Sir Frederick Lugard

Sir Frederick John Dealtry Lugard (Chinese Translated Name 盧押, or more rarely, 盧嘉) (January 22, 1858 - 1945), Baron Lugard of Abinger, (often referred to as Lord Lugard) was a British soldier, explorer of Africa and colonial administrator, who was Governor of Hong Kong. Image File history File links Hk14. ... Image File history File links Hk14. ... January 22 is the 22nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1858 is a common year starting on Friday. ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Governor of Hong Kong (香港總督) was a British official who ruled Hong Kong during the colonial period between 1841 and 1997 and was ex officio Commander-in-Chief and Vice-Admiral of Hong Kong. ...

Early life and education

Lugard was born in Madras (now Chennai) in India, but was raised in Worcester. He was the son of a Reverend. Lugard was educated at Rossall School and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. Chennai (சென்னை in Tamil), formerly known as Madras, is the capital of the state of Tamil Nadu and is Indias fourth largest metropolitan city. ... The city of Worcester (pronounced Wuh-ster) is the county town of Worcestershire in England; the river Severn runs through the middle, with the citys large Worcester Cathedral overlooking the river. ... Rossall School is a British co-educational independent day- and boarding school in Fleetwood, Lancashire. ... The Royal Military Academy Sandhurst (commonly known as Sandhurst) is the British Army officer initial training centre. ...

Military career

Lugard entered the army in 1878 by signing up with the Norfolk regiment (95th Foot) and joining the second batallion in India, and served in the following wars: 1878 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ...

• Afghan War (1879-1880)
• Sudan campaign (1884-1885)
• Burma (1886-1887)

In May of 1888, Lugard took command of an expedition organized by the British settlers in Nyasaland against Arab slave traders on Lake Nyasa, and was severely wounded. 1879 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1880 (MDCCCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... 1884 is a leap year starting on Tuesday (click on link to calendar). ... 1885 (MDCCCLXXXV) is a common year starting on Thursday. ... 1886 (MDCCCLXXXVI) is a common year starting on Friday (click on link to calendar) // Events January 18 - Modern field hockey is born with the formation of The Hockey Association in England. ... 1887 (MDCCCLXXXVII) is a common year starting on Saturday (click on link for calendar). ... 1888 is a leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar). ... The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ... A view of the lake from Likoma Island Lake Malawi, originally known as Lake Nyasa, Lake Nyassa and Lake Niassa after the Yao word for lake, is the most southerly lake in the Great African Rift Valley system. ...

Post-military career

After he left Nyasaland in April of 1889, Lugard joined the Imperial British East Africa Company. In their service, he explored the Sabaki river and the neighbouring region, in addition to elaborating a scheme for the emancipation of the slaves held by Arabs in the Zanzibar mainland. 1889 (MDCCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... The Imperial British East Africa Company was the administrator of British East Africa References Flags Of The World Categories: United Kingdom history stubs | Africa-related stubs ... Sabaki is a river of East Africa which enters the Indian Ocean in 30 12 S., just north of Malinda. ... Map of Zanzibars main island Zanzibar, Tanzania, comprises a pair of islands off the east coast of Africa called Zanzibar (Unguja) (1994 est. ...

In 1890, Lugard was sent by the company to Uganda, where he secured British predominance of the area and put an end to the civil disturbances. The efforts came with severe fighting, chiefly notable for an unprovoked attack by the "French" on the "British" faction. 1890 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...

After the successfil efforts to end disturbances, Lugard became Military Administrator of Uganda from December 26, 1890 to May of 1892. While administering Uganda, he journeyed round Ruwenzori to Albert Edward Nyanza, mapping a large area of the country. He also visited Albert Nyanza, and brought away some thousands of Sudanese who had been left there by Emin Pasha and H. M. Stanley. December 26 is the 360th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, 361st in leap years. ... 1890 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1892 (MDCCCXCII) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... The Ruwenzori Range is a small mountain range of central Africa, often referred to as Mt. ... Lake Edward can be seen on this map of Uganda Lake Edward is one of the Great Lakes of Africa. ... For the lake of the same name in South Australia, see Lake Albert, South Australia. ... Mehemet Emin Pasha (March 28, 1840 – October 23, 1892), born Eduard Carl Oscar Theodor Schnitzer, was a doctor, naturalist and governor of Equatoria in Africa. ... Sir Henry Morton Stanley (January 29, 1841-May 10, 1904) was a 19th century Welsh-born journalist and explorer famous for his exploration of Africa and his search for David Livingstone. ...

When Lugard returned to England in 1892, he successfully persuaded Prime Minister William Gladstone and his cabinet from abandoning Uganda. In 1894, Lugard was despatched by the Royal Niger Company to Borgu, where he secured treaties with the kings and chiefs acknowledging the sovereignty of the British company, while distancing the other colonial powers that were there. 1892 (MDCCCXCII) was a leap year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... William Ewart Gladstone (December 29, 1809 - May 19, 1898) was a British Liberal politician and Prime Minister (1868-1874, 1880-1885, 1886 and 1892-1894). ... 1894 (MDCCCXCIV) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... The Royal Niger Company was a mercantile company chartered by the British government in the nineteenth century. ... Borgu was a country in Africa, partitioned between the British and French colonialists by the Anglo-French Convention of 1898. ...

From 1896 to 1897, Lugard took charge of an expedition to Lake Ngami on behalf of the British West Charterland Company. From Ngami he was recalled by the British government and sent to West Africa, where he was commissioned to raise a native force to protect British interests in the hinterland of Lagos and Nigeria against French aggression. 1896 (MDCCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... 1897 (MDCCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... Lake Ngami is a lake in Botswana north of the Kalahari desert. ... Map of Nigeria showing Lagos on the lower left Lagos is the largest city in Nigeria. ...

In August of 1897, Lugard organized the West African Frontier Force, and commanded it until the end of December 1899, when the disputes with France were composed. 1897 (MDCCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar). ... 1899 (MDCCCXCIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ...

Early colonial services

After he relinquished command of the West African Frontier Force, Lugard was made High Commissioner of the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria, a position he held until 1906. At that time, the portion of Northern Nigeria under effective control was small, and Lugard's task in organizing this vast territory was made more difficult by the refusal of the sultan of Sokoto and many other Fula princes to fulfil their treaty obligations. 1906 (MCMVI) was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... Sokoto (which is the modern/anglicised version of the local name, Sakkwato; also known as Sakkwato, Birnin Shaihu da Bello or Sokoto, Capital of Shaihu and Bello) is a city located in the Northwestern region of Nigeria, and is the modern day capital of Sokoto State (and its predecessor, the... Categories: Africa-related stubs | Burkina Faso | Cameroon | Ethnic groups of Africa | Fulani Empire | Mali | Nigeria ...

In 1903, British control over the whole protectorate was made possible a successful campaign against the emir of Kano and the sultan of Sokoto. By the time Lugard resigned as commissioner, the entire Nigeria was being peacefully administered under the supervision of British residents. There were however uprisings that were brutally put down by Lugards troops. A Mahdi rebellion in 1906 at the Satiru, a village near Sokoto resulted in the total destruction of the town with huge number of casualties. 1903 (MCMIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... For the rule of Oliver Cromwell, see The Protectorate. ... For other uses of the word Kano see Kano (disambiguation). ... The Mahdi (Arabic: مهدي, also transliterated as: Mehdi or Mihdi; translated as: Guided One), in Islamic eschatology, is the prophesied redeemer of Islam, who will change the world into a perfect society before Yaum al-Qiyamah (literally Day of the Resurrection). The exact nature of the Mahdi differs between Sunni and...

Governor of Hong Kong

About a year after he resigned as High Commissioner of the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria, Lugard was appointed as Governor of Hong Kong, a position he held until March of 1912. During his tenure, Lugard proposed to return Weihaiwei to the Chinese government, in return for the ceding of the rented New Territories in perpetuity. However, the proposal received less than warm receptions, and it was not acted upon. Some believed that if the proposal was acted on, Hong Kong might forever remain in British hands. The Governor of Hong Kong (香港總督) was a British official who ruled Hong Kong during the colonial period between 1841 and 1997 and was ex officio Commander-in-Chief and Vice-Admiral of Hong Kong. ... 1912 (MCMXII) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday in the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Weihai (威海; pinyin: wēihǎi, also Weihaiwei) is a seaport city on the Bohai Gulf in north-east Shandong province, China. ... A major road, Kwong Fuk Road in Tai Po, a town in the New Territories. ...

Lugard was largely remembered for his efforts to create the University of Hong Kong in 1911. The University of Hong Kong (zh-hk: 香港大學, zh-cn: 香港大学, pinyin: Xiānggǎng Dàxué; abbreviated as HKU and 港大) is an English-speaking university. ... 1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar). ...

"The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa"

The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa is one of Lugard's works regarding indirect rule in colonial Africa. In this work, Lugard outlines the reasons and methods that should be employed in the colonization of Africa by Britain. Some of his justifications included spreading Christianity and ending barbarism. He also saw state sponsored colonization as a way to protect missionaries, local chiefs, and local people from each other as well as from foreign powers. Also, for Lugard, it was vital that Britain gain control of unclaimed areas before Germany, Portugal, or France claimed the land and its resources for themselves. He realized that their were vast profits to be made through the exporting of resources like rubber and through taxation of native populations, as well as importers and exporters. In addition, these resources and inexpensive slave labor would provide vital fuel for the industrial revolution in resource depleted Britain as well as monies for public works projects. Finally, Lugard reasoned that colinization had become a fad and that in order to remain a super power, Britain would need to hold colonies in order to avoid appearing weak.

Lugard pushed for native rule in African colonies. He reasoned that black Africans were very different from white Europeans. Therefore, natives should act as a sort of middle manager in colonial governance. This would avoid revolt because, as Lugard believed, the people of Africa would be more likely to follow someone who looked like them, spoke their languages, and shared ter customs. The technique was employed successfully by European colonial leaders.

Post-governorship

In 1912, Lugard returned to Nigeria as Governor of the two protectorates. His main mission was to complete the amalgmation into one colony. Although controversial in Lagos, where it was opposed by a large section of the political class and the media, the amalgamation did not arouse passion in the rest of the country. From 1914 to 1919, Lugard was made Governor General of the now combined Colony of Nigeria. Throughout his tenure, Lugard sought strenuously to secure the amelioration of the condition of the native people, among other means by the exclusion, wherever possible, of alcoholic liquors, and by the suppression of slave raiding and slavery. 1912 (MCMXII) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday in the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Map of Nigeria showing Lagos on the lower left Lagos is the largest city in Nigeria. ... 1914 (MCMXIV) is a common year starting on Thursday. ... 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...

Personal life

Lugard married Flora Louise Shaw in 1902. Flora Shaw's father, Major-General George Shaw, was a distinguished writer on colonial subjects for The Times. Lugard died in 1945. Flora Louise Shaw was born in 1852 in Dublin, as the daughter of major-general George Shaw. ... 1902 (MCMII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... The Times is a national newspaper published daily in the United Kingdom. ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ...

Honours

• CB, 1895
• K.C.M.G., 1901
• G.C.M.G., 1911
• Member of Privy Council, 1920.

Military Badge of the Order of the Bath The Most Honourable Order of the Bath is a British order of chivalry founded by George I on 18 May 1725. ... 1895 (MDCCCXCV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Thursday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar). ... On the Orders insignia, St Michael is often depicted subduing Satan. ... 1901 (MCMI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar). ... On the Orders insignia, St Michael is often depicted subduing Satan. ... 1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar). ... Her Majestys Most Honourable Privy Council is a body of advisors to the British Sovereign. ... 1920 (MCMXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January January 7 - Forces of Russian White admiral Kolchak surrender in Krasnoyarsk. ...

Published works

In 1893, Lugard published The Rise of our East African Empire, which was partially an autobiography. Also, Lugard was the author of various valuable reports on Northern Nigeria issued by the Colonial Office. 1893 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar). ... The Secretary of State for the Colonies or Colonial Secretary was the British Cabinet official in charge of managing the various British colonies. ...

Places named after him

• The Lugard Road in Hong Kong
• Lugard Tower (the Faculty of Education Building in University of Hong Kong)
• Lugard Hall (a dormitory complex in the University of Hong Kong)
• Lugard Avenue Ikoyi Lagos, Nigeria
• Lugard Avenue Entebbe, Uganda
• Many school domitories, guest houses etc. in East Africa and West Africa are named Lugard House.

Ikoyi is the name of a residential island that forms part of the city of Lagos in Nigeria. ... Map of Nigeria showing Lagos on the lower left Lagos is the largest city in Nigeria. ... Entebbe is a city in Uganda with a population of approximately 90,500. ... Sir Matthew Nathan Sir Matthew Nathan (Chinese Translated Name 彌敦) (1862 - 1939) was a British soldier and civil servant, who variously served as the Governor of Sierra Leone, Gold Coast, Hong Kong, Natal and Queensland. ... The Governor of Hong Kong (香港總督) was a British official who ruled Hong Kong during the colonial period between 1841 and 1997 and was ex officio Commander-in-Chief and Vice-Admiral of Hong Kong. ... (Redirected from 29th July) July 29 is the 210th day (211th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 155 days remaining. ... 1907 (MCMVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Wednesday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... (Redirected from 16th March) March 16 is the 75th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (76th in Leap years). ... 1912 (MCMXII) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar (or a leap year starting on Tuesday in the 13-day-slower Julian calendar). ... Claude Severn (Chinese Translated Name 施勳) was a British colonial administrator. ... This page contains a list of Governors-General of Nigeria. ... 1914 (MCMXIV) is a common year starting on Thursday. ... 1919 (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...

External links

• Archives Hub:Papers of Frederick Dealtry Lugard, Baron Lugard of Abinger: 1871-1969

Citations

This article incorporates text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, a publication in the public domain. The 11th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1910-1911) is the most famous edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. ... The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest. ...