NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Baroque period

In the arts, Baroque (or baroque) is both a period and the artistic style that dominated it. The Baroque style used exaggerated motion and clear, easily interpreted detail to produce drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture, painting, literature, and music. The style started around 1600 in Rome, Italy and spread to most of Europe. In music, the Baroque applies to the final period of dominance of imitative counterpoint. Download high resolution version (650x882, 93 KB)The Adoration of the Magi, a 1624 oil-on-canvas painting by Peter Paul Rubens. ... Download high resolution version (650x882, 93 KB)The Adoration of the Magi, a 1624 oil-on-canvas painting by Peter Paul Rubens. ... The Adoration of the Magii, painted 1624. ... The Arts includes much of what is covered by the term Fine art (and some would generalize to Art) and also includes the Trivium and the Quadrivium. ... Style may refer to genre, design, format, or appearance, including: Clothing: fashion Flower part: flower Music: music genre Sundial part: Gnomon Titles or honorifics: Style (manner of address) including Chinese courtesy names Web design: Cascading Style Sheets Writing: style guide and literary genre Linguistics: Variation in language use of an... A sculpture is a three-dimensional, man-made object selected for special recognition as art. ... The Mona Lisa is perhaps the best-known artistic painting in the Western world. ... Literature is literally acquaintance with letters as in the first sense given in the Oxford English Dictionary (from the Latin littera meaning an individual written character (letter)). The term has generally come to identify a collection of texts, mainly novels, drama and poetry. ... Music is an art, entertainment, or other human activity which involves organized and audible sound, though definitions vary. ... City motto: Senatus Populusque Romanus â€“ SPQR (The Senate and the People of Rome) Founded 21 April 753 BCE mythical, 1st millennium BCE Region Latium Mayor Walter Veltroni (Left-Wing Democrats) Area - City Proper 1285 kmÂ² Population - City (2005) - Metropolitan - Density (city proper) 3. ... World map showing Europe Europe is conventionally considered one of the seven continents which, in this case, is more a cultural and political distinction than a physiogeographic one. ... Counterpoint is a musical technique involving the simultaneous sounding of separate musical lines. ...

(The name adapted a French adjective that is derived from the Portuguese noun "barroco"; both described a pearl of irregular shape. Some confusion can occur in using for the period and style the lower-cased version "baroque", which can instead mean merely "elaborate" [or especially "overly elaborate"] without implying connection to the period.) An adjective is a part of speech which modifies a noun, usually describing it or making its meaning more specific. ... A noun, or noun substantive, is a part of speech (a word or phrase) which can co-occur with (in)definite articles and attributive adjectives, and function as the head of a noun phrase. ... Nuclei from Toba Pearl Island, Japan A pearl is a hard, rounded object produced by certain mollusks, primarily oysters. ... Minuscule, or lower case, is the smaller form (case) of letters (in the Roman alphabet: a, b, c, ...). Originally alphabets were written entirely in majuscule (capital) letters which were spaced between well-defined upper and lower bounds. ...

The popularity and success of the "Baroque" was encouraged by the Roman Catholic Church when it decided that the drama of the Baroque artists' style could communicate religious themes in direct and emotional involvement. The secular aristocracy also saw the dramatic style of Baroque architecture and art as a means of impressing visitors and would-be competitors. Baroque palaces are built round an entrance sequence of courts, anterooms, grand staircases, and reception rooms of sequentially increasing magnificence. Many forms of art, music, architecture, and literature inspired each other in the "Baroque" cultural movement. The Roman Catholic Church, (also known as the Catholic Church), is the ancient Christian Church led by the Bishop of Rome (commonly called the Pope). ... A cultural movement is a change in the way a number of different disciplines approach their work. ...

Evolution of the Baroque

The Baroque originated around 1600. The canon promulgated at the Council of Trent (1545–63), by which the Roman Catholic Church addressed the representational arts by demanding that paintings and sculptures in church contexts should speak to the illiterate rather than to the well-informed, is customarily offered as an inspiration of the Baroque, which appeared, however, a generation later. This turn toward a populist conception of the function of ecclesiastical art is seen by many art historians as driving the innovations of Caravaggio and the Carracci brothers, all of whom were working (and competing for commissions) in Rome around 1600. The Council of Trent is an ecumenical council recognized by the Roman Catholic Church held from December 13, 1545, to December 4, 1563. ... The Roman Catholic Church, (also known as the Catholic Church), is the ancient Christian Church led by the Bishop of Rome (commonly called the Pope). ... Art history usually refers to the history of the visual arts. ... Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio (September 28, 1573 â€“ July 18, 1610), usually called Caravaggio after his hometown near Milan, was an Italian Baroque painter, whose large religious works portrayed saints and other biblical figures as ordinary people. ... There are several people with the name Carracci. ...

The appeal of Baroque style turned consciously from the witty, intellectual qualities of 16th century Mannerist art to a visceral appeal aimed at the senses. It employed an iconography that was direct, simple, obvious, and dramatic (see the Prometheus sculpture below). Baroque art drew on certain broad and heroic tendencies in Annibale Carracci and his circle, and found inspiration in other artists like Correggio and Caravaggio and Federico Barocci, nowadays sometimes termed 'proto-Baroque'. Mannerism is the usual English term for an approach to all the arts, particularly painting but not exclusive to it, a reaction to the High Renaissance, emerging after the Sack of Rome in 1527 shook Renaissance confidence, humanism and rationality to their foundations, and even Religion had split apart. ... The Flight into Egypt (1603) Annibale Carracci (November 3, 1560, in Bologna - July 15, 1609, in Rome) was an Italian painter, etcher and engraver. ... Antonio Allegri da Correggio Jupiter and Io, 1531 or 32 Antonio Allegri da Correggio (Correggio, Italy August 1489 â€“ March 5, 1534) was an Italian painter of the Renaissance. ... Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio (September 28, 1573 â€“ July 18, 1610), usually called Caravaggio after his hometown near Milan, was an Italian Baroque painter, whose large religious works portrayed saints and other biblical figures as ordinary people. ... Annunciation (1592-96) Oil on canvas S. Maria degli Angeli, Perugia Federico Barocci (or Baroccio) (1528-1612), Italian painter, was born at Urbino Barocci is one of the most important painters between Correggio and Caravaggio. ...

Germinal ideas of the Baroque can also be found in the work of Michelangelo. Download high resolution version (809x950, 92 KB)Nicolas-Sébastien Adam, Prometheus in Chains, marble, 1737, height 115 cm, Musée du Louvre, Paris Source: [1] from the Web Gallery of art Copyright: [2] This work is copyrighted. ... Download high resolution version (809x950, 92 KB)Nicolas-Sébastien Adam, Prometheus in Chains, marble, 1737, height 115 cm, Musée du Louvre, Paris Source: [1] from the Web Gallery of art Copyright: [2] This work is copyrighted. ... The main courtyard of the Louvre. ... Michelangelo (full name Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni) (March 6, 1475 - February 18, 1564) was a Renaissance sculptor, architect, painter, and poet. ...

Some general parallels in music make the expression "Baroque music" useful. Contrasting phrase lengths, harmony and counterpoint ousted polyphony, and orchestral color made a stronger appearance. (See Baroque music.) Similar fascination with simple, strong, dramatic expression in poetry, where clear, broad syncopated rhythms replaced the enknotted elaborated metaphysical similes employed by Mannerists such as John Donne and imagery that was strongly influenced by visual developments in painting, can be sensed in John Milton's Paradise Lost, a Baroque epic. Counterpoint is a musical technique involving the simultaneous sounding of separate musical lines. ... Polyphony is a musical texture consisting of several independent melodic voices, as opposed to music with just one voice (monophony) or music with one dominant melodic voice accompanied by chords (homophony). ... Baroque music describes an era and a set of styles of European classical music which were in widespread use between approximately 1600 to 1750 (see Dates of classical music eras for a discussion of the problems inherent in defining the beginning and end points). ... Mannerism is the usual English term for an approach to all the arts, particularly painting but not exclusive to it, a reaction to the High Renaissance, emerging after the Sack of Rome in 1527 shook Renaissance confidence, humanism and rationality to their foundations, and even Religion had split apart. ... John Donne John Donne (pronounced Dun; 1572 â€“ March 31, 1631) was a Jacobean metaphysical poet. ... See John Milton (disambiguation) for other uses John Milton, English poet John Milton (December 9, 1608 â€“ November 8, 1674) was an English poet, best-known for his epic poem Paradise Lost. ... Title page of the first edition Paradise Lost (1667) is an epic poem by the 17th century English poet John Milton. ...

Though Baroque was superseded in many centers by the Rococo style, beginning in France in the late 1720s, especially for interiors, paintings and the decorative arts, Baroque architecture remained a viable style until the advent of Neoclassicism in the later 18th century. See the Neapolitan palace of Caserta, a Baroque palace (though in a chaste exterior) that was not even begun until 1752. Critics have given up talking about a "Baroque period." To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Neoclassicism (sometimes rendered as Neo-Classicism or Neo-classicism) is the name given to quite distinct movements in the visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture. ... View from the gardens on Caserta Caserta Palace, near Naples was certainly the largest palace and probably the largest building erected in Europe in the 18th century. ...

In paintings, Baroque gestures are broader than Mannerist gestures: less ambiguous, less arcane and mysterious, more like the stage gestures of opera, a major Baroque artform. Baroque poses depend on contrapposto ("counterpoise"), the tension within the figures that moves the planes of shoulders and hips in counterdirections. See Benini's David (below, left). This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Contrapposto is an Italian word for counterpoise referring to an analytical sculptural technique in which the artist illustrates the natural counterbalance of the body through the bending of the hips in one direction and the legs in another direction. ...

The dryer, chastened, less dramatic and coloristic, later stages of 18th century Baroque architectural style are often seen as a separate Late Baroque manifestation. (See Claude Perrault.) Academic characteristics in the neo-Palladian architectural style, epitomized by William Kent, are a parallel development in Britain and the British colonies: within doors, Kent's furniture designs are vividly influenced by the Baroque furniture of Rome and Genoa, hieratic tectonic sculptural elements meant never to be moved from their positions completing the wall elevation. Baroque is a style of unity imposed upon rich and massy detail. david sculpted by bernini The copyright status of this vintage image is undetermined; it may still be copyrighted. ... david sculpted by bernini The copyright status of this vintage image is undetermined; it may still be copyrighted. ... A self portrait: Bernini is said to have used his own features in the David (below, left) Gian Lorenzo Bernini (Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini) (December 7, 1598, Naples â€“ November 28, 1680, Rome) was a towering baroque artist in 17th century Baroque Rome, where he is known mainly for his often... Though Claude Perrault (Paris, 1613 - Paris, 1688) is best known as the architect of the eastern range of the Louvre in Paris, he also achieved success as physician and anatomist, and as an author, who wrote treatises on physics and natural history. ... A villa with a superimposed portico, from Book IV of Palladios I Quattro Libri dellArchitettura, in a modestly priced English translation published in London, 1736. ... William Kent (born in Bridlington, Yorkshire, c. ...

The Baroque was defined by Heinrich Wölfflin as the age where the oval replaced the circle as the center of composition, centralization replaced balance, and coloristic and "painterly" effects began to become more prominent. Art historians, often Protestant ones, have traditionally emphasized that the Baroque style evolved during a time in which the Roman Catholic Church had to react against the many revolutionary cultural movements that produced a new science and new forms of religion—the Reformation. It has been said that the monumental Baroque is a style that could give the Papacy, like secular absolute monarchies, a formal, imposing way of expression that could restore its prestige, at the point of becoming somehow symbolic of the Catholic Reformation. Whether this is the case or not, it was successfully developed in Rome, where Baroque architecture widely renewed the central areas with perhaps the most important urbanistic revision during this period of time. Heinrich WÃ¶lfflin (June 21, 1864 â€“ July 19, 1945) was a famous Swiss art critic, whose objective classifying principles (painterly vs. ... Protestantism is a general grouping of denominations within Christianity. ... The Roman Catholic Church, (also known as the Catholic Church), is the ancient Christian Church led by the Bishop of Rome (commonly called the Pope). ... The Protestant Reformation was a movement which began in the 16th century as a series of attempts to reform the Roman Catholic Church, but ended in division and the establishment of new institutions, most importantly Lutheranism, Reformed churches, and Anabaptists. ... The Pope is the Catholic Bishop and patriarch of Rome, and head of the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches. ... Absolutism is a political theory which argues that one person (generally, a monarch) should hold all power. ... The Catholic Reformation or the Counter-Reformation was a strong reaffirmation of the doctrine and structure of the Catholic Church, climaxing at the Council of Trent, partly in reaction to the growth of Protestantism. ... City motto: Senatus Populusque Romanus â€“ SPQR (The Senate and the People of Rome) Founded 21 April 753 BCE mythical, 1st millennium BCE Region Latium Mayor Walter Veltroni (Left-Wing Democrats) Area - City Proper 1285 kmÂ² Population - City (2005) - Metropolitan - Density (city proper) 3. ...

Baroque visual art

Main article: Baroque art Download high resolution version (1050x729, 119 KB)Federico Barocci, Aeneas Flight from Troy 1598 Galleria Borghese, Rome The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in the public domain in the United States and in those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus... Download high resolution version (1050x729, 119 KB)Federico Barocci, Aeneas Flight from Troy 1598 Galleria Borghese, Rome The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in the public domain in the United States and in those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus... Annunciation (1592-96) Oil on canvas S. Maria degli Angeli, Perugia Federico Barocci (or Baroccio) (1528-1612), Italian painter, was born at Urbino Barocci is one of the most important painters between Correggio and Caravaggio. ... Baroque art is the painting and sculpture associated with the Baroque cultural movement, a movement often identified with Absolutism and the Counter Reformation; the existence of important Baroque art and architecture in non-absolutist and Protestant states, however, undercuts this linking. ...

A defining statement of what Baroque signifies in painting is provided by the series of paintings executed by Peter Paul Rubens for Marie de Medici at the Luxembourg Palace in Paris (now at the Louvre) [1], in which a Catholic painter satisfied a Catholic patron: Baroque-era conceptions of monarchy, iconography, handling of paint, and compositions as well as the depiction of space and movement. There were highly diverse strands of Italian baroque painting, from Caravaggio to Cortona; both approaching emotive dynamism with different styles. Another frequently cited work of Baroque art is Bernini's Saint Theresa in Ecstasy for the Cornaro chapel in S. Maria della Vittoria, which brings together architecture, sculpture, and theater into one grand conceit [2]. The Adoration of the Magii, painted 1624. ... Marie de Medici (April 26, 1573 - July 3, 1642), born in Italy as Maria de Medici, was queen consort of France under the French name Marie de Médicis. ... Luxembourg Palace The Luxembourg Palace in the VIe arrondissement of Paris, north of the Luxembourg Garden, is where the French Senate meets. ... I.M. Peis Louvre Pyramid: the entrance to the galleries lies below the glass pyramid The Louvre Museum (MusÃ©e du Louvre, pronounced in French) in Paris, France, is one of the largest and most famous museums in the world. ... Caravaggio painted by Ottavio Leoni around 1621. ... André Rieu Concert in Piazza Della Republica, Cortona Cortona is a small town in Tuscany, Italy. ... A self portrait: Bernini is said to have used his own features in the David (below, left) Gian Lorenzo Bernini (Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini) (December 7, 1598 - November 28, 1680), who worked chiefly in Rome, was the pre-eminent baroque artist. ... ...

The later Baroque style gradually gave way to a more decorative Rococo, which, through contrast, further defines Baroque. To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ...

Baroque sculpture

In Baroque sculpture, groups of figures assumed new importance, and there was a dynamic movement and energy of human forms— they spiralled around an empty central vortex, or reached outwards into the surrounding space. For the first time, Baroque sculpture often had multiple ideal viewing angles. The characteristic Baroque sculpture added extra-sculptural elements, for example, concealed lighting, or water fountains. Fountain is also the name of an artwork by Marcel Duchamp An ornamental lit fountain photographed at night for about 6 seconds. ...

The architecture, sculpture and fountains of Bernini (1598–1680) give highly-charged characteristics of Baroque style. Bernini was undoubtedly the most important sculptor of the Baroque period. He approached Michelangelo in his omnicompetence: Bernini sculpted, worked as an architect, painted, wrote plays, and staged spectacles. In the late 20th century Bernini was most valued for his sculpture, both for his virtuosity in carving marble and his ability to create figures that combine the physical and the spiritual. He was also a fine sculptor of bust portraits in high demand among the powerful. A self portrait: Bernini is said to have used his own features in the David (below, left) Gian Lorenzo Bernini (Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini) (December 7, 1598, Naples â€“ November 28, 1680, Rome) was a towering baroque artist in 17th century Baroque Rome, where he is known mainly for his often... Michelangelo (full name Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni) (March 6, 1475 - February 18, 1564) was a Renaissance sculptor, architect, painter, and poet. ...

Bernini's Cornaro chapel: the complete work of art

A good example of Bernini's work that helps us understand the Baroque is his St. Theresa in Ecstasy (1645–52), created for the Cornaro Chapel of the church of Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome. Bernini designed the entire chapel, a subsidiary space along the side of the church, for the Cornaro family. The Ecstasy of St Theresa (alternatively St Teresa in Ecstasy or Transverberation of St Teresa) is a marble masterpiece sculpture by Gian Lorenzo Bernini, which is part of his complete architectural design, construction, and decoration the Cornaro Chapel of Santa Maria della Vittoria in Rome completed in 1652 for the... Berninis Ecstasy of St Teresa Santa Maria della Vittoria is a church in Rome. ... City motto: Senatus Populusque Romanus â€“ SPQR (The Senate and the People of Rome) Founded 21 April 753 BCE mythical, 1st millennium BCE Region Latium Mayor Walter Veltroni (Left-Wing Democrats) Area - City Proper 1285 kmÂ² Population - City (2005) - Metropolitan - Density (city proper) 3. ...

He had, in essence, a brick box shaped something like a proscenium stage space with which to work. Saint Theresa, the focal point of the chapel, is a monochromatic marble statue (a soft white) surrounded by a polychromatic marble architectural framing concealing a window to light the statue from above. In shallow relief, sculpted figure-groups of the Cornaro family inhabit in opera boxes along the two side walls of the chapel. The setting places the viewer as a spectator in front of the statue with the Cornaro family leaning out of their box seats and craning forward to see the mystical ecstasy of the saint. St. Theresa is highly idealized in detail and in an imaginary setting. St. Theresa of Avila, a popular saint of the Catholic Reformation, wrote narratives of her mystical experiences aimed at the nuns of her Carmelite Order; these writings had become popular reading among lay people interested in pursuing spirituality. She once described the love of God as piercing her heart like a burning arrow. Bernini literalizes this image by placing St. Theresa on a cloud in a reclining pose; what can only be described as a Cupid figure holds a golden arrow (the arrow is made of metal) and smiles down at her. The angelic figure is not preparing to plunge the arrow into her heart— rather, he has withdrawn it. St. Theresa's face reflects not the anticipation of ecstasy, but her current fulfillment, which can only be described as orgasmic. There are a few places named Theresa in the United States: Theresa (town), New York Theresa (village), New York Theresa, Wisconsin Theresa (town), Wisconsin This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. ... Saint Teresa of Avila (known in religion as Teresa de Jesús, baptised as Teresa de Cepeda y Ahumada) was a Spanish Roman Catholic mystic and monastic reformer; born at Avila (53 miles north-west of Madrid), Old Castile, March 28, 1515; died at Alba de Tormes October 15, 1582. ... The Catholic Reformation or the Counter-Reformation was a strong reaffirmation of the doctrine and structure of the Catholic Church, climaxing at the Council of Trent, partly in reaction to the growth of Protestantism. ... Origin and early history Carmelites (in Latin Ordo fratrum Beatæ Virginis Mariæ de monte Carmelo) is the name of a Roman Catholic order founded in the 12th century by a certain Berthold (d. ...

The blending of religious and erotic was intensely offensive to both neoclassical restraint and, later, to Victorian prudishness; it is part of the genius of the Baroque. Bernini, who in life and writing was a devout Catholic, is not attempting to satirize the experience of a chaste nun, but to embody in marble a complex truth about religious experience— that it is an experience that takes place in the body. Theresa described her bodily reaction to spiritual enlightenment in a language of ecstasy used by many mystics, and Bernini's depiction is earnest. Celibacy may refer either to being unmarried or to sexual abstinence. ...

The Cornaro family promotes itself discreetly in this chapel; they are represented visually, but are placed on the sides of the chapel, witnessing the event from balconies. As in an opera house, the Cornaro have a privileged position in respect to the viewer, in their private reserve, closer to the saint; the viewer, however, has a better view from the front. They attach their name to the chapel, but St. Theresa is the focus. It is a private chapel in the sense that no one could say mass on the altar beneath the statue (in 17th century and probably through the 19th) without permission from the family, but the only thing that divides the viewer from the image is the altar rail. The spectacle functions both as a demonstration of mysticism and as a piece of family pride. An opera house is a building where operas are performed. ...

Baroque architecture

Main article: Baroque architecture ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1280x1024, 234 KB) WilanÃ³w palace, Warsaw, Poland Author: Wojsyl, March 2003 File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... ImageMetadata File history File links Download high resolution version (1280x1024, 234 KB) WilanÃ³w palace, Warsaw, Poland Author: Wojsyl, March 2003 File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Area 36,73 kmÂ² Population 14 032 (2003) Population density 355/kmÂ² Mayor Lech Skowron Notable landmarks WilanÃ³w Palace, Poster Museum, palace park WilanÃ³w Website WilanÃ³w is a borough of the city of Warsaw, Poland. ... Residenzschloss Ludwigsburg, Ludwigsburg, Germany File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Residenzschloss Ludwigsburg, Ludwigsburg, Germany File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Download high resolution version (2443x1523, 2681 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (2443x1523, 2681 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... For the Baroque style in a more general sense, see Baroque. ...

In Baroque architecture, new emphasis was placed on bold massing, colonnades, domes, light-and-shade (chiaroscuro), 'painterly' color effects, and the bold play of volume and void. In interiors, Baroque movement around and through a void informed monumental staircases that had no parallel in previous architecture. The other Baroque innovation in worldly interiors was the state apartment, a processional sequence of increasingly rich interiors that culminated in a presence chamber or throne room or a state bedroom. The sequence of monumental stair followed by state apartment was copied in smaller scale everywhere in aristocratic dwellings of any pretensions. In classical architecture, a colonnade denotes a long sequence of columns joined by their entablature, often free-standing, as in the famous elliptically curving colonnades that Bernini added to the facade of Saint Peters Basilica in Rome, which embrace and define the Piazza. ... St Peters Basilica (topped with a lantern), Rome A dome is a common structural element of architecture that resembles the hollow upper half of a sphere. ... Sacred Love versus Profane Love by Giovanni Baglione. ...

Baroque architecture was taken up with enthusiasm in central Germany (see e.g. Ludwigsburg Palace and Zwinger Dresden), Austria and Poland (see e.g. Wilanow and Bialystok Palaces). In England the culmination of Baroque architecture was embodied in work by Sir Christopher Wren, Sir John Vanbrugh and Nicholas Hawksmoor, from ca. 1660 to ca. 1725. Many examples of Baroque architecture and town planning are found in other European towns, and in the Spanish Americas. Town planning of this period featured radiating avenues intersecting in squares, which took cues from Baroque garden plans. Ludwigsburg Palace and Baroque Gardens (near Stuttgart, Germany) Courtyard of Ludwigsburg Palace Favorite Palace Ludwigsburg Monrepos Palace Ludwigsburg Ludwigsburg Palace is Germanys largest baroque palace and features an enormous baroque garden. ... Aerial view of the Zwinger Palace The Zwinger Palace in Dresden, is a major German landmark. ... Area Population (2003) Population density Mayor Stanisław Pietrzak Notable landmarks Wilanów Palace, Poster Museum, palace park Website Wilanów is a borough of the city of Warsaw, Poland. ... Białystok (pronounce: [bȋa:wistɔk]) (Belarusian: Беласток, Lithuanian: Balstogė) is the largest city (pop. ... Royal motto (French): Dieu et mon droit (Translated: God and my right) Englands location within the British Isles Official language English de facto Capital London de facto Largest city London Area â€“ Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 kmÂ² Population â€“ Total (mid-2004) â€“ Total (2001 Census) â€“ Density Ranked 1st UK... Christopher Wren by Godfrey Kneller, 1711. ... Sir John Vanbrugh in Godfrey Knellers Kit-cat portrait, considered one of Knellers finest portraits. ... The career of Nicholas Hawksmoor (probably 1661 - 25 March 1736) formed the brilliant middle link in Britains trio of great baroque architects. ... See also subsistence gardening, the art and craft of growing plants, considered as a circumscribed form of individual agriculture. ...

The Foyer of Charles Garniers Opera, Paris This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... The Foyer of Charles Garniers Opera, Paris This image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. ... Charles Garnier (6 November 1825 _ 3 August 1898) was a French architect, designer of the Paris Opéra and the Opéra de Monte_Carlo. ... Exterior of the Palais Garnier. ... A Second Empire style house in historic Elgin, Illinois This article is about the Second Empire architectural style. ...

Neo-Baroque architecture

Exterior of the Palais Garnier. ... Charles Garnier (6 November 1825 _ 3 August 1898) was a French architect, designer of the Paris Opéra and the Opéra de Monte_Carlo. ... Semper Oper in Dresden The Semper Oper (German: Semperoper) or Saxon State Opera Dresden (SÃ¤chsische Staatsoper Dresden) is an opera house in Dresden, Germany, and is one of the most famous in the world. ... Dresden, the capital city of the German federal state of Saxony, is situated in a valley on the river Elbe. ...

Baroque theater and dance

In theater, the elaborate conceits, multiplicity of plot turns, and variety of situations characteristic of Mannerism (Shakespeare's tragedies, for instance) are superseded by opera, which drew together all the arts in a unified whole. Mannerism is the usual English term for an approach to all the arts, particularly painting but not exclusive to it, a reaction to the High Renaissance, emerging after the Sack of Rome in 1527 shook Renaissance confidence, humanism and rationality to their foundations, and even Religion had split apart. ... Wikipedia does not yet have an article with this exact name. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ...

Dance was popular in the Baroque era. Dance during the Baroque era in Europe was closely linked with Baroque art and Baroque music. ...

Baroque literature and philosophy

Baroque actually expressed new values, which often are summarised in the use of metaphor and allegory, widely found in Baroque literature, and in the research for the "maraviglia" (wonder, astonishment — as in Marinism), the use of artifices. If Mannerism was a first breach with Renaissance, Baroque was an opposed language. The psychological pain of Man -- a theme disbanded after the Copernican and the Lutheran revolutions in search of solid anchors, a proof of an "ultimate human power" -- was to be found in both the art and architecture of the Baroque period. A relevant part of works was made on religious themes, since the Roman Church was the main "customer." In language, a metaphor (from the Greek: metapherin) is a rhetorical trope defined as a direct comparison between two seemingly unrelated subjects. ... An allegory (from Greek Î±Î»Î»Î¿Ï‚, allos, other, and Î±Î³Î¿ÏÎµÏ…ÎµÎ¹Î½, agoreuein, to speak in public) is a figurative mode of representation conveying a meaning other than and in addition to the literal. ... Marinism, or Secentismo in Italian literally means 17th century and was a creative style against classical. ... Nicolaus Copernicus (MikoÅ‚aj Kopernik) MikoÅ‚aj Kopernik (February 19, 1473 â€“ May 24, 1543), more commonly known by the Latin form Nicolaus Copernicus, was an astrologer, astronomer, mathematician, administrator and economist. ... Luther at age 46 (Lucas Cranach the Elder, 1529) The Luther seal Martin Luther (November 10, 1483â€“February 18, 1546) was a German theologian, an Augustinian monk, and an ecclesiastical reformer whose teachings inspired the Reformation and deeply influenced the doctrines and culture of the Lutheran and Protestant traditions. ...

Virtuosity was researched by artists (and the virtuoso became a common figure in any art) together with realism and care for details (some talk of a typical "intricacy"). A virtuoso (from the Latin virtus meaning: skill, manliness, excellence) is an individual who possesses outstanding mechanical ability at operating a musical instrument. ... Realism in art and literature is the depiction of fact or reality, rather than imaginary subjects. ...

The privilege given to external forms had to compensate and balance the lack of content that has been observed in many Baroque works: Marino's "Maraviglia", for example, is practically made of the pure, mere form. Fantasy and imagination should be evoked in the spectator, in the reader, in the listener. All was focused around the individual Man, as a straight relationship between the artist, or directly the art and its user, its client. Art is then less distant from user, more directly approaching him, solving the cultural gap that used to keep art and user reciprocally far, by Maraviglia. But the increased attention to the individual, also created in these schemes some important genres like the Romanzo (novel) and let popular or local forms of art, especially dialectal literature, to be put into evidence. In Italy this movement toward the single individual (that some define a "cultural descent", while others indicate it was a possible cause for the classical opposition to Baroque) caused Latin to be definitely replaced by Italian. Marino (postcode 5049) is a suburb in the south of Adelaide, South Australia. ... DeFoes Robinson Crusoe, Newspaper edition published in 1719 A novel (from French nouvelle, new) is an extended fictional narrative in prose. ... Latin is an ancient Indo-European language originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium. ...

In English literature, the metaphysical poets represent a closely related movement; their poetry likewise sought unusual metaphors, which they then examined in often extensive detail. Their verse also manifests a taste for paradox, and deliberately inventive and unusual turns of phrase. The term English literature refers to literature written in the English language, including literature composed in English by writers not necessarily from England; Joseph Conrad was Polish, Robert Burns was Scottish, James Joyce was Irish, Edgar Allan Poe was American, Salman Rushdie is Indian. ... The metaphysical poets were a loose group of British lyric poets of the 17th century, who shared an interest in metaphysical concerns and a common way of investigating them. ...

Baroque music

Main article: Baroque music Baroque music describes an era and a set of styles of European classical music which were in widespread use between approximately 1600 to 1750 (see Dates of classical music eras for a discussion of the problems inherent in defining the beginning and end points). ...

The term Baroque also is used to designate the style of music composed during a period that overlaps with that of Baroque art, but usually encompasses a slightly later period. J.S. Bach and G.F. Handel are often considered its culminating figures. It is a still-debated question as to what extent Baroque music shares aesthetic principles with the visual and literary arts of the Baroque period. A fairly clear, shared element is a love of ornamentation, and it is perhaps significant that the role of ornament was greatly diminished in both music and architecture as the Baroque gave way to the Classical period. It should be noted that the application of the term "Baroque" to music is a relatively recent development: the first use of the word to apply to music was only in 1919, by Curt Sachs, and it was not until 1940 that it was first used in English (in a published article by Manfred Bukofzer); even as late as 1960 there was still considerable dispute in academic circles over whether music as diverse as that by Peri, Couperin and J.S. Bach could be meaningfully bundled together with a single term. For other people named Bach and other meanings of the word, see Bach (disambiguation). ... George Frideric Handel (German Georg Friedrich HÃ¤ndel), (February 23, 1685 â€“ April 14, 1759) was a German Baroque music composer who lived much of his life in Great Britain, a leading composer of concerti grossi, operas and oratorios. ... Curt Sachs (June 29, 1881 - February 5, 1959) was a German musicologist. ... Manfred Bukofzer (March 27, 1910–December 7, 1955) was a German-American musicologist and humanist. ... Jacopo Peri (August 20, 1561 – August 12, 1633) was an Italian composer and singer, often called the inventor of opera. ... FranÃ§ois Couperin (born Paris November 10, 1668 â€“ September 12, 1733 in Paris) was an esteemed French composer in the Baroque style. ...

Opera was born during the Baroque era out of the experimentation of the Florentine Camerata, the creators of monody, who attempted to recreate the theatrical arts of the ancient Greeks; indeed it is exactly that development which is often used to denote the beginning of the musical Baroque, around 1600. This article does not cite its references or sources. ... The Florentine Camerata was a group of humanists, musicians, poets and intellectuals in late Renaissance Florence who gathered under the patronage of Count Giovanni de Bardi to discuss and guide trends in the arts, especially music and drama. ... Caccini, Le Nuove musiche, 1601, title page Monody is a kind of music distinguished by having a single melodic line and accompaniment. ...

Typical Instruments

A Baroque violin is, in common usage, any violin whose neck, fingerboard, bridge, and tailpiece are of the type used during the baroque period. ... Viola dAmore from the mid eighteenth century (Library of Congress collection) The viola damore is a stringed musical instrument sharing some characteristics with the viol family. ... Various Viola da gamba The viol or viola da gamba family of musical instruments is related to the vihuela, rebec, etc. ... Harpsichord in Flemish style; for more info, click the image. ...

Examples of typical Baroque music

Johann Sebastian Bach (21 March 1685 â€“ 28 July 1750) was a German composer and organist whose sacred and secular works for choir, orchestra and solo instruments drew together almost all of the strands of the baroque style and brought it to its ultimate maturity. ... The Art of Fugue or The Art of the Fugue (Die Kunst der Fuge), BWV 1080, is an unfinished work by Johann Sebastian Bach composed in 1748-1749 and published after his death in 1750. ... For the two explorers who sailed into the Atlantic in 1291, see Vandino and Ugolino Vivaldi. ... Domenico Scarlatti (October 26, 1685 â€“ July 23, 1757) was an Italian composer of the Baroque era. ... George Frideric Handel (German Georg Friedrich Händel), (February 23, 1685 – April 14, 1759) was a German-born British Baroque music composer. ... The Water Music is a collection of orchestral movements, often considered as three suites, composed by George Frideric Handel. ... Georg Philipp Telemann (March 14, 1681â€“June 25, 1767) was a German Baroque music composer, born in Magdeburg. ...

The term "Baroque"

The word "Baroque", like most period or stylistic designations, was invented by later critics rather than practitioners of the arts in the 17th and early 18th centuries. It is a French translation of the Portuguese word "Barroco" (meaning an irregular pearl, or false jewel—notably, an ancient similar word, "Barlocco" or "Brillocco", is used in Roman dialect for the same meaning—and natural pearls that deviate from the usual, regular forms so they do not have an axis of rotation are known as "baroque pearls"). Alternatively, it may derive from the now obsolete Italian "Baroco" (meaning, in logical Scholastica, a syllogism with weak content). A common definition, before the term Barocco was used, called this genre simply the style of The Flying Forms. Periodization is the attempt to categorize or divide historical time into discrete named blocks. ... A critic (from Greek ÎºÏÎ¹Ï„Î¹ÎºÏŒÏ‚, kritikÃ³s - one who discerns, from Ancient Greek ÎºÏÎ¹Ï„Î®Ï‚, kritÃ©s, a judge) is a person who offers judgement or analysis, value judgement, interpretation, or observation. ... Nuclei from Toba Pearl Island, Japan A pearl is a hard, rounded object produced by certain mollusks, primarily oysters. ... City motto: Senatus Populusque Romanus â€“ SPQR (The Senate and the People of Rome) Founded 21 April 753 BCE mythical, 1st millennium BCE Region Latium Mayor Walter Veltroni (Left-Wing Democrats) Area - City Proper 1285 kmÂ² Population - City (2005) - Metropolitan - Density (city proper) 3. ... A dialect (from the Greek word Î´Î¹Î¬Î»ÎµÎºÏ„Î¿Ï‚, dialektos) is a variety of a language used by people from a particular geographic area. ... The axis of rotation of a rotating body is a line such that the distance between any point on the line and any point of the body remains constant under the rotation. ... In traditional logic, a syllogism is an inference in which one proposition (the conclusion) follows of necessity from two others (known as premises). ...

The term "Baroque" was initially used with a derogatory meaning, to underline the excesses of its emphasis, of its eccentric redundancy, its noisy abundance of details, as opposed to the clearer and sober rationality of the Renaissance. It was first rehabilitated by the Swiss-born art historian, Heinrich Wölfflin (1864–1945) in his Renaissance und Barock (1888); Wölfflin identified the Baroque as "movement imported into mass," an art antithetic to Renaissance art. He did not make the distinctions between Mannerism and Baroque that modern writers do, and he ignored the later phase, the academic Baroque that lasted into the 18th century. Writers in French and English did not begin to treat Baroque as a respectable study until Wölfflin's influence had made German scholarship pre-eminent. Motto: Unus pro omnibus, omnes pro uno[1] (One for all, all for one) Anthem: Swiss Psalm Capital Bern (federal capital) Largest city Zurich Official language(s) German, French, Italian, Romansh Government Federal Council Federal republic Moritz Leuenberger (Pres. ... Art history usually refers to the history of the visual arts. ... Heinrich WÃ¶lfflin (June 21, 1864 â€“ July 19, 1945) was a famous Swiss art critic, whose objective classifying principles (painterly vs. ... By region Italian Renaissance Spanish Renaissance Northern Renaissance English Renaissance French Renaissance German Renaissance Polish Renaissance The Renaissance, also known as Il Rinascimento (in Italian), was an influential cultural movement which brought about a period of scientific revolution, religious reform and artistic transformation, at the dawn of modern European history. ... Mannerism is the usual English term for an approach to all the arts, particularly painting but not exclusive to it, a reaction to the High Renaissance, emerging after the Sack of Rome in 1527 shook Renaissance confidence, humanism and rationality to their foundations, and even Religion had split apart. ...

In modern usage, the term "Baroque" may still be used, usually pejoratively, to describe works of art, craft, or design that are thought to have excessive ornamentation or complexity of line, or, as a synonym for "Byzantine", to describe literature, computer programs, contracts, or laws that are thought to be excessively complex, indirect, or obscure in language, to the extent of concealing or confusing their meaning. A "Baroque fear" is deeply felt, but utterly beyond daily reality. Look up Synonym on Wiktionary, the free dictionary Synonyms (in ancient Greek syn ÏƒÏ…Î½ = plus and onoma ÏŒÎ½Î¿Î¼Î± = name) are different words with similar or identical meanings and are interchangable. ... The Byzantine Empire acquired a negative reputation among historians of the 18th and 19th century not only for the complexity of the organization of its ministries and the elaborateness of its court ceremonies (from this came the term still in modern use, Byzantine, often used pejoratively to describe any work...

Contents

Evolution of the Baroque

Baroque visual art

Baroque sculpture

Bernini's Cornaro chapel: the complete work of art

Baroque architecture

Neo-Baroque architecture

Baroque theater and dance

Baroque literature and philosophy

Baroque music

Typical Instruments

Examples of typical Baroque music

The term "Baroque"

See also

External links

Further reading

Contents

Evolution of the Baroque GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Baroque visual art

Baroque sculpture

Bernini's Cornaro chapel: the complete work of art

Baroque architecture

Neo-Baroque architecture

Baroque theater and dance

Baroque literature and philosophy

Baroque music

Typical Instruments

Examples of typical Baroque music

The term "Baroque"

See also

External links

Further reading

Evolution of the Baroque