliophilia is the love of books; a bibliophile is a lover of books. ...

Influences on Keynes' works

• Arthur C. Pigou
• Alfred Marshall
• Adam Smith
• David Ricardo
• Karl Marx

Arthur Cecil Pigou (November 18, 1877 _ March 7, 1959) was an English economist, known for his work in many fields and particularly in welfare economics. ... Alfred Marshall Alfred Marshall (July 26, 1842–July 13, 1924), born in Bermondsey, London, England, became one of the most influential economists of his time. ... Jump to: navigation, search For other people named Adam Smith, see Adam Smith (disambiguation). ... Jump to: navigation, search David Ricardo (April 18, 1772 – September 11, 1823), a British political economist, is often credited with systematizing economics, and was one of the most influential of the classical economists. ... Jump to: navigation, search Karl Marx Karl Heinrich Marx (May 5, 1818 Trier, Germany – March 14, 1883 London, England) was an influential philosopher, political economist, and revolutionary organizer of the International Workingmens Association. ...

Keynes' influence

Keynes' theories were so influential, even when disputed, that a subfield of Macroeconomics called Keynesian economics is further developing and discussing his theories and their applications. John Maynard Keynes had several cultural interests and was a central figure in the so-called Bloomsbury group, consisting of prominent artists and authors in Great Britain. His autobiographical essays Two Memoirs appeared in 1949. Jump to: navigation, search Macroeconomics is the economics sub-field of study that considers aggregate behavior, i. ... Jump to: navigation, search Keynesian economics (pronounced kaynzian) or Keynesianism, is an economic theory based on the ideas of John Maynard Keynes, as put forward in his book The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, published in 1936 in response to the Great Depression of the 1930s. ... The Bloomsbury Group or Bloomsbury Set or just Bloomsbury, as its adherents (members is probably too formal a designation) would generally refer to it, was an English group of artists and scholars that existed from around 1905 until around World War II. // History The group began as an informal social... Jump to: navigation, search Autobiography (from the Greek auton, self, bios, life and graphein, write) is biography written by the subject or composed conjointly with a collaborative writer (styled as told to or with). The term dates from the late eighteenth century, but the form is much older. ... Jump to: navigation, search 1949 is a common year starting on Saturday. ...

Critique

The work 1930 Treatise on Money (2 volumes) was regarded as Keynes's best work by his frequent intellectual opponent, Milton Friedman. Friedman and other monetarists have argued that Keynesian Economists do not pay enough attention to stagflation and other inflationary issues. Jump to: navigation, search 1930 is a common year starting on Wednesday. ... Jump to: navigation, search Milton Friedman Milton Friedman (born July 31, 1912) is a U.S. economist, known primarily for his work on macroeconomics and for his advocacy of laissez-faire capitalism. ... Keynesian economics, or Keynesianism, is an economic theory based on the ideas of John Maynard Keynes, as put forward in his book The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, published in 1936 in response to the Great Depression of the 1930s. ... Stagflation is a term in macroeconomics used to describe a period of characteristic high inflation combined with economic stagnation, unemployment, or economic recession. ...

• Friedrich von Hayek reviewed the Treatise on Money so harshly that Keynes decided to set Piero Sraffa to review (and condemn no less harshly) Hayek's own competing work. The Keynes-Hayek conflict was but one battle in the Cambridge-LSE war.
• Ludwig von Mises
• Rational expectations
• Henry Hazlitt is well-known for his book The Failure of the New Economics, a detailed chapter-by-chapter critique of Keynes's "General Theory" [1]
• Roger W. Garrison author of Time and Money: The Macroeconomics of Capital Structure and other works

Friedrich von Hayek Friedrich August von Hayek (May 8, 1899 in Vienna – March 23, 1992 in Freiburg) was an economist and social scientist of the Austrian School, noted for his defense of liberal democracy and free-market capitalism against a rising tide of socialist and collectivist thought in the mid... Piero Sraffa (1898-1983) was an influential economist. ... Jump to: navigation, search Map of the Cambridgeshire area (1904) The city of Cambridge is an old English university town and the administrative centre of the county of Cambridgeshire. ... Jump to: navigation, search The London School of Economics and Political Science, often referred to as the London School of Economics or simply the LSE, is a specialist university in London. ... Ludwig Heinrich Edler von Mises (September 29, 1881 - October 10, 1973), was a notable economist and social philosopher. ... Rational expectations is a theory in economics used to model the determination of expectations of future events by economic actors, originally proposed by John F. Muth (1961). ... Henry Hazlitt (November 28, 1894 - July 8, 1993) was a libertarian philosopher, economist and journalist for The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, and Newsweek, among other publications. ... The Failure of the New Economics (1959) is a book by Henry Hazlitt offering a detailed critique of John Maynard Keyness work The General Theory of Employment Interest and Money (1936). ...

References

• Essays on John Maynard Keynes, Milo Keynes (Editor), Cambridge University Press, 1975, ISBN 0-521-20534-4
• John Maynard Keynes: Hopes Betrayed 1883-1920, Robert Skidelsky, Papermac, 1992, ISBN 033357379X (US Edition: ISBN 014023554X)
• John Maynard Keynes: The Economist as Saviour 1920-1937, Robert Skidelsky, Papermac, 1994, ISBN 0333584996 (US Edition: ISBN 0140238069)
• The Commanding Heights: The Battle for the World Economy, Daniel Yergin with Joseph Stanislaw, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998, ISBN 0684829754
• John Maynard Keynes: Fighting for Britain 1937-1946 (published in the United States as Fighting for Freedom), Robert Skidelsky, Papermac, 2001, ISBN 0333779711 (US Edition: ISBN 0142001678)

Professor Lord Robert Skidelsky, more properly Robert Jacob Alexander Skidelsky, Baron Skidelsky of Tilton, is a British economist, author of a major biography in three volumes of John Maynard Keynes, and a life peer. ...

See also

• Behavioral Economics
• Keynesianism
• Market imperfection
• Michał Kalecki
• Simon Kuznets
• Treatise on Money

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:

John Maynard Keynes

Jump to: navigation, search Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences winner Daniel Kahneman, was an important figure in the development of behavioral finance and economics and continues to write extensively in the field. ... Keynesian economics, or Keynesianism, is an economic theory based on the ideas of John Maynard Keynes, as put forward in his book The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, published in 1936 in response to the Great Depression of the 1930s. ... In economics, a market failure is a situation in which markets do not efficiently organize production or allocate goods and services to consumers (for example, a failure to allocate goods in a way some see as socially or morally preferable). ... MichaÅ‚ Kalecki (22nd June 1899-18 April 1970) was one of the greatest Polish economists. ... Simon Kuznets Simon Smith Kuznets (April 30, 1901–July 8/9, 1985) was an economist who won the 1971 Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic... Image File history File links i would like to see some quotations by or about goebbels. ... Jump to: navigation, search Wikiquote logo Wikiquote is a sister project of Wikipedia, using the same MediaWiki software. ...

External links

• Bio, bibliography, and links
• Works by John Maynard Keynes at Project Gutenberg
• Bio at Time 100 - the most important people of the century