NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Basidiomycota

Basidiomycota is one of two large phyla, that together with the Ascomycota, comprise the subkingdom Dikarya, which were in general what were called the "Higher Fungi" within the Kingdom Fungi. More specifically the Basidiomycota include mushrooms, puffballs, stinkhorns, bracket fungi, other polypores, jelly fungi, boletes, chanterelles, earth stars, smuts, bunts, rusts, mirror yeasts, and the human pathogenic yeast,Cryptococcus. Basically, Basidiomycota are filamentous fungi composed of hyphae (except for those forming yeasts), and reproducing sexually via the formation of specialized club-shaped end cells called basidia that normally bear external spores (usually four), which are specialized meiospores called basidiospores. However, some Basidiomycota reproduce asexually, and may or may not also reproduce sexually. Asexually reproducing Basidiomycota (discussed below) can be recognized as members of this phylum by gross similarity to others, by the formation of a distinctive anatomical feature (the clamp connection - see below), cell wall components, and definitively by phylogenetic molecular analysis of DNA sequence data. In biological taxonomy, a phylum (Greek plural: phyla) is a taxon in the rank below kingdom and above class. ... Subphyla/Classes Archaeascomycetes Euascomycetes Hemiascomycetes or Pezizomycotina Laboulbeniomycetes Eurotiomycetes Lecanoromycetes Leotiomycetes Pezizomycetes Sordariomycetes Dothideomycetes (and many more) Saccharomycotina Saccharomycetes Taphrinomycotina Neolectomycetes Pneumocystidomycetes Schizosaccharomycetes Taphrinomycetes The Ascomycota, formerly known as the Ascomycetae, or Ascomycetes, are a Division of Fungi, whose members are commonly known as the Sac Fungi, which produce spores... Dikarya is a subkingdom of Fungi that includes the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, both of which in general produce dikaryons. ... Divisions Chytridiomycota Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota The Fungi (singular: fungus) are a large group of organisms ranked as a kingdom within the Domain Eukaryota. ... For other uses, see Mushroom (disambiguation). ... An agaricoid puffball, Podaxis pistillaris, the False Shaggy Mane Lycoperdon perlatum Puffballs are fungi, they consist of a polyphyletic assemblage of Basidiomycota with gasterothecia (gasteroid basidiocarps) in which the spores are produced internally; that is, the basidiocarp remains closed, or opens only after the spores have been released from the... Elegant Stinkhorn, Mutinus elegans. ... A bracket fungus(Pycnoporus Bracket fungi, or shelf fungus, are fungi notable for bearing fruiting bodies (conk) as or in a bracket: a grouping of individual mushroom caps that lie in a close planar grouping of separate or interconnected horizontal rows. ... Polypores are a group of tough, leathery poroid mushrooms similar to boletes, but typically lacking a distinct stalk. ... Orders Tremellales Auriculariales Dacryomycetales Ceratobasidiales Tulasnellales The Class Heterobasidiomycetes or jelly fungi comprises the five fungal orders: Tremellales, Auriculariales, Dacryomycetales, Ceratobasidiales, and Tulasnellales. ... Members of the order Boletales (commonly referred to as Boletes) are mushrooms characterized by holding their spores in small pores on the underside of the mushroom, instead of gills (as are found in agarics). ... Species Cantharellus is a genus with many delicious and popular edible mushrooms. ... Genera Astraeus Colomyces Geaster Geastrum Myriostoma Sphaerobolus and about 2 others The earthstars are the family Geastraceae of gasterocarpic basidiomycetes (mushrooms). ... The smuts are fungi, mostly Ustilaginomycetes (of the class Teliomycetae, subphylum Basidiomycota), that cause plant disease. ... It has been suggested that Covered smut be merged into this article or section. ... Families Pucciniaceae Melampsoraceae Coleosporiaceae Cronartiaceae Phragmidiaceae Pucciniastraceae Rusts are fungi of the order Uredinales. ... Cryptococcus is a genus of fungus. ... A hypha (plural hyphae) is a long, branching filament that, with other hyphae, forms the feeding thallus of a fungus called the mycelium. ... Drawing of the structure of cork as it appeared under the microscope to Robert Hooke from Micrographia which is the origin of the word cell being used to describe the smallest unit of a living organism Cells in culture, stained for keratin (red) and DNA (green) The cell is the... Basidium is a cell on which the spores of the mushroom are produced. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... For the figure of speech, see meiosis (figure of speech). ... A basidiospore is a spore produced by mushrooms of Fungi division Basidiomycota. ... A type of connection found within a single hyphal strand of a Basidiomycete fungus. ... Plant cells separated by transparent cell walls. ... A phylogeny (or phylogenesis) is the origin and evolution of a set of organisms, usually of a species. ... part of a DNA sequence A DNA sequence (sometimes genetic sequence) is a succession of letters representing the primary structure of a real or hypothetical DNA molecule or strand, The possible letters are A, C, G, and T, representing the four nucleotide subunits of a DNA strand (adenine, cytosine, guanine...

Classification

Sex malubag The most recent classification^[2] adopted by a coalition of 67 mycologists recognizes 3 subphyla (Pucciniomycotina, Ustilaginomycotina, Agaricomycotina) and 2 other class level taxa (Wallemiomycetes, Entorrhizomycetes) outside of these, among the Basidiomycota. As now classified, the subphyla join and also cut across various obsolete taxonomic groups (see below) previously commonly used to describe various Basidiomycota. Mycology is the study of fungi, their genetic and biochemical properties, their taxonomy, and their use to humans as a source for medicinals (see penicillin) and food (beer, wine, cheese, edible mushrooms), as well as their dangers, such as poisoning or infection. ... Classes Pucciniomycetes Cystobasidiomycetes Agaricostilbomycetes Microbotryomycetes Atractiellomycetes Classiculomycetes Mixiomycetes Cryptomycocolacomycetes For more information about the subphylum Pucciniomycotina, select one of the higher ranking taxa from the taxobox. ... Classes Ustilaginomycetes Exobasidiomycetes incertae sedis (no class) Malasseziales A subphylum within the phylum Basidiomycota consisting of the classes Ustilaginomycetes, Exobasidiomycetes and the order, Malasseziales. ... Classes Tremellomycetes Dacrymycetes Agaricomycetes To learn more about the subphylum Agaricomycotina, select a higher ranking taxon from the taxobox. ...

The Basidiomycota had traditionally been divided into 2 obsolete classes, the Homobasidiomycetes (including true mushrooms); and the Heterobasidiomycetes (the Jelly, Rust and Smut fungi). Previously the entire Basidiomycota were called Basidiomycetes, an invalid class level name coined in 1959 as a counterpart to the Ascomycetes, when neither of these taxa were recognized as phyla. The terms basidiomycetes and ascomycetes are frequently used loosely to refer to Basidiomycota and Ascomycota. They are often abbreviated to "basidios" and "ascos" as mycological slang. former Orders Subclass Homobasidiomycetidae Agaricales Boletales Cantharellales Corticiales Ganodermatales Gomphales Hericiales Hydnales Hymenochaetales Polyporales (Aphyllophorales) Poriales Russulales Schizophyllales Stereales Thelephorales Subclass Gasteromycetidae Lycoperdales Nidulariales Phallales Sclerodermatales Tulostomatales The Class Homobasidiomycetes is a taxonomic division in the Subdivision Hymenomycotina of the Division Basidiomycota (in the Kingdom Fungi). ... Basidiocarps (mushrooms) of the fungus Leucocoprinus sp. ... Orders Tremellales Auriculariales Dacryomycetales Ceratobasidiales Tulasnellales The Class Heterobasidiomycetes or jelly fungi comprises the five fungal orders: Tremellales, Auriculariales, Dacryomycetales, Ceratobasidiales, and Tulasnellales. ... Typical orders Protostelia Protosteliida Myxogastria Liceida Echinosteliida Trichiida Stemonitida Physarida Dictyostelia Dictyosteliida Slime moulds are peculiar protists that normally take the form of amoebae, but under certain conditions develop fruiting bodies that release spores, superficially similar to the sporangia of fungi. ... Families Pucciniaceae Melampsoraceae Coleosporiaceae Cronartiaceae Phragmidiaceae Pucciniastraceae Rusts are fungi of the order Uredinales. ... The smuts are fungi, mostly Ustilaginomycetes (of the class Teliomycetae, subphylum Basidiomycota), that cause plant disease. ... Classes Archaeascomycetes Hemiascomycetes Euascomycetes Neolectomycetes Pezizomycotina Pneumocystidomycetes Saccharomycotina Schizosaccharomycetes Taphrinomycetes mitosporic Ascomycota Members of the Division Ascomycota are known as the Sac Fungi and are fungi that produce spores in a distinctive type of microscopic sporangium called an ascus (Greek for a bag or wineskin). This monophyletic grouping was formerly...

The Agaricomycotina (see details on that page) includes what had previously been called the Hymenomycetes (an obsolete morphological based class of Basidiomycota that formed hymenial layers on their fruitbodies), the Gasteromycetes (another obsolete class that included species mostly lacking hymenia and mostly forming spores in enclosed fruitbodies), as well as most of the jelly fungi. Classes Tremellomycetes Dacrymycetes Agaricomycetes To learn more about the subphylum Agaricomycotina, select a higher ranking taxon from the taxobox. ... Hymenomycete are a type of fungi. ... The hymenium is the tissue layer on the hymenophore of a fungal fruiting body where the cells develop into basidia or asci, which produce spores. ... Basidiocarps of Amanita muscaria Fruiting body redirects here. ... The Gasteromycetes fungus is a subgroup of the class Basidiomycetes (Mycota division). ... Basidiocarps of Amanita muscaria Fruiting body redirects here. ... Orders Tremellales Auriculariales Dacryomycetales Ceratobasidiales Tulasnellales The Class Heterobasidiomycetes or jelly fungi comprises the five fungal orders: Tremellales, Auriculariales, Dacryomycetales, Ceratobasidiales, and Tulasnellales. ...

The Ustilaginomycotina are most (but not all) of the former smut fungi and along with the Exobasidiales. Classes Ustilaginomycetes Exobasidiomycetes incertae sedis (no class) Malasseziales A subphylum within the phylum Basidiomycota consisting of the classes Ustilaginomycetes, Exobasidiomycetes and the order, Malasseziales. ...

The Pucciniomycotina includes the rust fungi, the insect parasitic/symbiotic genus Septobasidium, a former group of smut fungi (in the Microbotryomycetes, which includes mirror yeasts), and a mixture of odd, infrequently seen or seldom recognized fungi, often parasitic on plants. Classes Pucciniomycetes Cystobasidiomycetes Agaricostilbomycetes Microbotryomycetes Atractiellomycetes Classiculomycetes Mixiomycetes Cryptomycocolacomycetes For more information about the subphylum Pucciniomycotina, select one of the higher ranking taxa from the taxobox. ...

Two classes, Wallemiomycetes and Entorrhizomycetes cannot at present be placed in a subphylum.

Typical life-cycle

Unlike higher animals and plants which have readily recognizable male and female counterparts, Basidiomycota (except for the Rust (Pucciniales)) tend to have mutually indistinguishable, compatible haploids which are usually mycelia being composed of filamentous hyphae. Typically haploid Basidiomycota mycelia fuse via plasmogamy and then the compatible nuclei migrate into each others mycelia and pair up with the resident nuclei. Karyogamy is delayed, so that the compatible nuclei remain in pairs, called a dikaryon. The hyphae are then said to be dikaryotic. Conversely, the haploid mycelia are called monokaryons. Often, the dikaryotic mycelium is more vigorous than the individual monokaryotic mycelia, and usually the dikaryotic mycelium then takes over the substrate in which they are growing. The dikaryons can be long-lived, lasting years, decades, or centuries. The monokaryons are neither male nor female. They have either a bipolar (unifactorial) or a tetrapolar (bifactorial) mating system. This results in the fact that following meiosis, the resulting haploid basidiospores and resultant monokaryons, have nuclei that are compatible with 50% (if bipolar) or 25% (if tetrapolar) of their sister basidiospores (and their resultant monokaryons) because the mating genes must differ for them to be compatible. However, there are many variations of these genes in the population, and therefore, over 90% of monokaryons are compatible with each other. It is as if there were multiple sexes. Families Pucciniaceae Melampsoraceae Coleosporiaceae Cronartiaceae Phragmidiaceae Pucciniastraceae Rusts are fungi of the order Uredinales. ... Haploid (meaning simple in Greek) cells have only one copy of each chromosome. ... Mycelium is the vegetative part of a fungus consisting of a mass of branching threadlike hyphae that exists below the ground or within another substrate. ... A hypha (plural hyphae) is a long, branching filament that, with other hyphae, forms the feeding thallus of a fungus called the mycelium. ... Plasmogamy is a stage in the sexual reproduction of fungi. ... Karyogamy is the fusion of nuclei of two cells, as part of syngamy. ... Dikaryon is from Greek, di meaning 2 and karyon meaning nut, refering to the nucleus of the cell. ... Dikaryon is from Greek, di meaning 2 and karyon meaning nut, referring to the cell nucleus. ... For the figure of speech, see meiosis (figure of speech). ... A basidiospore is a spore produced by mushrooms of Fungi division Basidiomycota. ...

The maintenance of the dikaryotic status in dikaryons in many Basidiomycota is facilitated by the formation of clamp connections that physically appear to help coordinate and re-establish pairs of compatible nuclei following synchronous mitotic nuclear divisions. Variations are frequent and multiple. In a typical Basidiomycota lifecycle the long lasting dikaryons periodically (seasonally or occasionally) produce basidia, the specialized usually club-shaped end cells, in which a pair of compatible nuclei fuse (karyogamy) to form a diploid cell. Meiosis follows shortly with the production of 4 haploid nuclei that migrate into 4 external, usually apical basidiospores. Variations occur, however. Typically the basidiospores are ballistic, hence they are sometimes also called ballistospores. In most species, the basidiospores disperse and each can start a new haploid mycelium, continuing the lifecycle. Basidia are microscopic but they are often produced on or in multicelled large fructifications called basidiocarps or basidiomes, or fruitbodies), variously called mushrooms, puffballs, etc. Ballistic basidiospores are formed on sterigmata which are tapered spine-like projections on basidia, and are typically curved, like the horns of a bull. In some Basidiomycota the spores are not ballistic, and the sterigmata may be straight, reduced to stubbs, or absent. The basidiospores of these non-ballistosporic basidia may either bud off, or be released via dissolution or disintegration of the basidia. A type of connection found within a single hyphal strand of a Basidiomycete fungus. ... Overview of the major events in mitosis In biology, mitosis is the process of chromosome segregation and nuclear division that follows replication of the genetic material in eukaryotic cells. ... Basidium is a cell on which the spores of the mushroom are produced. ... Karyogamy is the fusion of nuclei of two cells, as part of syngamy. ... Diploid (meaning double in Greek) cells have two copies (homologs) of each chromosome (both sex- and non-sex determining chromosomes), usually one from the mother and one from the father. ... For the figure of speech, see meiosis (figure of speech). ... A basidiospore is a spore produced by mushrooms of Fungi division Basidiomycota. ... Look up Ballistic on Wiktionary, the free dictionary Ballistic may mean: Ballistics, the science that deals with the motion, behavior, and effects of projectiles. ... A spore that is shot off. ... Schematic of a typical basidiocarp, showing fruiting body, hymenium and basidia. ... Basidiocarps of Amanita muscaria Fruiting body redirects here. ... Basidiocarps (mushrooms) of the fungus Leucocoprinus sp. ... An agaricoid puffball, Podaxis pistillaris, the False Shaggy Mane Lycoperdon perlatum Puffballs are fungi, they consist of a polyphyletic assemblage of Basidiomycota with gasterothecia (gasteroid basidiocarps) in which the spores are produced internally; that is, the basidiocarp remains closed, or opens only after the spores have been released from the...

In summary, meiosis takes place in a diploid basidium. Each one of the four haploid nuclei migrates into its own basidiospore. The basidiospores are ballistically discharged and start new haploid mycelia called monokaryons. There are no males or females, rather there are compatible thalli with multiple compatibility factors. Plasmogamy between compatible individuals leads to delayed karyogamy leading to establishment of a dikaryon. The dikaryon is long lasting but ultimately gives rise to either fruitbodies with basidia or directly to basidia without fruitbodies. The paired dikaryon in the basidium fuse (i.e karyogamy takes place). The diploid basidium begins the cycle again. Image File history File links Basidium_schematic. ... Image File history File links Basidium_schematic. ... Classes Homobasidiomycetes - mushrooms Heterobasidiomycetes - jelly fungi The Subdivision Hymenomycotina (Hymenomycetes) is one of three taxa of the fungal Division Basidiomycota (fungi bearing spores on basidia). ...

Variations in life-cycles

Many variations occur. Some are self compatible and spontaneously form dikaryons without a separate compatible thallus being involved. These fungi are said to be homothallic, versus the normal heterothallic species with mating types. Others are secondarily homothallic, in that two compatible nuclei following meiosis migrate into each basidiospore, which is then dispersed as a pre-existing dikaryon. Often such species form only two spores per basidium, but that too varies. Following meiosis, mitotic divisions can occur in the basidium. Multiple numbers of basidiospores can result, including odd numbers via degeneration of nuclei, or pairing up of nuclei, or lack of migration of nuclei. For example, the chanterelle genus Craterellus often has 6-spored basidia, while some corticioid Sistotrema species can have 2-, 4-, 6-, or 8-spored basidia, and the cultivated button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus. can have 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-spored basidia under some circumstances. Occasionally monokaryons of some taxa can form morphologically fully formed basidiomes and anatomically correct basidia and ballistic basidiospores in the absence of dikaryon formation, diploid nuclei, and meiosis. A rare few number of taxa have extended diploid life-cycles, but can be common species. Examples exist in the mushroom genera Armillaria and Xerula, both in the Physalacriaceae. Occasionally basidiospores are not formed and parts of the "basidia" act as the dispersal agents, e.g. the peculiar mycoparasitic jelly fungus, Tetragoniomyces or the entire "basidium" acts as a "spore", e.g. in some false puffballs (Scleroderma). In the human pathogenic genus Filobasidiella 4 nuclei following meiosis remain in the basidium but continually divide mitotically, each nucleus migrating into synchronously forming nonballistic basidiospores that are then pushed upwards by another set forming below them, resulting in 4 parallel chains of dry "basidiospores". Species Black chanterelle â€“ also called black trumpet, horn of plenty, or trumpet of death â€“ is the common name for the edible mushroom Craterellus cornucopioides. ... Binomial name (J.E.Lange) Imbach Agaricus bisporus, known as table mushroom, cultivated mushroom or button mushroom, is an edible basidiomycete fungus which naturally occurs in grasslands, fields and meadows across Europe and North America, though has spread much more widely and is one of the most widely cultivated mushrooms... Honey mushrooms, Armillaria Borealis (?) Honey fungus ( Armillaria sp. ... Scleroderma is a genus of 25 species of fungi, commonly known as earth balls, now known to belong to the Boletales. ... Cryptococcus is a genus of fungus. ...

Other variations occur, some as standard life-cycles (that themselves have variations within variations) within specific orders.

Rusts

Rusts (Pucciniales, previously known as Uredinales) at their greatest complexity produce five different types of spores on two different hosts in two unrelated host families. Such rusts are heteroecious (requiring 2 hosts) and macrocyclic (producing all 5 spores types). Wheat stem rust is an example. By convention the stages and spore states are numbered by Roman numerals. Typically, basidiospores infect host one, the mycelium forms pycnidia, called spermagonia, which are miniature, flask-shaped, hollow, submicroscopic bodies embedded in host tissue (such as a leaf). This stage, numbered "0", produces single-celled, minute spores that ooze out in a sweet liquid and that act as nonmotile spermatia, and also protruding receptive hyphae. Insects and probably other vectors such as rain carry the spermatia from spermagonia to spermagonia, cross inoculating the mating types. Neither thallus is male or female. Once crossed, the dikaryons are established and a second spore stage is formed, numbered "I" and called aecia, which form dikaryotic aeciospores in dry chains in inverted cup-shaped bodies embedded in host tissue. These aeciospores then infect the second host genus and cannot infect the host on which they are formed (in macrocyclic rusts). On the second host a repeating spore stage is formed, numbered "II", the uredospores in dry pustules called uredinia. Urediospores are dikaryotic and can infect the same host that produced them. They repeatedly infect this host over the growing season. At the end of the season, a fourth spore type, the teliospore, is formed. It is thicker-walled and serves to overwinter or to survive other harsh conditions. It does not continue the infection process, rather it remains dormant for a period and then germinates to form basidia (stage "IV"), sometimes called a promycelium. In the Pucciniales, the basidia are cylindrical and become 3-septate after meiosis, with each of the 4 cells bearing one basidiospore each. The basidospores disperse and start the infection process on host 1 again. Autoecious rusts complete their life-cycles on one host intead of two, and microcyclic rusts cut out one or more stages. Families Pucciniaceae Melampsoraceae Coleosporiaceae Cronartiaceae Phragmidiaceae Pucciniastraceae Rusts are fungi of the order Uredinales. ... This article is about the fungus. ... Binomial name Puccinia graminis Pers. ... Roman numerals are a numeral system originating in ancient Rome, adapted from Etruscan numerals. ... For other uses, see Sperm (disambiguation). ... Orders Subclass Apterygota Archaeognatha (bristletails) Thysanura (silverfish) Subclass Pterygota Infraclass Paleoptera (Probably paraphyletic) Ephemeroptera (mayflies) Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) Infraclass Neoptera Superorder Exopterygota Grylloblattodea (ice-crawlers) Mantophasmatodea (gladiators) Plecoptera (stoneflies) Embioptera (webspinners) Zoraptera (angel insects) Dermaptera (earwigs) Orthoptera (grasshoppers, etc) Phasmatodea (stick insects) Blattodea (cockroaches) Isoptera (termites) Mantodea (mantids) Psocoptera... In epidemiology, a vector is an organism that does not cause disease itself but which spreads infection by conveying pathogens from one host to another. ... Teliospore (sometimes called teleutospore) is the thick-walled resting spore of some fungi (rusts and smuts), from which the basidium arises. ... Basidium is a cell on which the spores of the mushroom are produced. ... This article is about the transit agency. ...

Smuts

The characteristic part of the life-cycle of smuts is the thick-walled, often darkly pigmented, ornate, teliospore that serves to survive harsh conditions such as overwintering and also serves to help disperse the fungus as dry diaspores. The teliospores are initially dikaryotic but become diploid via karyogamy. Meiosis takes place at the time of germination. A promycelim is formed that consists to a short hypha (equated to a basidium). In some smuts such as Ustilago maydis the nuclei migrate into the promycelium that becomes septate, and haploid yeast-like conidia/basidiospores sometimes called sporidia, bud off laterally from each cell. In various smuts, the yeast phase may proliferate, or they may fuse, or they may infect plant tissue and become hyphal. In other smuts, such as Tilletia caries, the elongated haploid basidiospores form apically, often in compatible pairs that fuse centrally resulting in "H"-shaped diaspores which are by then dikaryotic. Dikaryotic conidia may then form. Eventually the host is infected by infectious hyphae. Teliospores form in host tissue. Many variations on these general themes occur. The smuts are fungi, mostly Ustilaginomycetes (of the class Teliomycetae, subphylum Basidiomycota), that cause plant disease. ... This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. ... Binomial name (Persoon) Roussel Corn smut is a disease of maize caused by the pathogenic plant fungus Ustilago maydis. ... This article is about the transit agency. ... Binomial name (Bjerk. ... The term spore has several different meanings in biology. ...

Dimorphic Basidiomycota are smuts with both a yeast phase and an infectious hyphal state are examples of dimorphic Basidiomycota. In plant parasitic taxa, the saprophytic phase is normally the yeast while the infectious stage is hyphal. However, there are examples of animal and human parasites where the species are dimorphic but it is the yeast-like state that is infectious. The genus Filobasidiella forms basidia on hyphae but the main infectious stage is more commonly known by the anamorphic yeast name Cryptococcus, e.g. Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii. Male and female Common Pheasant, illustrating the large degree of sexual dimorphism between the sexes Sexual dimorphism is the systematic difference in form between individuals of different sex in the same species. ... Cryptococcus is a genus of fungus. ... In biology, fungi are placed into particular taxa based on reproductive similarities. ... Cryptococcus is a genus of fungus. ... Cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated yeastlike fungus that can live in both plants and animals. ... Cryptococcus gattii is a yeast-like fungus found in tropical and subtropical climates. ...

The dimorphic Basidiomycota with yeast stages and the pleiomorphic rusts are examples of fungi with anamorphs, which are the asexual stages. Some Basidiomycota are only known as anamorphs. Many are yeasts, collectively called basidiomycetous yeasts to differentiate them from ascomycetous yeasts in the Ascomycota. Aside from yeast anamorphs, and uredinia, aecia and pycnidia, some Basidiomycota form other distinctive anamorphs as parts of their life-cycles. Examples are Collybia tuberosa^[3] with its apple-seed-shaped and coloured sclerotium, Dendrocollybia racemosa ^[4] with its sclerotium and its Tilachlidiopsis racemosa conidia, Armillaria with their rhizomorphs,^[5] Hohenbuehelia ^[6] with their Nematoctonus nematode infectious, state^[7] and the coffee leaf parasite, Mycena citricolor^[8] and its Decapitatus flavidus propagules called gemmae. In biology, fungi are placed into particular taxa based on reproductive similarities. ... Subphyla/Classes Archaeascomycetes Euascomycetes Hemiascomycetes or Pezizomycotina Laboulbeniomycetes Eurotiomycetes Lecanoromycetes Leotiomycetes Pezizomycetes Sordariomycetes Dothideomycetes (and many more) Saccharomycotina Saccharomycetes Taphrinomycotina Neolectomycetes Pneumocystidomycetes Schizosaccharomycetes Taphrinomycetes The Ascomycota, formerly known as the Ascomycetae, or Ascomycetes, are a Division of Fungi, whose members are commonly known as the Sac Fungi, which produce spores... A sclerotium is a compact mass of hardened mycelium (as an ergot) stored with reserve food material that in some higher fungi becomes detached and remains dormant until a favorable opportunity for growth occurs. ... Honey mushrooms, Armillaria Borealis (?) Honey fungus ( Armillaria sp. ... Classes Adenophorea Subclass Enoplia Subclass Chromadoria Secernentea Subclass Rhabditia Subclass Spiruria Subclass Diplogasteria Subclass Tylenchia The nematodes or roundworms (Phylum Nematoda from Greek (nema): thread + -ode like) are one of the most common phyla of animals, with over 20,000 different described species (over 15,000 are parasitic). ... Binomial name (Berk. ... Binomial name (Berk. ... A propagule is any plant material used for the purpose of plant propagation. ...

References

^ Moore, R.T. (1980). "Taxonomic proposals for the classification of marine yeasts and other yeast-like fungi including the smuts". Bot. Mar. 23: 371.
^ Hibbett, D.S., et al. (Mar 2007). "A higher level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi". Mycol. Res. 111 (5): 509-547. doi:doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.004.
^ http://www.bio.utk.edu/mycology/ATBI/Photos/12000to12099/12074.jpg
^ http://www.pnwfungi.org/pdf%20files/manuscripts%20volume%201/pnwf20069.pdf
^ http://www.bioart.co.uk/lux/mycit.html
^ http://www.uoguelph.ca/~gbarron/ZBiodiversity/hohenbue.htm
^ http://www.uoguelph.ca/~gbarron/ZBiodiversity/8knobs.htm
^ http://www.bioart.co.uk/lux/mycit.html

A digital object identifier (or DOI) is a standard for persistently identifying a piece of intellectual property on a digital network and associating it with related data, the metadata, in a structured extensible way. ...

Contents

Classification

Typical life-cycle

Variations in life-cycles

Rusts

Smuts

References

External links

Contents

Classification GA_googleFillSlot("encyclopedia_square");

Typical life-cycle

Variations in life-cycles

Rusts

Smuts

References

External links

Classification