Basic oxygen steelmaking (BOS, Linz-Donawitz-Verfahren, LD-converter) is a method of converting molten iron to steel. The process is an improvement over the historically important Bessemer process. The LD-converter is named after the Austrian placenames Linz and Donawitz (a district of Leoben). The old steel cable of a colliery winding tower Steel is a metal alloy whose major component is iron, with carbon being the primary alloying material. ... Bessemer converter, schematic diagram The Bessemer process was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass-production of steel from molten pig iron. ... Map of Austria, locating Linz Linz is a city and Statutarstadt in northeast Austria, on the Danube river. ... Leoben is a city in Styria, in central Austria, located on the Mur river. ...

By blowing oxygen through molten pig iron, the carbon content of the alloy is lowered and changes the material into low-carbon steel. Pig iron is raw iron, the immediate product of smelting iron ore with coke and limestone in a blast furnace. ... An alloy is a combination, either in solution or compound, of two or more elements, which has a combin you are fagit ha u spaz go to scholation of at least one metal, and where the resultant material has metallic properties. ... The old steel cable of a colliery winding tower Steel is a metal alloy whose major component is iron, with carbon being the primary alloying material. ...

A typical BOS vessel holds about 280 tonnes of steel. The vessel is lined with heat-resistant refractory bricks that can withstand the high temperature of molten metal. A tonne (symbol t), sometimes referred to as a metric tonne, is a measurement of weight. ... A weathered brick wall. ... Temperature is the physical property of a system which underlies the common notions of hot and cold; the material with the higher temperature is said to be hotter. ...

The basic oxygen steel-making process is as follows:

1. Moltern iron from a blast furnace is poured into a large container called a ladle
2. A lance is lowered into moltern iron and several hundred kilograms of powdered magnesium are then added to the moltern iron in the ladle. Sulpur impurities are reduced by the magnesium to magnesium sulphide in a violent exothermic reaction. The magnesium sulphide is then raked off.
3. The BOS vessel is one-fifth filled with steel scrap. Molten iron from the ladle is added until the vessel is full. Filling the furnace with the ingredients is called charging.
4. The vessel is then stood upright and a lance is lowered down into it. The lance blows 99 percent pure oxygen onto the steel and iron, causing the temperature to rise to about 1700°C. This melts the scrap, lowers the carbon content of the molten iron and helps remove unwanted chemical elements. It is the use of oxygen instead of air that makes for the improvement on the Bessemer process, for the nitrogen (and other gases) contained in air does not react with the charge as oxygen does.
5. Fluxes (burnt lime or dolomite) are fed into the vessel to form slag which absorbs impurities of the steelmaking process. Near the end of the blowing cycle, which takes about 20 minutes, a temperature reading and samples are taken. The samples are tested and a computer analysis of the steel given within six minutes.
6. The BOS vessel is tilted again and the steel is poured into a giant ladle. This process is called tapping the steel. In the ladle furnace, the steel is further refined by adding alloying materials which give the steel special properties required by the customer. Sometimes argon or nitrogen gas is bubbled into the ladle to make sure the alloys mix correctly. The steel now contains 0.1-1 percent carbon. The more carbon in the steel, the harder it is, but it is also more brittle and less flexible.
7. After the steel is removed from the BOS vessel, the slag, filled with impurities, is poured off and cooled.

The first basic oxygen steelmaking process was the LD process developed in 1952 by VOEST ALPINE in Linz, Austria. Some major steelmaking companies in the US did not convert to this process for decades, with the last Bessemer converter still operating commercially until 1968. Blast furnace diagram A blast furnace is a type of furnace for smelting whereby the combustion material and ore are supplied with air from the bottom of the chamber such that the chemical reaction does not take place only at the surface. ... General Name, Symbol, Number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 8, 4, d Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Atomic mass 55. ... General Name, Symbol, Number magnesium, Mg, 12 Chemical series alkaline earth metals Group, Period, Block 2, 3, s Appearance silvery white Atomic mass 24. ... General Name, Symbol, Number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 8, 4, d Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Atomic mass 55. ... General Name, Symbol, Number sulfur, S, 16 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 16, 3, p Appearance lemon yellow Atomic mass 32. ... General Name, Symbol, Number magnesium, Mg, 12 Chemical series alkaline earth metals Group, Period, Block 2, 3, s Appearance silvery white Atomic mass 24. ... Exothermic has several meanings, including: In biology, an exothermic or poikilothermic animal is one that requires external sources of heat (usually sunlight) to maintain its internal temperature: for example, reptiles. ... General Name, Symbol, Number iron, Fe, 26 Chemical series transition metals Group, Period, Block 8, 4, d Appearance lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge Atomic mass 55. ... A furnace is a device for heating air or any other fluid. ... General Name, Symbol, Number oxygen, O, 8 Chemical series Chalcogens Group, Period, Block 16, 2, p Appearance colorless Atomic mass 15. ... General Name, Symbol, Number carbon, C, 6 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 14, 2, p Appearance black (graphite) colorless (diamond) Atomic mass 12. ... A chemical element, often called simply element, is a chemical substance that cannot be divided or changed into other chemical substances by any ordinary chemical technique. ... Bessemer is the name, or part of the name, of several places in the United States: Bessemer, Alabama Bessemer, Michigan Bessemer Township, Michigan Bessemer City, North Carolina Bessemer, Pennsylvania Bessemer Bend, Wyoming Other things or people named Bessemer include: Bessemer process, a method of making steel Henry Bessemer, the inventor... In metallurgy, flux is an aid to melting, a material which by its chemical action facilitates soldering or brazing of metals. ... Lime has several meanings: Look up Lime in Wiktionary, the free dictionary Lime (mineral) - a group of calcium compounds and minerals in which they predominate, including: Limestone Agricultural lime - a mineral soil additive Calcium oxide (also quicklime) - a chemical compound Calcium hydroxide (also slaked lime) - a chemical compound Lime (fruit... Dolomite crystals from Touissite, Morocco Dolomite is the name of both a carbonate rock and a mineral (formula: CaMg(CO3)2) consisting of a calcium magnesium carbonate found in crystals. ... For the Transformers character, see Slag (Transformer). ... An alloy is a combination, either in solution or compound, of two or more elements, which has a combin you are fagit ha u spaz go to scholation of at least one metal, and where the resultant material has metallic properties. ... General Name, Symbol, Number argon, Ar, 18 Chemical series noble gases Group, Period, Block 18, 3, p Appearance colorless Atomic mass 39. ... General Name, Symbol, Number nitrogen, N, 7 Chemical series nonmetals Group, Period, Block 15, 2, p Appearance colorless Atomic mass 14. ... 1952 (MCMLII) was a [[leap year starting on Tueday] (link will take you to calendar). ... Voestalpine AG is an international steel company based in Linz, Austria. ... Map of Austria, locating Linz Linz is a city and Statutarstadt in northeast Austria, on the Danube river. ... Bessemer converter, schematic diagram The Bessemer process was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass-production of steel from molten pig iron. ... 1968 (MCMLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1968 calendar). ...

The LD process replaced the previously common Siemens-Martin process, also known as the open-hearth process. ... Open hearth furnaces are the furnaces where excess carbon and other impurities are burnt out of Pig iron to produce Steel. ...