NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Bashkirian Airlines Flight 2937

Bashkirian Airlines Flight 2937, registration RA-85816, was a Tupolev 154M passenger jet en route from Moscow, Russia, to Barcelona, Spain. DHL Flight 611, registration A9C-DHL, was a Boeing 757-200 cargo jet flying from Bergamo, Italy, to Brussels, Belgium. The two aircraft collided in mid-air on July 1, 2002, at 21:35 (UTC) over the towns of Owingen, Germany, and Überlingen, Germany, (near Lake Constance), killing all 71 aboard both aircraft. German official investigators determined on May 19, 2004, that the accident had been caused by problems within the air traffic control system.^[1] Image File history File links Karte_Deutschland. ... Image File history File links Red_pog2. ... is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... The doomed Boeing 727, PSA Flight 182, crashes in flames after colliding with another aircraft in 1978 A mid-air collision (MAC) is an aviation accident where two or more aircraft come into unplanned contact during flight. ... Ãœberlingen Ãœberlingen is a city in south-western Germany. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Germany. ... Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ... Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ... The Tupolev Tu-154 is a Russian medium-range trijet airliner. ... â€œDomodedovoâ€ redirects here. ... For other uses, see Moscow (disambiguation). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Russia. ... Interior view of the airport Barcelona International Airport (IATA: BCN, ICAO: LEBL), also known as El Prat, is the main airport serving Barcelona, Catalonia. ... Location Coordinates : Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Barcelona (Catalan) Spanish name Barcelona Nickname Ciutat Comtal (City of Counts) Postal code 08001â€“08080 Area code 34 (Spain) + 93 (Barcelona) Website http://www. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Spain. ... The Boeing 757 is an American short to medium range commercial passenger aircraft manufactured by Boeing Commercial Airplanes. ... Bahrain International Airport (IATA: BAH, ICAO: OBBI) (Arabic: Ù…Ø·Ø§Ø± Ø§Ù„Ø¨ØØ±ÙŠÙ† Ø§Ù„Ø¯ÙˆÙ„ÙŠ; transliterated: Matar al-Bahrayn ad-Dowaly) is an airport located on Al Muharraq, an island on the northern tip of Bahrain, north of the capital, Manama. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Bahrain. ... Orio al Serio International Airport (IATA: BGY, ICAO: LIME) is an airport located in Bergamo, near Milan, Italy and it serves the low-cost traffic of Milan. ... Small street (via della Noca) leading to cittÃ alta. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Italy. ... The terminal Brussels Airport (IATA: BRU, ICAO: EBBR) (also called in Dutch: Luchthaven Zaventem or in French: AÃ©roport de Zaventem), also Zaventem Airport or Brussels (Zaventem) International Airport, was formerly known as Brussel Nationaal/Bruxelles-National (Brussels National). ... For other places with the same name, see Brussels (disambiguation). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Belgium_(civil). ... BAL Bashkirian Airlines is an airline based in Ufa, Russia. ... The Tupolev Tu-154 is a Russian medium-range trijet airliner. ... For other uses, see Moscow (disambiguation). ... Location Coordinates : Time Zone : CET (GMT +1) - summer: CEST (GMT +2) General information Native name Barcelona (Catalan) Spanish name Barcelona Nickname Ciutat Comtal (City of Counts) Postal code 08001â€“08080 Area code 34 (Spain) + 93 (Barcelona) Website http://www. ... DHL Aviation Airbus A300B4-200F landing at London Heathrow Airport DHL Aviation N.V. (IATA: , ICAO: DHV, and Callsign: ) is a cargo airline owned by DHL. It operates out of its main hub at Brussels International Airport, opened in 1985. ... The Boeing 757 is an American short to medium range commercial passenger aircraft manufactured by Boeing Commercial Airplanes. ... FedEx DC-10 Cargo airlines (or airfreight carriers, and derivatives of these names) are airlines dedicated to the transport of cargo. ... Small street (via della Noca) leading to cittÃ alta. ... For other places with the same name, see Brussels (disambiguation). ... is the 182nd day of the year (183rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Also see: 2002 (number). ... ... Owingen is a town in the district of Bodensee in Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg in Germany. ... Ãœberlingen Ãœberlingen is a city in south-western Germany. ... For other uses, see Lake Constance, New Zealand. ... The Bundesstelle fÃ¼r Flugunfalluntersuchung (translation: German Federal Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Investigation) is the German federal agency responsible for air accident investigation. ... is the 139th day of the year (140th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... For the Canadian musical group, see Air Traffic Control (band). ...

On February 24, 2004, the controller who was on duty at the time, Dane Peter Nielsen, was stabbed to death by a Russian architect Vitaly Kaloyev who had lost his wife and both of his children in the accident.^[4] is the 55th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The flights involved

Flight 2937 was a chartered airliner carrying 60 passengers and 9 crew. 45 of the passengers were Bashkortostan schoolchildren being taken to a resort in the Costa Dorada area of Spain ^[3] as a prize for their win in republican competitions.^[2] ^[5] They flew from Ufa via Moscow. Most of the parents of the children were high-ranking officials in Bashkortostan ^[6]. Nine children were under the age of 12, and 43 were between the ages of 12 and 18 ^[3]. Originally the children were supposed to leave from Sheremetyevo Airport on a Sunday; the children had arrived late in Moscow and did not leave until Monday (1 July) ^[6] from Domodedovo International Airport. Alternate use, see charter airline or bare-boat charter. ... An Airbus A340 airliner operated by Air Jamaica An airliner is a large fixed-wing aircraft with the primary function of transporting paying passengers. ... The Republic of Bashkortostan, or Bashkiria (Russian: or ; Bashkir: ) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). ... This article resolves the various uses of the name Gold Coast. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... For other uses, see Moscow (disambiguation). ... Sheremetyevo International Airport (Russian: Шереме́тьево) is otherwise known as Sheremetyevo-2. ... For other uses, see Moscow (disambiguation). ... â€œDomodedovoâ€ redirects here. ...

Flight 611 was carrying a load of air freight and had two crew members aboard, British Captain Paul Phillips and Canadian First Officer Brant Campioni.^[5] In commercial aviation, the first officer is the second pilot of an aircraft. ...

The accident

The two aircraft were flying at 36,000 (FL360) feet on a collision course. Despite being over Germany, the airspace was controlled from Zürich, Switzerland, by the private Swiss airspace control company Skyguide. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... For other uses of Zurich, see Zurich (disambiguation). ... For the Canadian musical group, see Air Traffic Control (band). ... Skyguide (official name: Schweizerische Aktiengesellschaft fÃ¼r zivile und militÃ¤rische Flugsicherung; Swiss stock company for civil and military air traffic control. ...

The air traffic controller handling the airspace, Peter Nielsen, was working two workstations at the same time and did not realise the danger facing the two aircraft until less than a minute before the accident. At that time he contacted Flight 2937, instructing the pilot to descend by a thousand feet to avoid collision with crossing traffic (Flight 611). Seconds after the Russian crew initiated the descent, however, their Traffic Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) instructed them to climb, while at about the same time the TCAS on Flight 611 instructed the pilots of that aircraft to descend. Had both aircraft followed those automated instructions, it is likely that the collision would not have occurred. Controllers survey the field at Misawa Air Base, Japan. ... TCAS and IVSI Indicator The Traffic alert and Collision Avoidance System (or TCAS) is a computerised avionics device which is designed to reduce the danger of mid-air collisions between aircraft. ... TCAS and IVSI Indicator The Traffic Collision Avoidance System (or TCAS) is a computer system installed on board many large aircraft, designed to prevent mid-air collisions. ...

Flight 611's pilots on the Boeing jet initially followed the TCAS instructions and initiated a descent, but could not immediately inform the controller due to the fact that he was dealing with Flight 2937. About eight seconds before the collision, Flight 611's descent rate was about 2400 feet per minute, not as rapid as the 2500-3000 ft/min range advised by TCAS. The Russian pilot on the Tupolev disregarded the TCAS instruction to climb and instead began to descend, as instructed by the controller, thus both planes were now descending. During this descent the Russian pilot went below his assigned flight level by about 33 metres (110 ft), and also changed his magnetic bearing once again, by another ten degrees.

Unaware of the TCAS-issued alerts, Nielsen repeated his instruction to Flight 2937 to descend, giving the Tupolev crew incorrect information as to the position of the other plane. Maintenance work was being carried out on the main radar system, which meant that the controllers were forced to use a slower system. Precious seconds were lost as the Flight 2937 crew tried to locate the DHL flight visually in the dark.

The aircraft collided at almost a right angle at 34,890 feet, with the Boeing's vertical stabilizer slicing completely through Flight 2937's fuselage just ahead of the Tupolev's wings. The Tupolev exploded and broke into several pieces, scattering wreckage over a wide area. The crippled Boeing, now with 80% of its vertical stabilizer lost, struggled for a further seven kilometres (4.3 miles) before crashing into a wooded area close to the village of Taisersdorf at a 70 degree downward angle; each engine ended up several hundred metres away from the main wreckage, and the tail section was torn from the fuselage by trees just before impact. All 69 people on the Tupolev, and the two on board the Boeing, were killed.

Other factors in the crash

Only a single air traffic controller, Peter Nielsen of ACC Zurich, was controlling the airspace through which the aircraft were transitioning. The only other controller on duty was resting in another room for the night. This was against the regulations, but had been a common practice for years and was known and tolerated by management. Due to maintenance work Nielsen had a stand-by controller and system manager on call; Nielsen was unaware of this or he chose not to use them in order to avoid dangerous boredom.^[1]

In addition, a ground based optical collision warning system which would have alerted the controller to imminent collisions early had been switched off for maintenance; Nielsen was unaware of this. There still was an aural STCA warning system, which released a warning addressed to workstation RE SUED at 21:35:00 (32 seconds before the collision); this warning was not heard by anyone present at that time, although no error in this system could be found in a subsequent technical audit; if this audible warning is turned on or not, is not logged technically. Even if Nielsen had heard this warning, he might have misinterpreted it until the next radar update 12 seconds later became visible or until the TCAS descent notice by the DHL crew came in; at that time finding a useful resolution order by the air traffic controller is difficult to impossible.^[1] Short Term Conflict Alert (STCA) is an automated air traffic control (ATC) safety net, which alerts controllers to potential conflicts. ... Controllers survey the field at Misawa Air Base, Japan. ...

The main phone lines at Skyguide was also down as part of the maintenance work, and the backup line was defective. This prevented adjacent air traffic controllers at Karlsruhe from phoning in a warning. Karlsruhe (population 285,812 in 2006) is a city in the south west of Germany, in the Bundesland Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg, located near the French-German border. ...

In the minutes before the accident, Nielsen was occupied with a delayed Aero Lloyd flight approaching Friedrichshafen Airport.^[1] He had to handle two workstations at once and was struggling with the malfunctioning phone system that he was trying to use to call the Friedrichshafen airport to announce the approaching Aero Lloyd. Due to these distractions he did not spot the danger until about a minute before impact. Had he ordered the Russian plane to descend earlier, the aircraft would have been separated and their collision avoidance systems would not have issued instructions. When Nielsen realised that the situation (the multiple factors in two workstations) was overwhelming, it was too late to summon assistance. Aero Lloyd Flugreisen GmbH & Co was a charter airline based in Oberursel, Germany. ... Friedrichshafen Airport (IATA: FDH, ICAO: EDNY) is an airport 3 km north of Friedrichshafen, Germany. ...

Switzerland commented in the "Publication of deviating statements" section of the official report of the German federal investigators that the Tupolev was about 33 metres below the flight level ordered by the Swiss controller, and still descending at 1900 feet per minute, and that in spite of the false information given (position and phraseology) by the Swiss controller the TCAS advisories would have been useful if obeyed immediately. The Bundesstelle fÃ¼r Flugunfalluntersuchung (translation: German Federal Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Investigation) is the German federal agency responsible for air accident investigation. ...

The Russian Federation countered in the same section of the official report that the Russian pilots were unable to obey the TCAS advisory to climb; the advisory was given when they were already at 35500 feet while the controller wrongfully stated there was conflicting traffic above them at 36000 feet. Also, the controller gave the wrong position of the DHL plane (2 o'clock instead of the actual 10 o'clock), and the DHL crew had a "real possibility" to avoid a collision since they were able to hear the conversation between the Russian crew and the controller.

The change of magnetic bearing of the Russian aircraft by cumulatively 20 degrees (from 254 to 274) during the upcoming conflict is not assessed in the official report.

Mixed messages in prior incident

No proper lessons had been taken from a near-miss which occurred about a year before the Bashkirian-DHL collision.^[7] Two Japanese airliners, both Japan Airlines, nearly collided with each other in Japanese skies. Japan Airlines Flight 907 had 411 passengers and 16 crew, and Japan Airlines Flight 958 had 237 passengers and 13 crew. The two planes were on a collision course and the pilots of both planes had received conflicting instructions from their TCAS and the flight controller. Flight 907 followed an order to descend issued by the flight controller while Flight 958 descended as instructed by the TCAS meaning that both planes remained on a collision course. Disaster was avoided because both pilots made evasive manoeuvres based on a visual judgement, and 677 people were saved. They missed each other by less than 100 metres, and the abrupt manoeuvres that were necessary to avert disaster left about 100 passengers hurt, some seriously. Japanese authorities called for measures that would prevent similar accidents from happening, but they were ignored.^{[citation needed]} This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ...

Consequences

Nielsen had retired from his job as controller after the accident, since he had been struck by grief and guilt over the incident.^{[neutrality disputed]} At Skyguide, his former colleagues maintain to this day a vase with a white rose over Nielsen's former workstation. Skyguide, after initially having blamed the Russian pilot for the accident, accepted responsibility and paid compensation to some of the Russian families.

On May 19, 2004 the official investigators found, that managerial incompetence and systems failures were the main cause for the accident, so that Nielsen was surely not the only one to be blamed for the disaster. As explained above, a series of coincidences of which Kaloyev and Nielsen were unaware precipitated the accident. is the 139th day of the year (140th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Peter Nielsen was stabbed to death in front of his home in Zürich on February 24, 2004.^[8] An Ossetian man, Vitaly Kaloyev, was arrested within a few days. Kaloyev had lost his wife and both of his children in the crash of Flight 2937. He was reported to have suffered a nervous breakdown following the loss of his entire family, especially since he was one of the first relatives to arrive at the crash site. Kaloyev participated in the search for the bodies and located his own daughter's body, which was intact (unlike his wife's and son's, which were found days later, mutilated by the force of the crash). is the 55th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2004 (MMIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Ossetians (oss. ...

Returning to his home in North Ossetian city of Vladikavkaz, Kaloyev spent the first year after the accident lingering at the graves of his family and building a shrine to them in his home. On the memorial service for the first anniversary of the tragedy he asked the head of Skyguide about the possibility of meeting the controller who had been responsible for the disaster, but received no response. Kaloyev then hired a Moscow private investigator to find Nielsen's address outside Zurich, then travelled to the former air traffic controller's home (Nielsen had retired from his job after the accident.) After a short argument on Nielsen's doorstep Kaloyev stabbed him several times, and Nielsen died of his injuries a few minutes later in the presence of his wife and three children. Kaloyev was found in his hotel room, apparently in shock. He claimed having no memory of what he had done and was taken to a mental hospital, where he was evaluated to determine if he was fit to stand trial. Photo of Vladikavkaz cathedral mosque in 1912. ...

Answering questions from the judge, Vitaly Kaloyev said that the plane crash above Lake Constance had put an end to his life. He said that his children were the youngest on board Flight 2937, so there was no need for him to identify the bodies. Kaloyev said that he was crushed by the loss of his family: "I have been living on the cemetery for almost two years, sitting behind their graves," he said.

Kaloyev presented a document received from a law firm in Hamburg dated 11 November 2003. It was an amicable agreement in which Skyguide offered Kaloyev 60,000 Swiss francs for the death of his wife and 50,000 francs for the death of each of his two children. In return, Skyguide asked Vitaly Kaloyev to decline any claims to the company. The document infuriated the man: he decided to meet the company's Director Alan Rossier and flight control officer Peter Nielsen in person.

"Apparently he did not expect that he would have to answer for the results of his work", Kaloyev said. "He murmured something to me. Then I showed him some pictures of my children and said: 'They were my children. What would you feel if you saw your children in coffins?' I was infuriated about Skyguide's initiative to haggle over my dead children," the man said.

Vitaly Kaloyev said he wanted Peter Nielsen to apologise to him for the death of his family. "He hit me on the hand, when I was holding the envelope with the photographs of my children. I only remember that I had a very disturbing feeling, as if the bodies of my children were turning over in their graves," said he. The man added that he did not remember what he did afterwards.

After 610 days of remand, on October 26, 2005, Kaloyev was sentenced to eight years in prison. As he left the court, he turned and smiled and waved at his supporters, including North Ossetia's president.^[9] In 2007, he was paroled by the court, but the prosecution appealed the decision.^[10] On August 23, 2007, the court accepted the appeal, so that Kaloyev remained in prison.^[11] On November 8, 2007, Kaloyev was released from prison, because his mental condition was not sufficiently considered in the initial sentence.^[12] is the 299th day of the year (300th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2005 (MMV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... {| style=float:right; |- | |- | |} is the 235th day of the year (236th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 312th day of the year (313th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

On July 27, 2006, the court of Konstanz determined that fault lay exclusively with the German government, since it was against German law to allow Skyguide to offer air traffic control services in German airspace. The government's appeal is currently pending. is the 208th day of the year (209th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Konstanz in 1925 seen from the lake Schnetztor, a section of the former city wall Another gate from city wall Shops in Konstanz The KonzilgebÃ¤ude in Konstanz Konstanz (in English formerly known as Constance) is a university town of around 80,000 inhabitants at the western end of Lake...

A criminal investigation of the Skyguide begun as of May 2004. On August 7, 2006, a Swiss prosecutor filed manslaughter charges against eight employees of Skyguide. The Winterthur prosecutor called for jail terms of six to 15 months, alleging "homicide by negligence".^[13] The verdict was announced in September 2007. Three of the four managers convicted were given suspended prison terms and the fourth was ordered to pay a fine. Another four employees of the Skyguide firm were cleared of any wrongdoing.^[14] 2004 is a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 219th day of the year (220th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2006 (MMVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... The city church of Winterthur, a local landmark Winterthur is a city in the canton of Zurich in Switzerland. ...

Conflicting orders

According to the section on TCAS operations in the flight operations manual: If an instruction to manoeuvre is received simultaneously from an RA (resolution advisories, i.e. the TCAS) and from ATC, the advice given by RA should be followed. For the Canadian musical group, see Air Traffic Control (band). ...

It is not required to notify the ATC prior to responding to an RA. This manoeuvre does not require any ATC clearance since TCAS takes into account the position of all other aircraft with transponders in the surrounding area. A Cessna ARC RT-359A Transponder (the beige box) mounted beneath a Bendix/King KY197 VHF communication radio mounted in the instrument panel of an 1970 model American Aviation AA-1 Yankee. ...

However, the pilot was following the Tu-154 Flight Operations Manual (in Russian), which states according to the official investigation report (page 80): For the avoidance of in-flight collisions is the visual control of the situation in the airspace by the crew and the correct execution of all instructions issued by the Air Traffic Controller to be viewed as the most important tool. TCAS is an additional instrument which ensures the timely determination of oncoming traffic, the classification of the risk and, if necessary, planning of an advice for a vertical avoidance manoeuvre.

Before this accident a change proposal (CP 112) for the TCAS II system has been issued. This proposal would have avoided this accident by a reversal resolution advisory.

Dramatization

This accident was featured in the episode Mid-air Collision on the Discovery Channel Canada and National Geographic Channel program Mayday (Air Crash Investigation, Air Emergency). Discovery Channel Canada is a Canadian cable specialty television channel devoted to science and nature programming. ... The National Geographic Channel is a subscription television network that features documentaries produced by the National Geographic Society. ... This article is about a TV series. ...

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Investigation Report AX001-1-2/02 MAY 2004. Retrieved on 2007-01-17.
^ ^a ^b Gallagher, Paul. Jet pilot's 14 seconds dilemma before fatal crash. scotsman.com. Retrieved on 2007-01-18.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Vain attempt to avert deadly crash, CNN
^ Wolfsteller, Pilar. Father 'saw black' as he killed air traffic controller. scotsman.com. Retrieved on 2007-01-18.
^ ^a ^b Wild, Matthew. Family devastated by pilot's death. north shore news. Retrieved on 2007-01-18.
^ ^a ^b "Children's holiday party on doomed plane," CNN
^ report outline. ICAO. Retrieved on 2007-01-22.
^ Skyguide - information regarding the air accident. Retrieved on 2007-01-18.
^ Father jailed for air traffic murder. The Scotsman. Retrieved on 2007-10-18.
^ Kaloyev to be released. Lenta.ru. Retrieved on 2007-11-14.
^ Appeal satisfied by the court. Lenta.ru. Retrieved on 2007-11-14.
^ Der Russe Kalojew kommt frei (German). NZZ. Retrieved on 2007-11-14.
^ Swiss go on trial over air crash - BBC News Online - Retrieved on 15 May 2007
^ BBC.co.uk Four guilty over Swiss air crash

id="External_links"> Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 17th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 18th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Cable News Network, commonly known as CNN, is a major cable television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 18th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 18th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Cable News Network, commonly known as CNN, is a major cable television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner. ... The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), an agency of the United Nations, develops the principles and techniques of international air navigation and fosters the planning and development of international air transport to ensure safe and orderly growth. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 22nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 18th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Scotsmans offices in Edinburgh The Scotsman is a Scottish national newspaper, published in Edinburgh. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 291st day of the year (292nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Lenta. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 318th day of the year (319th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Lenta. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 318th day of the year (319th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The Neue Zürcher Zeitung (NZZ) is a major Swiss daily newspaper based in Zürich. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 318th day of the year (319th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

External links

PDF is an abbreviation with several meanings: Portable Document Format Post-doctoral fellowship Probability density function There also is an electronic design automation company named PDF Solutions. ...

Official releases

Press

For other uses, see BBC (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see BBC (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see BBC (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see BBC (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Guardian. ... The Cable News Network, commonly known as CNN, is a major cable television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner. ... The Peoples Daily (Chinese: äººæ°‘æ—¥æŠ¥ Pinyin ) is the official newspaper of the Communist Party of China, published worldwide with a circulation of 3 to 4 million. ...

Contents

The flights involved

The accident

Other factors in the crash

Mixed messages in prior incident

Consequences

Conflicting orders

Dramatization

References

External links

Official releases

Press

On conflicting orders

Skyguide

Contents

The flights involved GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

The accident

Other factors in the crash

Mixed messages in prior incident

Consequences

Conflicting orders

Dramatization

References

External links

Official releases

Press

On conflicting orders

Skyguide

The flights involved