NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Bashkortostan

The Republic of Bashkortostan, or Bashkiria (Russian: Респу́блика Башкортоста́н or Башки́рия; Bashkir: Башҡортостан Республикаһы) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). The Bashkir language is a Turkic language, a member of the Kyphchak group of languages. ... Russia is a federation which consists of 88 subjects (Russian: ; English transliteration: subyekty, sing. ... In a broad definition, a republic is a state or country that is led by people whose political power is based on principles that are not beyond the control of the people of that state or country. ...

The Russian Federation is divided into 88 federal subjects (constituent units), 21 of which are republics. ... All of the federal subjects of Russia are grouped into seven federal districts (Russian: , sing. ... Categories: Russia geography stubs | Federal districts of Russia ... Russia is divided into eleven economic regions (Russian: экономические районы, sing. ... The Bashkir language is a Turkic language, a member of the Kyphchak group of languages. ... Murtaza Gubaydullovich Rakhimov (Bashkir: ÐœÐ¾Ñ€Ñ‚Ð°Ò™Ð° Ò’Ó©Ð±Ó™Ð¹Ð´ÑƒÐ»Ð»Ð° ÑƒÐ»Ñ‹ Ð Ó™Ñ…Ð¸Ð¼Ð¾Ð²; Russian: ÐœÑƒÑ€Ñ‚Ð°Ð·Ð°Ì Ð“ÑƒÐ±Ð°Ð¹Ð´ÑƒÌÐ»Ð»Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ Ð Ð°Ñ…Ð¸ÌÐ¼Ð¾Ð²) (born 1934) is the President of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia. ...

Terminology

The direct transliteration of the republic's name in Russian is Respublika Bashkortostan or Bashkiriya, and the transliteration of the republic's name in Bashkir is Bašqortostan Respublikahy. There exist many possible systems for transliterating the Cyrillic alphabet of the Russian language to English or the Latin alphabet. ... The Bashkir language is a Turkic language, a member of the Kyphchak group of languages. ...

Geography

Bashkortostan contains part of the southern Urals and the adjacent plains. The Ural Mountains, (Russian: Ура́льские го́ры = Ура́л) also known simply as the Urals, are a mountain range that run roughly north and south through western Russia. ...

Perm Krai (Russian: ) is a federal subject of Russia that came into existence on December 1, 2005 as a result of the 2004 referendum on the merger of Perm Oblast and Permyakia Autonomous District. ... Sverdlovsk Oblast (Russian: , tr. ... Chelyabinsk Oblast (Russian: ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). ... Orenburg Oblast (Russian: ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). ... The Republic of Tatarstan (Russian: ; Tatar: ) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). ... The Udmurt Republic (Russian: ; Udmurt: Ð£Ð´Ð¼ÑƒÑ€Ñ‚ ÐÐ»ÑŒÐºÑƒÐ½) or Udmurtia (Russian: Ð£Ð´Ð¼ÑƒÌÑ€Ñ‚Ð¸Ñ) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). ... Mount Yamantau Mount Yamantaw, also known as Mount Yamantau, located in Ural Mountains, Bashkortostan, Russia. ...

Time zone

Bashkortostan is located in the Yekaterinburg Time Zone (YEKT/YEKST). UTC offset is +0500 (YEKT)/+0600 (YEKST). Image File history File links RTZ4. ... There are eleven time zones in Russia from UTC+2 to UTC+12â€”more than in any other country of the world. ... Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) is a high-precision atomic time standard. ...

Rivers

There are over 13,000 rivers in the republic. Many rivers are parts of deepwater transportation system of European Russia; they provide access to ports of the Baltic and the Black seas. The Baltic Sea is located in Northern Europe, from 53Â°N to 66Â°N latitude and from 20Â°E to 26Â°E longitude. ... Map of the Black Sea. ...

Belaya or Aghidhel (Белая; Ағиҙел; Ağidel in Tatar language) is the name of a river in Russia (Bashkortostan). ... The Ufa River (Уфа in Russian), a river in the Urals, Chelyabinsk Oblast, Sverdlovsk Oblast and Bashkortostan; a tributary of the Belaya River. ... The Sakmara River is a river in Russia that flows for 760 kilometers (470 miles). ... The Ik River is a river in Russia flowing through the Bashkortostan Republic, the Tatarstan Republic, and Orenburg Oblast. ... The Yuryuzan River (Russian: Ð®Ñ€ÑŽÐ·Ð°Ð½ÑŒ) is a river in Bashkortostan and Chelyabinsk Oblast in Russia, a left tributary of the Ufa River (Kama basin). ...

Lakes

There are 2,700 lakes and reservoirs in the republic. Major lakes and reservoirs include:

Mountains

The republic contains part of the southern Urals, which stretch from the northern to the southern border. The highest mountains include:

Mount Yamantau Mount Yamantaw, also known as Mount Yamantau, located in Ural Mountains, Bashkortostan, Russia. ...

Natural resources

The Republic of Bashkortostan is one of the richest territories of Russia in mineral resources. There are some 3,000 mineral resources deposits here. Bashkortostan is rich in crude oil reserves, and was one of the principal centers of oil extraction in the Soviet Union. Other major resources are natural gas, coal, ferrous metal ores, manganese, chrome, iron ores, non-ferrous metals ores (lead, tungsten), non-metallic ores (rock crystal, phluorite, islandic spar, surphur pyrites, barite, silicates, silica, asbestos, talcum), deposits of precious and semi-precious stones and natural stones (malachite, jade, granite). Pumpjack pumping an oil well near Sarnia, Ontario Ignacy Åukasiewicz - inventor of the refining of kerosene from crude oil. ... Natural gas is a gaseous fossil fuel consisting primarily of methane. ... Coal Coal (IPA: ) is a fossil fuel extracted from the ground by underground mining or open-pit mining (surface mining). ... An ore is a mineral deposit containing a metal or other valuable resource in economically viable concentrations. ... General Name, Symbol, Number manganese, Mn, 25 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 7, 4, d Appearance silvery metallic Atomic mass 54. ... Chrome may refer to: Chrome is a song from Debbie Harrys debut solo album Koo Koo. ... General Name, Symbol, Number lead, Pb, 82 Chemical series poor metals Group, Period, Block 14, 6, p Appearance bluish white Atomic mass 207. ... General Name, Symbol, Number tungsten, W, 74 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 6, 6, d Appearance grayish white, lustrous Atomic mass 183. ... For other uses of this word, see Quartz (disambiguation). ... Baryte with Cerussite from Morocco Baryte with Galena and Hematite from Poland Barite (BaSO4) is a mineral consisting of barium sulfate. ... In chemistry, a silicate is a compound consisting of silicon and oxygen (SixOy), one or more metals, and possibly hydrogen. ... The chemical compound silicon dioxide, also known as silica, is the oxide of silicon, chemical formula SiO2. ... Fibrous asbestos on muscovite Asbestos Asbestos Asbestos (a misapplication of Latin: asbestos quicklime from Greek : a, not and sbestos, extinguishable) describes any of a group of minerals that can be fibrous, many of which are metamorphic and are hydrous magnesium silicates. ... Talc block Talc is a mineral composed of hydrated magnesium silicate with the chemical formula H2Mg3(SiO3)4 or Mg3Si4O10(OH)2. ... Malachite from the Democratic Republic of Congo Malachite is a carbonate mineral, copper(II) carbonate hydroxide Cu2CO3(OH)2. ... A selection of antique, hand-crafted Chinese jadeite jade buttons Jade An ornamental stone, jade is a name applied to two different rocks that are made up of different silicate minerals. ... Quarrying granite for the Mormon Temple, Utah Territory. ...

The republic has enough mineral resources to provide its power and fuel complex as well as petro-chemical, chemical, agro-industrial complex, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, glass-making and ceramic branches with raw materials.

Bashkortostan is one of the major raw materials bases for Russia non-ferrous metallurgy. The republic has good deposits of lignite with high degree of bituminosity. This lignite can be used for obtaining a variety of different chemical products like mountain wax and resins, surface-active substances, gummy fertilizers, and other stimulants for plants growth. Mining-chemical raw materials (rock salt, lime, phosphorites, barytes, etc.) are quite substantial, and are utilized in the republic economy. Metallurgy is a domain of materials science and of materials engineering that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their intermetallic compounds, and their mixtures, which are called alloys. ... Coal Coal is a fossil fuel extracted from the ground by mining. ... spreading manure, an organic fertilizer Fertilizers (British English, also fertilisers) are compounds given to plants to promote growth; they are usually applied either via the soil, for uptake by plant roots, or by foliar feeding, for uptake through leaves. ... Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or halite, is a chemical compound with formula NaCl. ... Lime is a general term for various naturally occurring minerals and materials derived from them in which carbonates, oxides and hydroxides of calcium predominate. ... Apatite is a group of minerals, usually referring to: hydroxylapatite, fluorapatite, and chlorapatite, named for high concentrations of OH-, F-, or Cl- ions, respectively, in the crystal lattice. ... Baryte with Cerussite from Morocco Baryte with Galena and Hematite from Poland Barite (BaSO4) is a mineral consisting of barium sulfate. ...

Bashkortostan is also rich in woods. The total territory covered with forests is about 62,000 km² . More than one third of the republic territory is covered with woods. The following types of trees dominate: birch tree, conifers, lime, oak, and maple. The general stock of timber according to some evaluation is 717.9 million m³. Bashkortostan forests have special sanctuaries and national parks. They cover more than 10,000 km². Species Many species; see text and classification Birch is the name of any tree of the genus Betula, in the family Betulaceae, closely related to the beech/oak family, Fagaceae. ... Orders & Families Cordaitales † Pinales Pinaceae - Pine family Araucariaceae - Araucaria family Podocarpaceae - Yellow-wood family Sciadopityaceae - Umbrella-pine family Cupressaceae - Cypress family Cephalotaxaceae - Plum-yew family Taxaceae - Yew family Vojnovskyales † Voltziales † The conifers, division Pinophyta, are one of 13 or 14 division level taxa within the Kingdom Plantae. ... Species About 30; see text Tilia is a genus of about 30 species of trees, native throughout most of the temperate Northern Hemisphere, in Asia (where the greatest species diversity is found), Europe and eastern North America; it is absent from western North America. ... Species See List of Quercus species The term oak can be used as part of the common name of any of several hundred species of trees and shrubs in the genus Quercus, and some related genera, notably Cyclobalanopsis and Lithocarpus. ... Range of Maples Species See List of Acer species Maples are trees or shrubs of the genus Acer. ...

Bashkortostan is also rich in springs and sources of mineral, medicinal, and drinking water. In many places, mineral water is often colloquially used to mean carbonated water (which is usually carbonated mineral water, as opposed to tap water). ...

Climate

Administrative divisions

Towns under federal government management: Mezhgorye (ÐœÐµÐ¶Ð³Ð¾Ñ€ÑŒÐµ) Cities and towns under republics jurisdiction: Ufa (Ð£Ñ„Ð°) (capital) city districts: Demsky (Ð”ÐµÐ¼ÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹) Kalininsky (ÐšÐ°Ð»Ð¸Ð½Ð¸Ð½ÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹) with 1 selsovet under the city districts jurisdiction. ...

Demographics

According to the 2002 Census, ethnic Russians make up 36.3% of the republic's population, while the ethnic Bashkirs make up 29.8%. Other groups include Tatars (24.1%), Chuvash (117,317, or 2.9%), Mari (2.6%), Ukrainians (55,249, or 1.4%), Mordvins (26,020, or 0.6%), Udmurts (22,625, or 0.6%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less that 0.5% of the total population. Russian Census of 2002 (Russian: ) was the first census of Russian Federation carried out on October 9, 2002. ... The Bashkirs, a Turkic people, live in Russia, mostly in the republic of Bashkortostan. ... KÃ¼ltigin Monument where first mention of Tatar people is inscribed Tatars (Tatar: Tatarlar/Ð¢Ð°Ñ‚Ð°Ñ€Ð»Ð°Ñ€), sometimes spelled Tartar (more about the name), is a collective name applied to the Turkic speaking people of Eastern Europe and Central Asia. ... The Chuvash (Chuvashian: , Russian: Ñ‡ÑƒÐ²Ð°ÑˆÐ¸, Tatar: Ã‡uaÅŸlarÐ§ÑƒÐ°ÑˆÐ»Ð°Ñ€) are a Turkic people usually associated with Chuvashia. ... The Mari (also known as Cheremis in Russian and Ã‡irmeÅŸ in Tatar) are a Volga-Finnic people in the Volga area, the natives of Mari El, Russia. ... The Mordvins (Mordva) are a people who speak languages of the Finno-Volgaic branch of the Finno-Ugric language family. ... The Udmurts are a people who speak the Finno-Ugric Udmurt language. ...

Spoken languages: Russian (~100%), Tatar (~30%), Bashkir (~20%). The Bashkirs, a Turkic people, live in Russia, mostly in the republic of Bashkortostan. ... KÃ¼ltigin Monument where first mention of Tatar people is inscribed Tatars (Tatar: Tatarlar/Ð¢Ð°Ñ‚Ð°Ñ€Ð»Ð°Ñ€), sometimes spelled Tartar (more about the name), is a collective name applied to the Turkic speaking people of Eastern Europe and Central Asia. ... The Mari (also known as Cheremis in Russian and Ã‡irmeÅŸ in Tatar) are a Volga-Finnic people in the Volga area, the natives of Mari El, Russia. ... The Tatar language (Tatar tele, TatarÃ§a, Ð¢Ð°Ñ‚Ð°Ñ€ Ñ‚ÐµÐ»Ðµ, Ð¢Ð°Ñ‚Ð°Ñ€Ñ‡Ð°) is a Turkic language belonging to the Altaic branch of the Ural-Altaic family of languages. ... The Bashkir language is a Turkic language, a member of the Kyphchak group of languages. ...

It is believed by some Tatars that the 2002 Census misrepresented the numbers of Tatars and Bashkirs in favor of the latter[1].

Population development

History

People lived on the territory of modern Bashkortostan from time immemorial. First settlements were set up in early paleolithic period. But it was the bronze period which served as a spur to open up this territory. When people of Abashevo culture started settling here, they possessed high skills in manufacturing bronze tools, weapons, and decorations. They were the first to establish permanent settlements in the Southern Urals. The ethnonym Bashkirs first became known in the 9th century. Image File history File links Bashkir03. ... Image File history File links Bashkir03. ... The Paleolithic or Palaeolithic (Greek Ï€Î±Î»Î±Î¹ÏŒÏ‚ paleos=old and Î»Î¯Î¸Î¿Ï‚ lithos=stone or the Old Stone Age) was the first period in the development of human technology of the Stone Age. ... Abashevo culture, ca. ... The Ural Mountains, (Russian: Ура́льские го́ры = Ура́л) also known simply as the Urals, are a mountain range that run roughly north and south through western Russia. ...

In the 10th century, the religion of Islam started to spread among Bashkirs, and in the 14th century it became a dominant religion. Up to the 16th century the territory of modern Bashkortostan was divided between Kazan and Siberia Khanates and Nogai Horde. The tribes that lived there were headed by bii (tribal heads). After Kazan surrendered to Ivan the Terrible in 1554–1555, representatives of western and north-western Bashkir tribes approached the Tsar with a request to voluntarily join the Muscovy. Islam (Arabic: ) is a monotheistic religion based upon the Quran, its principal scripture, whose followers, known as Muslims (Ù…Ø³Ù„Ù…), believe God (Arabic: Ø§Ù„Ù„Ù‡ ) sent through revelations to Muhammad. ... Categories: Historical stubs | Former countries | Tatars | Tatarstan history | History of Mongolia ... Siberia Khanate is an anachronistic rendering of its actual name Khanate of Sibir, a Tatar khanate in the later Russian Siberia. ... The Nogai Horde was the Tatar horde that controlled the Caucasus Mountain region after the Mongol invasion. ... Tsar Ivan the Terrible, by Viktor Vasnetsov. ... Muscovy (Moscow principality (ÐºÐ½ÑÐ¶ÐµÑÑ‚Ð²Ð¾ ÐœÐ¾ÑÐºÐ¾Ð²ÑÐºÐ¾Ðµ) to Grand Duchy of Moscow (Ð’ÐµÐ»Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ðµ ÐšÐ½ÑÐ¶ÐµÑÑ‚Ð²Ð¾ ÐœÐ¾ÑÐºÐ¾Ð²ÑÐºÐ¾Ðµ) to Russian Tsardom (Ð¦Ð°Ñ€ÑÑ‚Ð²Ð¾ Ð ÑƒÑÑÐºÐ¾Ðµ)) is a traditional Western name for the Russian state that existed from the 14th century to the late 17th century. ...

Starting from the second half of the 16th century, Bashkiria's territory began taking shape as a part of the Russian state. In 1798 the Spiritual Assembly of Russia Muslims was established—an indication that the tsarist Government recognized the rights of Bashkirs, Tatars, and other Muslim nations to profess Islam and perform religious rituals. Ufa Governorate (guberniya), with a center in Ufa, was formed in 1865—another step towards territorial identification. The Bashkirs, a Turkic people, live in Russia, mostly in the republic of Bashkortostan. ... KÃ¼ltigin Monument where first mention of Tatar people is inscribed Tatars (Tatar: Tatarlar/Ð¢Ð°Ñ‚Ð°Ñ€Ð»Ð°Ñ€), sometimes spelled Tartar (more about the name), is a collective name applied to the Turkic speaking people of Eastern Europe and Central Asia. ... Guberniya (Russian: ) (also gubernia, guberniia, gubernya) was a major administrative subdivision of the Imperial Russia, usually translated as governorate or province. ... Ufas coat of arms Ufa (Russian: ; Bashkir Ó¨Ñ„Ó©; Tatar Ufa, Ã–fÃ¤; Chuvash ÄšÐ¿Ñ…Ó³) is the capital of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia. ...

After the Russian revolution, Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSR) within the Russian SFSR was established in 1919. During the Soviet period, Bashkiria was granted broad autonomous rights—the first among other Russian regions. The administrative structure of the Bashkir ASSR was based on principals similar to those of other autonomous republics of Russia. The Russian Revolution of 1917 was a series of political events in Russia, involving first the overthrow of the system of autocracy, and then the overthrow of the liberal Provisional Government (Duma), resulting in the establishment of the Soviet power under the control of the Bolshevik party. ... The Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in the former Soviet Union. ... In its final decades of its existence, the Soviet Union consisted of 15 Soviet Socialist Republics (SSR), often called simply Soviet republics. ... State motto: Russian: ÐŸÑ€Ð¾Ð»ÐµÑ‚Ð°Ñ€Ð¸Ð¸ Ð²ÑÐµÑ… ÑÑ‚Ñ€Ð°Ð½, ÑÐ¾ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ð½ÑÐ¹Ñ‚ÐµÑÑŒ! Translation: Workers of the world, unite! Capital Moscow Official language Russian Established In the USSR: - Since - Until November 7, 1917 November 7, 1917 December 12, 1991 (dissolution) Area - Total - Water (%) Ranked 1st in the USSR 17,075,200 kmÂ² 13% Population - Total - Density Ranked 1st in the...

The year 1932 was the starting point when the extraction of Bashkir crude oil began. At the end of 1943, large crude oil deposits (Tuymazy oil-field) were discovered. During the World War II, Bashkiria turned into one of the major regions of the Soviet Union to accommodate plants and factories evacuated from Western Russia, as well as great masses of people; all while providing the country with weaponry, fuel, and food-stuff. After the war, a good number of industrial brunches were further developed in Bashkiria, such as mining, machine building and especially oil-refining branches. Bashkiria's industry became a solid basis for further economic growth of all European outlying territories of Russia. Combatants Major Allied powers: United Kingdom Soviet Union United States Republic of China and others Major Axis powers: Nazi Germany Italy Japan and others Commanders Winston Churchill Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Harry Truman Chiang Kai-Shek Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Hideki Tojo Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead...

On October 11, 1990 the Supreme Soviet of the Republic adopted the Declaration on state sovereignty of the Bashkir SSR. On February 25, 1992 the Bashkir SSR was renamed the Republic of Bashkortostan. October 11 is the 284th day of the year (285th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the year. ... February 25 is the 56th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1992 (MCMXCII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday. ...

On March 31, 1992 a Federative Compact "On separation of authorities and powers among federal organs of power of the Russian Federation and the organs of power of the Republic of Bashkortostan" was signed. On August 3, 1994 a Compact "On separation of authorities and mutual delegating of powers among the organs of power of the Russian Federation and the organs of power of the Republic of Bashkortostan" was signed. March 31 is the 90th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (91st in Leap years), with 275 days remaining. ... August 3 is the 215th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (216th in leap years), with 150 days remaining. ... 1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated as the International Year of the Family and the International Year of the Sport and the Olympic Ideal by United Nations. ...

Politics

The head of government in Bashkortostan is the President, who is elected for a four-year term. According to the Constitution, the President of the Republic of Bashkortostan guarantees rights and liberties of a person and a citizen, protects economic and political interests of the Republic of Bashkortostan, and secures legitimacy, law and order on its territory.

As of 2006, the president is Mortaza Ghöbäydulla uly Räximev (Murtaza Rakhimov), who was elected on December 17, 1993. Prior to the elections, Rakhimov was the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Republic—the highest post at that time. Rakhimov was re-elected in December of 2003 in a poll condemned by the OSCE for exhibiting "elements of basic fraud." 2006 is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ... Murtaza Gubaydullovich Rakhimov (Bashkir: Mortaza Ghöbäydulla uly Räximev; Russian: Муртаза́ Губайду́ллович Рахи́мов) (born 1934) is the President of the Republic... December 17 is the 351st day of the year (352nd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1993 (MCMXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and marked the Beginning of the International Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (1993-2003). ... The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) is an international organization for security. ...

The Republic's parliament is the State Assembly—Kurultai, popularly elected every five years. The one-chamber State Assembly has 120 deputies. States currently utilizing parliamentary systems are denoted in red and orangeâ€”the former being constitutional monarchies where authority is vested in a parliament, and the latter being parliamentary republics whose parliaments are effectively supreme over a separate head of state. ...

The Republic's Constitution was adopted on December 24, 1993. Article 1 of the Constitution stipulates that Bashkortostan is a sovereign state within Russia, it has all the state power in full volume beyond the limits of authority of the Russian Federation and the powers of the Russian Federation concerning the aspect of joint authority of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Bashkortostan. The Republic of Bashkortostan is a full-fledged subject of the Russian Federation on equal and agreed bases. December 24 is the 358th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (359th in leap years). ...

The relations of the Republic of Bashkortostan and the Russian Federation are at present based on the articles of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Constitution of the Republic of Bashkortostan, the Federative Compact (with amendments), the Agreement on Separation of authorities and powers and mutual delegating of powers among the organs of state power of the Republic of Bashkortostan.

The judicial power of the Republic is in the hands of courts: the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeals, district Courts, and justices of the peace.

In full accord with universally recognized principles of international law, articles of European Charter on local self-government and the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Republic of Bashkortostan ensures in its Constitution that local self-government is recognized and guarantied on the republic territory.

The Republic of Bashkortostan resolves all the issues of its administrative-territorial structure on its own. The list of districts and towns of the republican importance, municipalities as well as the order of establishing, amending and changing borders of municipalities and their names are stipulated by the Republic of Bashkortostan law "On administrative-territorial structure of the Republic of Bashkortostan and territory of municipalities".

Economy

Much of Bashkortostan's economy depends on its oil processing industry, which is a left-over from Soviet times and has seen little investment since the collapse of the USSR. Most of the industry, nominally privatized, has in fact been granted to the factions close to the president's family.

More than one half of Bashkortostan's industry is based in Ufa, the republic's capital. Ufas coat of arms Ufa (Russian: ; Bashkir Ó¨Ñ„Ó©; Tatar Ufa, Ã–fÃ¤; Chuvash ÄšÐ¿Ñ…Ó³) is the capital of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia. ...

Education

The Republic of Bashkortostan possesses high scientific and technical potential. About 60 scientific organizations are active in Bashkortostan. Fundamental and applied scientific research work is under way at 12 Institutes UFA Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 29 Institutes of different branches of industry as well as design bureaus and organizations, chairs of Universities and Colleges.

The system of popular upbringing and teaching among Bashkir people took shape for centuries and its reflected in folklore, national customs, and traditions. When Islam spread in Bashkiria in the 10th century, the school education began to emerge gradually—religious schools were set under the supervision of mosques (maktabeh and madrasah).

Currently the Republic of Bashkortostan is the subject of the Russian Federation with versatile network of educational establishment. 12 higher educational establishments operate in the republic as well as 16 branches of leading Russian Universities and Colleges. Specialists graduate from them in about 200 trades and professions.

Education is primarily in Russian, Bashkir, and Tatar. The Bashkir language is a Turkic language, a member of the Kyphchak group of languages. ... The Tatar language (Tatar tele, TatarÃ§a, Ð¢Ð°Ñ‚Ð°Ñ€ Ñ‚ÐµÐ»Ðµ, Ð¢Ð°Ñ‚Ð°Ñ€Ñ‡Ð°) is a Turkic language belonging to the Altaic branch of the Ural-Altaic family of languages. ...

Culture

Folklore singing and dancing companies, a network of national theaters, museums, and libraries are on the rise; annual folk festivals became a tradition here.

Bashkortostan holds a leading position among all other Russian federal subjects on a number of museums, public libraries, book stocks, and municipal clubs.

The republic has seven Bashkir, four Russian, and two Tatar State Drama Theaters, the State Opera and Ballet Theater, the National Symphony Orchestra, "Bashkortostan" film-studio, thirty philharmonic collectives. The Bashkir state Folk dance ensemble named after F. Gaskarov is well-known.

The fame of Bashkir school of dancing is world renown—many of the students get high international awards at competitions in Russia and other countries of the world.

Encyclopedia > Bashkortostan

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