Category: Gastroenterology The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDKD), as part of the U.S. National Institutes of Health, conducts and supports research on many of the most serious diseases affecting public health. ... The Johns Hopkins University, founded in 1876, is a private institution of higher learning located in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. ... Main campus in downtown Rochester, Minnesota. ... Health Sciences are the group of disciplines of applied science dealing with human and animal health. ... medicines, see Medication. ... Gastroenterology or gastrology is the medical specialty concerned with digestive diseases. ... The esophagus (also spelled oesophagus/œsophagus, Greek ), or gullet is an organ in vertebrates which consists of a muscular tube through which food passes from the pharynx to the stomach. ... Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD; or GORD when spelling œsophageal, the BrE form) is defined as chronic symptoms or mucosal damage produced by the abnormal reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus[1]. This is commonly due to transient or permanent changes in the barrier between the esophagus and the stomach. ... Achalasia, also known as esophageal achalasia, achalasia cardiae, cardiospasm, dyssynergia esophagus, and esophageal aperistalsis, is an esophageal motility disorder. ... Boerhaave syndrome (also called Boerhaaves syndrome) is rupture of the esophagus. ... Mallory-Weiss Syndrome refers to bleeding from tears in the mucosa at the junction of the stomach and esophagus, usually caused by severe retching, coughing, or vomiting. ... Esophageal cancer is malignancy of the esophagus. ... In medicine (gastroenterology), esophageal varices are extreme dilations of sub mucosal veins in the mucosa of the esophagus in diseases featuring portal hypertension, secondary to cirrhosis primarily. ... In anatomy, the stomach is a bean-shaped hollow muscular organ of the gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of digestion, following mastication. ... A benign gastric ulcer (from the antrum) of a gastrectomy specimen. ... Dyspepsia is a constant pain in the stomach. ... Gastroparesis, also called delayed gastric emptying, is a disorder in which the stomach takes too long to empty its contents. ... Infantile pyloric stenosis is a pediatric condition where there is a congenital narrowing of the pylorus (the opening at the lower end of the stomach). ... Malabsorption is the state of impaired absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. ... Coeliac disease or celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder of the small bowel that occurs in genetically predisposed individuals in all age groups after early infancy. ... Giardiasis (also known as beaver fever) is a disease caused by the flagellate protozoan Giardia lamblia (also Giardia intestinalis). ... Stomach cancer (also called gastric cancer) can develop in any part of the stomach and may spread throughout the stomach and to other organs; particularly the esophagus and the small intestine. ... In biology the small intestine is the part of the gastrointestinal tract (gut) between the stomach and the large intestine and includes the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. ... A benign gastric ulcer (from the antrum) of a gastrectomy specimen. ... An intussusception is a situation in which a part of the intestine has prolapsed into another section of intestine, similar to the way in which the parts of a collapsible telescope slide into one another. ... Malabsorption is the state of impaired absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. ... Coeliac disease or celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder of the small bowel that occurs in genetically predisposed individuals in all age groups after early infancy. ... Lactose intolerance is the name given to the condition (found in the majority of humans) in which lactase, an enzyme needed for proper metabolization of lactose, is not produced in adulthood. ... Fructose malabsorption is a condition in which the fructose carrier in enterocytes is deficient. ... Whipples disease is a rare disease caused by the bacteria Thropheryma whipplei. ... Abdominal angina (a. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Large intestine. ... Types 5-7 on the Bristol Stool Chart are often associated with diarrhea Diarrhea (in American English) or diarrhoea (in British English) is a condition in which the sufferer has frequent watery, loose bowel movements (from the Greek word διάρροια; literally meaning through-flowing). Acute infectious diarrhea is a common cause... Appendicitis (or epityphlitis) is a condition characterized by inflammation of the appendix[1]. While mild cases may resolve without treatment, most require removal of the inflamed appendix, either by laparotomy or laparoscopy. ... Bowel obstruction is a mechanical blockage of the intestines, preventing the normal transit of the products of digestion. ... Diverticulitis is a common digestive disorder particularly found in the large intestine. ... Diverticulosis, otherwise known as diverticular disease, is the condition of having diverticula in the large colon which are outpocketings of the colonic mucosa and submucosa through weaknesses of muscle layers in the colon wall. ... In medicine, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of inflammatory conditions of the large intestine and, in some cases, the small intestine. ... Crohns disease (also known as regional enteritis) is a chronic, episodic, inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract characterized by transmural inflammation (affecting the entire wall of the involved bowel) and skip lesions (areas of inflammation with areas of normal lining in between). ... Ulcerative colitis (Colitis ulcerosa, UC) is a form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). ... In gastroenterology, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) or spastic colon is a functional bowel disorder characterized by abdominal pain and changes in bowel habits which are not associated with any abnormalities seen on routine clinical testing. ... Constipation or irregularity, is a condition of the digestive system where a person (or animal) experiences hard feces that are difficult to egest; it may be extremely painful, and in severe cases (fecal impaction) lead to symptoms of bowel obstruction. ... Megacolon is an abnormal dilatation of the colon (a part of the large intestines) that is not caused by mechanical obstruction. ... Toxic megacolon (megacolon toxicum) is a life-threatening complication of other intestinal conditions. ... An anal fissure is an unnatural crack or tear in the anus skin. ... An anal fistula kinda like anal fisting but you leak feces on your pants. ... An anal abscess is a abscess adjacent to the anus, characterized by extremely painful bowel movements. ... This does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Colorectal cancer, also called colon cancer or bowel cancer, includes cancerous growths in the colon, rectum and appendix. ... Hirschsprungs disease, or congenital aganglionic megacolon, involves an enlargement of the colon, caused by bowel obstruction resulting from an aganglionic section of bowel (the normal enteric nerves are absent) that starts at the anus and progresses upwards. ... Pseudomembranous colitis is an infection of the colon often, but not always, caused by the bacterium Clostridium difficile. ... A hernia is often likened to the failure of a tire. ... Inguinal hernias are protrusions of abdominal cavity contents through an area of the abdominal wall, commonly referred to as the groin, and known in anatomic language as the inguinal area or the myopectineal orifice. ... Inguinal hernias are the most common abdominal hernias (about 90%) and are seen most often in men. ... Inguinal hernias are the most common abdominal hernias (about 90%) and are seen most often in men. ... Femoral hernias occur just below the inguinal ligament, when abdominal contents pass into the weak area at the posterior wall of the femoral canal. ... Umbilical hernia is a congenital malformation, especially common in infants of African descent, and more frequent in boys. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Diaphragmatic hernia is a defect or hole in the diaphragm that allows the abdominal contents to move into the chest cavity. ... The liver is an organ present in vertebrates and some other animals. ... In medicine, cholestasis is a condition where bile cannot flow from the liver to the duodenum. ... Liver failure is the final stage of liver disease. ... Cirrhosis of the liver is a consequence of chronic liver disease characterized by replacement of liver tissue by fibrotic scar tissue as well as regenerative nodules, leading to progressive loss of liver function. ... Hepatitis (plural hepatitides) implies injury to liver characterised by presence of inflammatory cells in the liver tissue. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is fatty inflammation of the liver when this is not due to excessive alcohol use. ... Fatty liver (also known as steatorrhoeic hepatosis or steatosis hepatis) is a reversible condition where large vacuoles of triglyceride fat accumulate in liver cells via the process of steatosis. ... Peliosis Hepatis is an uncommon vascular condition characterised by randomly distributed multiple blood-filled cavities throughout liver. ... In medicine, portal hypertension is hypertension (high blood pressure) in the portal vein and its branches. ... Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS), also called hepatorenal failure, refers to acute renal failure that occurs in the setting of cirrhosis or fulminant liver failure associated with portal hypertension, usually in the absence of other disease of the kidney. ... In medicine (gastroenterology and hepatology), Budd-Chiari syndrome is the clinical picture caused by occlusion of the hepatic vein. ... Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, also called hepatoma) is a primary malignancy (cancer) of the liver. ... The gallbladder (or cholecyst, sometimes gall bladder) is a pear-shaped organ that stores about 50 ml of bile (or gall) until the body needs it for digestion. ... A bile duct is any of a number of long tube-like structures that carry bile. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Choledocholithiasis is the presence of a gallstone in the common bile duct. ... Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder. ... Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is an inflammatory disease of the bile duct, which leads to cholestasis (blockage of bile transport to the gut). ... Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is an inflammatory disease of the bile duct, which leads to cholestasis (blockage of bile transport to the gut). ... A biliary fistula, a type of fistula where bile leaks from the bile ducts into outside areas, can occur as a complication following biliary trauma, either iatrogenic or a result of a penetrating injury. ... Cholangitis redirects here. ... The pancreas is a gland organ in the digestive and endocrine systems of vertebrates[2]. It is both exocrine (secreting pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes) and endocrine (producing several important hormones, including insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin). ... Acute pancreatitis is rapidly-onset inflammation of the pancreas. ... Chronic pancreatitis can present as episodes of acute inflammation in a previously injured pancreas, or as chronic damage with persistent pain or malabsorption. ... A pancreatic pseudocyst is a circumscribed collection of pancreatic fluid typically located in the lesser omentum. ... Hereditary Pancreatitis is a genetic disease affecting enzyme production in the pancreas. ... Pancreatic cancer is a malignant tumour within the pancreatic gland. ... Tropical sprue is a malabsorption disease commonly found in the tropical regions, marked with abnormal flattening of the villi and inflammation of the lining of the small intestine. ... Hematemesis or haematemesis is the vomiting of fresh red blood. ... In medicine, melena or melaena refers to the black, tarry feces that are associated with gastrointestinal hemorrhage. ... Gastrointestinal bleeding describes every form of hemorrhage (blood loss) in the gastrointestinal tract, from the pharynx to the rectum. ... Endoscopic image of a posterior wall duodenal ulcer with a clean base, which is a common cause of upper GI hemorrhage. ... Lower gastrointestinal bleeding refers to any form of bleeding in the Lower gastrointestinal tract. ...