NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Bassoon

The bassoon is a woodwind instrument in the double reed family that typically plays music written in the bass and tenor registers and occasionally even higher. Appearing in its modern form in the 1800s, the bassoon figures prominently in orchestral, concert band, and chamber music literature. The instrument is known for its distinctive tone color, wide range, variety of character, and agility. Its warm, dark, reedy timbre has often been compared to that of a male baritone voice. Due to the complicated fingering and the problem of reeds, the bassoon is an especially difficult instrument to learn; schoolchildren typically take up the bassoon only after starting on another woodwind instrument, such as the flute, clarinet, or saxophone. In music, the range of a musical instrument is the distance from the lowest to the highest pitch it can play. ... HI This Page Doesnt Exist File links The following pages link to this file: Bassoon ... A musical instrument is a device constructed or modified for the purpose of making music. ... // Small bassoons The bassoon family of double reed woodwind instruments is widely regarded as having only two members, unlike all of the other woodwind families, which have a multitude of varieties. ... The contrabassoon, also contrafagotto or double bassoon, is a larger version of the bassoon sounding an octave lower. ... The dulcian is a Renaissance bass woodwind instrument, with a double reed and a folded conical bore. ... For other uses, see Oboe (disambiguation). ... A woodwind instrument is an instrument in which sound is produced by blowing against an edge or by a vibrating with air a thin piece of wood known as a reed. ... A double reed is a type of reed used to produce sound in various wind instruments. ... There are a range of musical instruments that can be collectively be regarded as bass instruments since they are in the bass range. ... This article is about Tenor vocalists in music. ... For other uses, see Orchestra (disambiguation). ... A concert band, also called wind band, symphonic band, symphonic winds, wind orchestra, wind symphony, or wind ensemble, is a performing ensemble consisting of several members of the woodwind instrument family, brass instrument family and percussion instrument family. ... Chamber music is a form of classical music, written for a small group of instruments which traditionally could be accommodated in a palace chamber. ... In music, timbre, or sometimes timber, (from Fr. ... For other uses, see Baritone (disambiguation). ... A close-up of the first bar of Applicatio in C major, BWV 994, from KlavierbÃ¼chlein fÃ¼r Wilhelm Friedemann Bach that shows the fingering guide on the score. ... Alto and tenor saxophone reeds. ... For other uses, see Flute (disambiguation). ... Two soprano clarinets: a Bâ™ clarinet (left, with capped mouthpiece) and an A clarinet (right, with no mouthpiece). ... The saxophone (colloquially referred to as sax) is a conical-bored musical instrument usually considered a member of the woodwind family. ...

Development

Early history

The dulcian is generally considered to be the forerunner of the modern bassoon, as it shares many characteristics with the latter, including a double reed fitted to a metal crook, obliquely drilled tone holes, and a conical bore that doubles back upon itself. The origins of the dulcian are obscure, but by the mid 16th century it was available in as many as eight different sizes, from soprano to great bass. A full consort of dulcians was a rarity; its primary function seems to have been to provide the bass in the typical wind band of the time, either loud (shawms) or soft (recorders), indicating a remarkable ability to vary dynamics to suit the need. Otherwise, dulcian technique was rather primitive, with eight fingerholes and generally one key, indicating that it could play in only a limited number of key signatures. Image File history File links Praetorius_bassoons. ... Image File history File links Praetorius_bassoons. ... The Renaissance Rackett is a double-reed Wind instrument related to the Bassoon. ... Michael Praetorius. ... The dulcian is a Renaissance bass woodwind instrument, with a double reed and a folded conical bore. ... A tone hole is an opening in the body of a woodwind instrument that when covered, can alter the pitch of the sound produced. ... The bore of a wind instrument is its interior chamber that defines a flow path through which air travels and is set into vibration to produce sounds. ... This article is about the voice-type. ... The shawm was a Renaissance musical instrument of the woodwind family, made in Europe from the late 13th century until the 17th century. ... Various recorders The recorder is a woodwind musical instrument of the family known as fipple flutes or internal duct flutes â€” whistle-like instruments which include the tin whistle and ocarina. ... â€œFortissimoâ€ redirects here. ...

About this time, the dulcian began to be known as fagotto in Italy. However, the usual etymology that equates fagotto with "bundle of sticks" is somewhat misleading, as the latter term did not come into general use until somewhat later.^[1] A further discrepancy lies in the fact that the dulcian was usually carved out of a single block of wood, which is to say that it was a single "stick", and not a bundle. Look up faggot in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

It is tempting to say that the dulcian merged imperceptibly into the bassoon, but in fact there is circumstantial evidence to indicate that the baroque bassoon was a newly-invented instrument, with only a superficial resemblance to the old dulcian. Note that the dulcian was never entirely supplanted--it continued to be used well into the 18th century by Johann Sebastian Bach and others. The man most likely responsible for the development of the true bassoon was Martin Hotteterre (d.1712), who may also have been the inventor of the three-piece flûte traversière and the hautbois. Sometime in the 1650s, Hotteterre is believed to have conceived the bassoon in four sections (bell, bass joint, boot and wing joint), an arrangement which allowed far greater accuracy in machining the bore compared with the old dulcian. He also extended the compass downward to B♭ with the addition of two keys^[2] An alternate view holds that Hotteterre was but one of several craftsmen responsible for the development of the early bassoon; these may have included additional members of the Hotteterre family, as well as other French makers active around the same time.^[3] No original French bassoon from this period survives, but if it did, it would most likely resemble the earliest extant bassoons of Johann Christoph Denner and Richard Haka from the 1680s. Sometime around 1700, a fourth key (G♯) was added, and it was for this type of instrument that composers such as Antonio Vivaldi, Bach, and Georg Philipp Telemann wrote their demanding music. A fifth key, for the low E♭, was added during the first half of the 18th century. Notable makers of the 4-key and 5-key baroque bassoon include J.H. Eichentopf (c.1678-1769), J. Poerschmann (1680-1757), Thomas Stanesby, Jr. (1668-1734), G.H. Scherer (1703-1778), and Prudent Thieriot (1732-1786). Baroque music describes an era and a set of styles of European classical music which were in widespread use between approximately 1600 and 1750. ... â€œBachâ€ redirects here. ... For other uses, see Oboe (disambiguation). ... A key is a small rectangular button on a musical instrument that is depressed to cause the instrument to create a sound of a particular pitch. ... Johann Christoph Denner (August 13, 1655â€“April 20, 1707), was a famous woodwind instrument maker of the Baroque era, to whom the invention of the clarinet in 1690 is attributed. ... Vivaldi redirects here. ... Georg Philipp Telemann. ... Thomas Stanesby Sr. ...

Modern history

Increasing demands on the capabilities of instruments and players in the 1800s — particularly concert halls requiring louder tones and the rise of virtuoso composer-performers — spurred on the further refinement of the bassoon. Increased sophistication both in manufacturing techniques and acoustical knowledge made possible great improvements in the playability of the instrument.

The modern bassoon exists in two distinct primary forms, the Buffet system and the Heckel system. The Buffet system is played primarily in France but also in Belgium and parts of Latin America, while the Heckel system is played in the majority of the world. Latin America consists of the countries of South America and some of North America (including Central America and some the islands of the Caribbean) whose inhabitants mostly speak Romance languages, although Native American languages are also spoken. ...

Heckel (German) system

The design of the modern bassoon owes a great deal to the performer, teacher, and composer Carl Almenräder, who, assisted by the German acoustic researcher Gottfried Weber developed the 17-key bassoon whose range spanned four octaves. Almenräder's improvements to the bassoon began with an 1823 treatise in which he described ways of improving intonation, response, and technical ease of playing by means of augmenting and rearranging the keywork; subsequent articles further developed his ideas. Working at the Schott factory gave him the means to construct and test instruments according to these new designs, the results of which were published in Caecilia, Schott's house journal; Almenräder continued publishing and building instruments until his death in 1846, and Ludwig van Beethoven himself requested one of the newly-made instruments after hearing of the papers. Almenräder left Schott to start his own factory along with partner Johann Adam Heckel in 1831. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (850x352, 62 KB) Fagott um 1870 von W. Steiniger Berlin, Bassoon Â± 1870 Berlin (Heckel Systhem) description: Bassoon source: private photographer: User:Frinck51 date: 18 Jan 2005 File links The following pages link to this file: Bassoon ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (850x352, 62 KB) Fagott um 1870 von W. Steiniger Berlin, Bassoon Â± 1870 Berlin (Heckel Systhem) description: Bassoon source: private photographer: User:Frinck51 date: 18 Jan 2005 File links The following pages link to this file: Bassoon ... The design of the modern bassoon owes a great deal to the performer, teacher, and composer Carl AlmenrÃ¤der, who, assisted by the German acoustic researcher Gottfried Weber developed the 17-key bassoon whose range spanned four octaves. ... Gottfried Weber (March 1, 1799- Sept. ... For other uses, see Octave (disambiguation). ... Intonation, in music, is a players realization of pitch accuracy. ... â€œBeethovenâ€ redirects here. ...

Heckel and two generations of descendants continued to refine the bassoon, and it is their instrument that has become the standard for other instrument makers to follow. Because of their superior singing tone quality (an improvement upon one of the main drawbacks of the Almenräder instruments), the Heckel instruments competed for prominence with the reformed Wiener system, a Boehm-style bassoon, and a completely-keyed instrument devised by Charles-Joseph Sax, father of Adolphe Sax. One latecomer attempt, from 1893, with a logical reformed fingering system was implemented by F.W. Kruspe, but failed to catch on. Other attempts at improving the instrument included a 24-keyed model and a single-reeded mouthpiece, but both were found to have adverse effects on the bassoon's distinctive tone and were abandoned. The Boehm System is a system of fingerings, created by inventor and flautist Theobald Boehm in the 1830s which was originally used on the flute and then on a variety of woodwind instruments, including the clarinet, bass clarinet and saxophone. ... Charles-Joseph Sax (1 February 1791-1 February 1864) was a Belgian musical instrument maker. ... Life-size statue of Adolphe Sax outside his birthplace in Dinant, Belgium. ... The mouthpiece of a woodwind instrument is that part of the instrument which is placed partly in the players mouth. ...

Coming into the 20th century the Heckel-style German model of bassoon dominated the field; Heckel himself had made over 1,100 instruments by the turn of the century (serial numbers begin at 3,000), and the English makers' instruments were no longer desirable for the changing pitch requirements of the symphony orchestra, remaining primarily in military band use. For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... Pitch is the perceived fundamental frequency of a sound. ... Military Band marching A military band is a group of soldiers assigned to musical duties. ...

Except for a brief 1940s wartime conversion to ball bearing manufacture, the Heckel concern has produced instruments continuously to the present day. Heckel bassoons are considered by many the best, although a range of Heckel-style instruments is available from several other manufacturers, all with slightly different playing characteristics. Companies that manufacture Heckel-system bassoons include: Wilhelm Heckel, Yamaha, Fox Products,^[4] W. Schreiber & Söhne, Püchner,^[5] The Selmer Company, Linton,^[6] Moosmann^[7] Kohlert, Moennig/Adler,^[8] B.H. Bell^[9] and Guntram Wolf. In addition, several factories in the People's Republic of China are producing inexpensive instruments under such labels as Laval, Haydn and Lark, and these have been available in the West for some time now. However, they are generally of marginal quality and are usually avoided by serious players. Working principle for a ball bearing. ... The headquarters of Yamaha Corporation Yamaha redirects here. ... The Selmer Company was a manufacturer of musical instruments started in Paris, France in the early 1900s. ...

Because its mechanism is the most primitive of all the woodwinds, there have been occasional attempts at "reinventing" the bassoon. In the 1960s the Englishman Giles Brindley began development of what he called the "logical" bassoon, which aimed to improve intonation and evenness of tone through use of an electrically activated mechanism, making possible key combinations that were too complex for the human hand to manage. However, Brindley's "logical bassoon" was never marketed.

Buffet (French) system

The Buffet system bassoon achieved its basic acoustical properties somewhat earlier than the Heckel; thereafter it continued to develop in a more conservative manner. While the early history of the Heckel bassoon included a complete overhaul of the instrument in both acoustics and keywork, the development of the Buffet system consisted primarily of incremental improvements to the keywork. This minimalist approach deprived the Buffet of the improved consistency, and thus the ease of operation and increased power found in the Heckel bassoons, but the Buffet is considered by some to have a more vocal and expressive quality. For example, the conductor John Foulds lamented in 1934 the dominance of the Heckel-style bassoon, considering them to be too homogeneous in sound with the horn. Acoustics is the interdisciplinary sciences that always deals with the study of sound, ultrasound and infrasound (all mechanical waves in gases, liquids, and solids). ... John (Herbert) Foulds (1880-1939), British composer The son of a bassoonist in the Halle Orchestra, John Foulds was born in Hulme, Manchester on 2 November 1880. ... French horn redirects here. ...

Compared to the Heckel bassoon, Buffet system bassoons have a narrower bore and somewhat simplified mechanism, requiring different fingerings for many notes. It is not possible to switch from the Heckel to the Buffet, and vice versa, without extensive "retraining". Buffet instruments are known for a reedier sound and greater facility in the upper registers, reaching e''' and f''' with far greater ease and less air pressure. French woodwind tone in general exhibits a certain amount of "edge", with more of a vocal quality than is usual elsewhere, and the Buffet bassoon is no exception. This type of sound can be beneficial in music by French composers, but it also has drawn criticism for being too intrusive. As with all bassoons, the tone varies considerably depending on the individual instrument and performer. In the hands of a lesser player, the Heckel bassoon can sound rather flat and woody, but good players succeed in producing a vibrant, singing tone. Conversely, when poorly played the Buffet can sound buzzy and nasal, but good players succeed in producing a warm, expressive sound different from but in no way inferior to that of the Heckel. In music, a register is the relative height or range of a note, set of pitches or pitch classes, melody, part, instrument or group of instruments. ...

Though the French system was once widely favored in England, Buffet-system instruments are no longer made there, and the last prominent English player of the French system retired in the 1980s. However, with its continued use in some regions and its distinctive tone, the Buffet continues to have a place in modern bassoon playing, particularly in France. Buffet-model bassoons are currently made in Paris by Buffet Crampon and The Selmer Company. Some players, for example Gerald Corey in Canada, have learned to play both types and will alternate between them depending on the repertoire being played. Buffet Crampon is a manufacturer of high-quality woodwind instruments including oboes, flutes, saxophones, and bassoons. ...

Usage in ensembles

Earlier ensembles

The bassoon was first used in the orchestra to reinforce the bass line, and to act as the bass of the double reed choir (oboes, taille or cor anglais). Baroque composer Jean-Baptiste Lully and his Les Petits Violons included oboes and bassoons along with the strings in the 16-piece (later 21-piece) ensemble, as one of the first orchestras to include the newly-invented double reeds. Antonio Cesti included a bassoon in his 1668 opera Il Pomo d'oro (The Golden Apple). However, the use of the bassoon in the concert orchestra was sporadic until the late 17th century when double reeds began to make their way into the standard instrumentation, largely due to the spread of the hautbois to countries outside of France. Increasing use of the bassoon as a basso continuo instrument meant that it began to be included in opera orchestras, first in France and later in Italy, Germany and England. Meanwhile, composers such as Joseph Bodin de Boismortier, Michel Corrette, Johann Ernst Galliard, Jan Dismas Zelenka, Johann Friedrich Fasch and Telemann wrote demanding solo and ensemble music for the instrument. Antonio Vivaldi brought the bassoon to prominence by featuring it in 37 concerti for the instrument. For other uses, see Oboe (disambiguation). ... The cor anglais, or English horn, is a double reed woodwind musical instrument in the woodwind family. ... Jean-Baptiste Lully. ... Marc Antonio Cesti (August 5, 1623 – October 14, 1669) was an Italian composer of the Baroque era. ... Figured bass, or thoroughbass, is a kind of integer musical notation used to indicate intervals, chords, and nonchord tones, in relation to a bass note. ... For other uses, see Opera (disambiguation). ... Joseph Bodin de Boismortier (born December 23, 1689 in Thionville; died October 28, 1755 in Roissy-en-Brie) was a French baroque composer of instrumental music, cantatas, opera ballets, and vocal music. ... Michel Corrette (1709 - 1795) French composer and author of method books. ... Jan Dismas Zelenka, also known as Johann Dismas Zelenka (October 16, 1679 â€“ December 23, 1745), was a Czech Baroque composer. ... Johann Friedrich Fasch (April 15, 1688 â€“ December 5, 1758) was a German composer. ... The term Concerto (plural concertos or concerti) usually refers to a musical work in which one solo instrument is accompanied by an orchestra. ...

By mid-century, the bassoon's function in the orchestra was still mostly limited to that of a continuo instrument--since scores often made no specific mention of the bassoon, its use was implied, particularly if there were parts for oboes or other winds. Beginning in the early Rococo era, composers such as Joseph Haydn, Johann Christian Bach, Giovanni Battista Sammartini and Johann Stamitz included parts that exploited the bassoon for its unique color, rather than for its perfunctory ability to double the bass line. Orchestral works with fully-independent parts for the bassoon would not become commonplace until the Classical era. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's "Jupiter" symphony is a prime example, with its famous bassoon solos in the first movement. The bassoons were generally paired, as in current practice, though the famed Mannheim Orchestra boasted four. A style of 18th century French art and interior design, Rococo style rooms were designed as total works of art with elegant and ornate furniture, small sculptures, ornamental mirrors, and tapestry complementing architecture, reliefs, and wall paintings. ... Haydn redirects here. ... Johann Christian Bach, painted in London by Thomas Gainsborough, 1776 (Museo Civico, Bologna) Johann Christian Bach (September 5, 1735 â€“ January 1, 1782) was a composer of the Classical era, the eleventh and youngest son of Johann Sebastian Bach. ... Giovanni Battista Sammartini (ca. ... Johann Wenzel Anton Stamitz (Czech: Jan VÃ¡clav Stamic) (June 19, 1717 â€“ March 27, 1757) was a Czech composer and violinist. ... The Classical period in Western music occurred from about 1750 to 1830, despite considerable overlap at both ends with preceding and following periods, as is true for all musical eras. ... â€œMozartâ€ redirects here. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... In music, a movement is a large division of a larger composition or musical form. ...

Another important use of the bassoon during the Classical era was in the Harmonie, a chamber ensemble consisting of pairs of oboes, horns and bassoons; later, two clarinets would be added to form an octet. The Harmonie was an ensemble maintained by German and Austrian noblemen for private music-making, and was a cost-effective alternative to a full orchestra. Haydn, Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven and Franz Krommer all wrote considerable amounts of music for the Harmonie. Harmonie is a German word that, in the context of the history of music, designates a band of wind instruments employed by an aristocratic patron, particularly during the Classical era of the 18th century. ... â€œBeethovenâ€ redirects here. ... Franz Krommer (lang-cz: FrantiÅ¡ek Vincenc KramÃ¡Å™) (November 27, 1759 â€“ January 8, 1831) was a Moravian composer of classical music, whose seventy-year life began the year of the death of George Frideric Handel and ended a few years after that of Ludwig van Beethoven. ...

Modern ensembles

The modern symphony orchestra typically calls for two bassoons, often with a third playing the contrabassoon. Some works call for four or more players. The first player is frequently called upon to perform solo passages. The bassoon's distinctive tone suits it for both plaintive, lyrical solos such as Maurice Ravel's Boléro and more comical ones, such as the grandfather's theme in Peter and the Wolf. Its agility suits it for passages such as the famous running line (doubled in the violas and cellos) in the overture to The Marriage of Figaro. In addition to its solo role, the bassoon is an effective bass to a woodwind choir, a bass line along with the cellos and double basses, and harmonic support along with the French horns. The contrabassoon, also contrafagotto or double bassoon, is a larger version of the bassoon sounding an octave lower. ... Maurice Ravel. ... BolÃ©ro is a one-movement orchestral piece by Maurice Ravel. ... 1947 coloring book cover. ... For other uses, see Viola (disambiguation). ... This article is about the stringed musical instrument. ... Le nozze di Figaro ossia la folle giornata (Trans: ), K. 492, is an opera buffa (comic opera) composed in 1786 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, with libretto by Lorenzo da Ponte, based on a stage comedy by Pierre Beaumarchais, Le mariage de Figaro (1784). ... Side and front views of a modern double bass with a French bow. ... This article is about the components of sound. ...

A wind ensemble will usually also include two bassoons and sometimes contra, each with independent parts; other types of concert wind ensembles will often have larger sections, with many players on each of first or second parts; in simpler arrangements there will be only one bassoon part and no contra. The bassoon's role in the wind band is similar to its role in the orchestra, though when scoring is thick it often cannot be heard above the brass instruments also in its range. La Fiesta Mexicana, by H. Owen Reed, features the instrument prominently, as does the transcription of Malcolm Arnold's Four Scottish Dances which has become a staple of the concert band repertoire. H. Owen Reed (b. ... Sir Malcolm Arnold Sir Malcolm Henry Arnold, CBE (21 October 1921 â€“ 23 September 2006) was an English composer. ...

The bassoon is also part of the standard wind quintet instrumentation, along with the flute, oboe, clarinet, and horn; it is also frequently combined in various ways with other woodwinds. Richard Strauss's "Duet-Concertino" pairs it with the clarinet as concertante instruments, with string orchestra in support. A wind quintet, also sometimes known as a woodwind quintet, is a group of five wind players (most commonly flute, oboe, clarinet, horn and bassoon). ... This article is about the German composer of tone-poems and operas. ...

The bassoon quartet has also gained favor in recent times. The bassoon's wide range and variety of tone colors make it ideally suited to grouping in like-instrument ensembles. Peter Schickele's "Last Tango in Bayreuth" (after themes from Tristan and Iseult) is a popular work; Schickele's fictional alter ego P. D. Q. Bach exploits the more humorous aspects with his quartet "Lip My Reeds", which at one point calls for players to perform on the reed alone. It also calls for a low A at the very end of the prelude section in the fourth bassoon part. It is written so that the first bassoon does not play; instead, his or her role is to place an extension in the bell of the fourth bassoon so that the note can be played. Johann Peter Schickele (b. ... For other uses, see Tristan and Iseult (disambiguation). ... P. D. Q. Bach is a fictional composer invented by musical satirist Professor Peter Schickele. ... La or A is the sixth note (submediant) in the C Major scale. ...

Jazz

The bassoon is infrequently used as a jazz instrument and rarely seen in a jazz ensemble. It first began appearing in the 1920s, including specific calls for its use in Paul Whiteman's group and a few other session appearances. The next few decades saw the instrument used only sporadically, as symphonic jazz fell out of favor, but the 1960s saw artists such as Yusef Lateef and Chick Corea incorporate bassoon into their recordings; Lateef's diverse and eclectic instrumentation saw the bassoon as a natural addition, while Corea employed the bassoon in combination with flautist Hubert Laws. For other uses, see Jazz (disambiguation). ... A jazz band (or jazz ensemble) is a musical ensemble that plays jazz music usually without a conductor. ... 1928 Columbia Records label with caricature of Paul Whiteman Paul Whiteman (March 28, 1890 â€“ December 29, 1967) was a popular american orchestral leader. ... Album cover of Eastern Sounds Dr. Yusef Lateef (born William Emanuel Huddleston, October 9, 1920) is an American jazz musician. ... Armando Anthony Chick Corea (born June 12, 1941) is a multiple Grammy Award winning American jazz pianist/keyboardist and composer. ... A flautist, flutist, or flute player is a musician who plays the flute. ... Hubert Laws is an American jazz flutist, who also studied classical music. ...

More recently, Illinois Jacquet and Frank Tiberi have both doubled on bassoon in addition to their usual saxophone performances. Bassoonist Karen Borca, a performer of free jazz, is one of the few jazz musicians to play only bassoon; Michael Rabinowitz, the Spanish bassoonist Javier Abad, and James Lassen, an American resident in Bergen, Norway, are others. Lindsay Cooper, Paul Hanson, the Brazilian bassoonist Alexandre Silverio, and Daniel Smith are also currently using the bassoon in jazz. French bassoonists Jean-Jacques Decreux^[10] and Alexandre Ouzounoff^[11] have both recorded jazz, exploiting the flexibility of the Buffet system instrument to good effect. Jean-Baptiste Illinois Jacquet (October 31, 1922 - July 22, 2004) was a jazz tenor saxophonist most famous for his solo on Flying Home. He is better known simply as Illinois Jacquet. ... Frank Tiberi is the leader of the Woody Herman Orchestra. ... This article or section cites very few or no references or sources. ... An editor has expressed a concern that the subject of the article does not satisfy the notability guideline or one of the following guidelines for inclusion on Wikipedia: Biographies, Books, Companies, Fiction, Music, Neologisms, Numbers, Web content, or several proposals for new guidelines. ... County District Midhordland Municipality NO-1201 Administrative centre Bergen Mayor (2007) Gunnar Bakke (Frp) Official language form Neutral[1] Area - Total - Land - Percentage Ranked 215 465 kmÂ² 445 kmÂ² 0. ... Lindsay Cooper (born 3 March 1951) is a British bassoon and oboe player, composer and political activist. ... Paul Hanson is an American jazz bassoonist and saxophonist. ...

Popular music

The bassoon is even rarer as a regular member of rock bands. However, several 1960s pop music hits feature the bassoon, including The Tears of a Clown by Smokey Robinson and the Miracles, Jennifer Juniper by Donovan, 59th Street Bridge Song by Simon & Garfunkel, and the oompah bassoon underlying The New Vaudeville Band's Winchester Cathedral. From 1968 to 1978, the bassoon was played by Lindsay Cooper in the English avant-garde band Henry Cow, and in the 1970s it was used by the English band Gryphon (played by Brian Gulland). The Tears of a Clown is a 1967 song by Smokey Robinson & the Miracles for the Tamla (Motown) label, originally released on the 1967 album Make It Happen. ... The Miracles (known from 1965 to 1972 as Smokey Robinson & the Miracles) is an American rhythm and blues group from Detroit, Michigan, notable as the first successful group act for Berry Gordys Motown Records. ... Jennifer Juniper is a song and single by Donovan, released in 1968. ... For other uses, see Donovan (disambiguation). ... A short and whimsical work by folk music duo Simon and Garfunkel entitled for the colloquial name of the Queensboro Bridge in New York City. ... Simon & Garfunkel are an American singer-songwriter duo of Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel. ... The New Vaudeville Band was a group created by songwriter Geoff Stephens in 1966 to record his novelty composition Winchester Cathedral, a song inspired by the dance bands of the 1920s. ... Winchester Cathedral is a song released in late 1966, whereupon it shot to the #1 spot on the Billboard Top 11 Hits. ... Experimental music is any music that challenges the commonly accepted notions of what music is. ... Henry Cow was an English avant-garde rock group, founded at Cambridge University in 1968 by multi-instrumentalists Fred Frith and Tim Hodgkinson. ... Gryphon were a British progressive rock band of the 1970s, notable for their unusual sound and instrumentation. ...

In the 1990s, Madonna Wayne Gacy provided bassoon for the alternative metal band Marilyn Manson as did Aimee DeFoe, in what is self-described as "grouchily lilting garage bassoon", in the indie-rock band Blogurt^[12] from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The Icelandic pop band Hjaltalín also contains a bassoon player called Rebekka ^[13]. The rock band Better Than Ezra took their name from a passage in Ernest Hemingway's A Moveable Feast in which the author comments that listening to an annoyingly talkative person is still “better than Ezra learning how to play the bassoon,” referring to Ezra Pound. Stephen Gregory Bier Jr. ... Marilyn Manson is a Grammy nominated[1] American alternative metal band based in Los Angeles, California. ... Pittsburgh redirects here. ... Better Than Ezra is an alternative rock trio based in New Orleans, Louisiana. ... Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 â€” July 2, 1961) was an American novelist, short-story writer, and journalist. ... For the holy day whose date is not fixed, or the mobile repast, see Moveable feast A Moveable Feast is also the title of a live album by Fairport Convention Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: A Moveable Feast A Moveable Feast is a set of memoirs by... Ezra Weston Loomis Pound (Hailey, Idaho Territory, United States, October 30, 1885 â€“ Venice, Italy, November 1, 1972) was an American expatriate poet, critic and intellectual who was a major figure of the Modernist movement in early-to-mid 20th century poetry. ...

Bassoons also frequently provide background music for advertisements and cartoons. They give a great sense of a light and happy environment. Although, they could also give a much darker and creepier tone. Indeed, the bassoon could be used for a wide variety of tone settings. The bassoon is one of the most unique instruments and is known distinctly for its wide range (which is what allows it to produce such different moods).

Technique

The bassoon is held diagonally in front of the player and cannot easily be supported by the player's hands alone. The most common means of support are 1) a neck-strap or shoulder-harness attached to the top of the boot joint, or 2) a seat strap attached to the base of the boot joint which is laid across the chair seat prior to sitting down. Occasionally a spike similar to those used for the cello or the bass clarinet is attached to the bottom of the boot joint and rests on the floor. It is possible to play while standing up if the player uses a neck strap or similar harness, or if the seat strap is tied to the belt. Sometimes a device called a balance hanger is used when playing in a standing position. This is installed between the instrument and the neck strap, and shifts the center of gravity to a higher, more favorable position.

The Heckel-system bassoon is played with both hands in a stationary position, the left above the right, with five main finger holes on the front of the instrument (nearest the audience) plus a sixth that is activated by an open-standing key. Five additional keys on the front are controlled by the little fingers of each hand. The back of the instrument (nearest the player) has twelve or more keys to be controlled by the thumbs, the exact number varying depending on model.

To stabilize the right hand, many bassoonists use an adjustable comma-shaped apparatus called a "crutch" which mounts to the boot joint; players use a thumb screw to secure the crutch and vary the distance that it protrudes from the bassoon. Players rest the curve of the right hand where the thumb joins the palm against the crutch. The crutch also keeps the right hand from tiring and enables the player to keep put the finger pads flat on the finger holes and keys.

An aspect of bassoon technique not found on any other woodwind is called flicking. It involves the momentary pressing, or "flicking", of the high A, C and D keys by the left hand thumb at the beginning of certain notes in the middle octave in order to eliminate the "cracking" or brief microphonic that happens without the use of the key. "Flicking" is not universal amongst bassoonists; some American players, principally on the East Coast, use it sparingly, if at all. The rest use it virtually 100% of the time--it has become in essence "part of the fingering". Do or C is the first note of the solfege. ... Re or D is the second note of the solfege. ... Regional definitions vary from source to source. ...

European players in general are "flickers". Some hold down the appropriate key for the duration of the note, rather than just at the beginning; this is sometimes referred to as "venting". For other uses, see Europe (disambiguation). ...

A "no-flick" octave key system is available as an add-on, invented by Arthur Weisberg. Only a few years old, it has yet to be offered as "standard equipment" by any of the major bassoon manufacturers. Arthur Weisberg (born 1938) is an American bassoonist, conductor, and author. ...

While bassoons are usually critically tuned at the factory, the player nonetheless has a great degree of flexibility of pitch control through the use of breath support and embouchure. Players can also use alternate fingerings to adjust the pitch of many notes. The embouchure is the use of facial muscles and the shaping of the lips to the mouthpiece of a wind instrument. ...

Extended techniques

Many extended techniques can be performed on the bassoon, such as multiphonics, fluttertonguing, circular breathing, double tonguing, and harmonics. Multiphonics are an extended technique in instrumental music in which a monophonic instrument (one which generally produces only one note at a time) is made to produce several notes at once. ... Fluttertonguing is a wind instrument tonguing technique in which performers flutter their tongue to make a characteristic FrrrrFrrrrr sound. ... Circular breathing is a special technique utilized by players of some wind instruments used to produce a continuous tone without break, accomplished by the use of the cheeks as a reservoir of air while breathing through the nose rather than the mouth. ... Tonguing is when a musician playing a wind instrument uses their tongue on the reed or mouthpiece to enunciate different notes. ...

Also, using certain fingerings, notes may be produced on the instrument that sound lower pitches than the actual range of the instrument. These "impossible notes" tend to sound very gravelly and out of tune, but technically sound below the low B♭. Alternatively, lower notes can be produced by inserting a small paper or rubber tube into the end of the bell, which converts the lower B♭ into a lower note such as an A natural; this does not affect the tuning of other notes in the lower register.

Reeds and reed construction

Modern reeds

Bassoon reeds, made of Arundo donax cane, are often made by the players themselves, although beginner bassoonists tend to buy their reeds from professional reed makers or use reeds made by their teachers. Reeds begin with a length of tube cane that is split into three or four pieces. The cane is then trimmed and gouged to the desired thickness, leaving the bark attached. After soaking, the gouged cane is cut to the proper shape and milled to the desired thickness, or profile, by removing material from the bark side. This can be done by hand with a file; more frequently it is done with a machine or tool designed for the purpose. After the profiled cane has soaked once again it is folded over in the middle. Prior to soaking, the reed maker will have lightly scored the bark with parallel lines with a knife; this insures that the cane will assume a cylindrical shape during the forming stage. On the bark portion, the reed maker binds on three coils or loops of brass wire to aid in the final forming process. The exact placement of these loops can vary somewhat depending on the reed maker. The bound reed blank is then wrapped with thick cotton or linen thread to protect it, and a conical steel mandrel (which sometimes has been heated in a flame) is quickly inserted in between the blades. Using a special pair of pliers, the reed maker presses down the cane, making it conform to the shape of the mandrel. (The steam generated by the heated mandrel causes the cane to permanently assume the shape of the mandrel.) The upper portion of the cavity thus created is called the "throat", and its shape has an influence on the final playing characteristics of the reed. The lower, mostly cylindrical portion will be reamed out with a special tool, allowing the reed to fit on the bocal. Download high resolution version (700x1200, 213 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (700x1200, 213 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Binomial name Arundo donax L. Arundo donax L. (Giant Reed) is a tall perennial reed, native to fresh waters in the Mediterranean region. ... A mandrel (pronounced , and also spelled mandril; in American English also called an arbor) is either an object used to shape machined work; a tool component that grips or clamps materials to be machined; or a tool component that can be used to grip other moving tool components. ...

After the reed has dried, the wires are tightened around the reed, which has shrunk after drying. The lower part is sealed (generally with a nitrocellulose-based cement such as Duco) and then wrapped with string to ensure both that no air leaks out through the bottom of the reed and that the reed maintains its shape. Skeletal formula of nitrocellulose Ball-and-stick model of a section of nitrocellulose Nitrocellulose (also: cellulose nitrate, flash paper) is a highly flammable compound formed by nitrating cellulose through exposure to nitric acid or another powerful nitrating agent. ...

To finish the reed, the end of the reed blank, originally at the center of the unfolded piece of cane, is cut off, creating an opening. The blades above the first wire are now roughly 27–30 mm (1.1–1.2 in) long. In order for the reed to play, a slight bevel must be created at the tip with a knife, although there is also a machine that can perform this function. Other adjustments with the knife may be necessary, depending on the hardness and profile of the cane and the requirements of the player. The reed opening may also need to be adjusted by squeezing either the first or second wire with the pliers. Additional material may be removed from the sides (the "channels") or tip to balance the reed. Additionally, if the "e" in the staff is sagging in pitch, it may be necessary to "clip" the reed by removing 1–2 mm (0.039–0.079 in) from its length.^[14]^[15]

Playing styles of individual bassoonists vary greatly; because of this, most advanced players will make their own reeds, in the process customizing them to their individual playing requirements. Many companies and individuals do offer reeds for sale, but even with store-bought reeds, the player must know how to make adjustments to suit his particular playing style.

Early reeds

Little is known about the early construction of the bassoon reed, as few examples survive, and much of what is known is only what can be gathered from artistic representations. The earliest known written instructions date from the middle of the 17th century, describing the reed as being held together by wire or resined thread; the earliest actual reeds that survive are more than a century younger, a collection of 21 reeds from the late 18th century Spanish bajon.

Audio examples

Technical examples

A collection of samples demonstrating the bassoon's range, abilities, and tone. Download high resolution version (429x959, 133 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Download high resolution version (429x959, 133 KB) Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... A spectrogram of violin playing with linear frequency on the vertical axis and time on the horizontal axis. ... For other uses, see Octave (disambiguation). ...

Playing Range (A₁ B♭₁ E₅ A♭₅)

Tone across octaves (B♭₁ B♭₂ B♭₃ B♭₄)

Chromatic scale (B♭₁ to B♭₄)

Articulations (staccato, legato, legato+vibrato, slurred)

Dynamics

Trills (B₄ to C₅ B₃ to C₄ B₂ to C₃)

Embouchure bending

Bassoon reed alone

Flutter tonguing

Solo music

1st movement

Bassoon performance from Beethoven's 4th Symphony

Scheherezade

Bassoon solo composed by Rimsky-Korsakov

Ensemble music

Tu Pauperum Refugium

Four bassoon ensemble performing from Josquin des Prez's Magnus es tu, Domine
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Image File history File links Bassoon-technical-range. ... Image File history File links Bassoon-technical-bflatoctaves. ... Image File history File links Bassoon-technical-chromatic. ... Image File history File links Bassoon-technical-articulations. ... Image File history File links Bassoon-technical-dynamics. ... Image File history File links Bassoon-technical-trills. ... Image File history File links Bassoon-technical-mouthbend. ... Image File history File links Bassoon-technical-reed. ... Image File history File links Bassoon-technical-fluttertongue. ... Bassoon beethoven. ... â€œBeethovenâ€ redirects here. ... Bassoon rimsky. ... Nikolai Andreyevich Rimsky-Korsakov Nikolai Andreyevich Rimsky-Korsakov (Russian: , Nikolaj AndreeviÄ Rimskij-Korsakov), also Nikolay, Nicolai, and Rimsky-Korsakoff, (March 6 (N.S. March 18), 1844 â€“ June 8 (N.S. June 21) 1908) was a Russian composer, one of five Russian composers known as The Five, and was later a... Josquin Des Prez-Tu Pauperum Refugium. ... 1611 woodcut of Josquin des Prez, copied from a now-lost oil painting done during his lifetime. ...

Bassoon repertoire

A bassoon concerto is a concerto for bassoon and orchestra. ... A bassoon sonata is a sonata for bassoon, usually with piano accompaniment. ...

Baroque

The contrabassoon, also contrafagotto or double bassoon, is a larger version of the bassoon sounding an octave lower. ... Johann Friedrich Fasch (April 15, 1688 â€“ December 5, 1758) was a German composer. ... C major (often just C or key of C) is a musical major scale based on C, with pitches C, D, E, F, G, A, B and C. Its key signature has no flats/sharps (see below: Diatonic Scales and Keys). ... Christoph Graupner (January 13, 1683 in Hartmanndorf - March 10, 1760 in Darmstadt) -- his full name was Johann Christoph Graupner, although he did not use his first name -- was a German harpsichordist and composer of high Baroque music who lived and worked at the same time as Johann Sebastian Bach, Georg... Johann Wilhelm Hertel (born Eisenach, 9 Oct 1727â€“died Schwerin, 14 June 1789) was a German composer. ... Georg Philipp Telemann. ... Also see: F major, or F-sharp minor. ... Vivaldi redirects here. ...

Classical

Johann Christian Bach, painted in London by Thomas Gainsborough, 1776 (Museo Civico, Bologna) Johann Christian Bach (September 5, 1735 â€“ January 1, 1782) was a composer of the Classical era, the eleventh and youngest son of Johann Sebastian Bach. ... E-flat major is a major scale based on E-flat, consisting of the pitches E-flat, F, G, A-flat, B-flat, C, D, and E-flat. ... Franz Ignaz Danzi (June 15, 1763 - April 13, 1826) was a German composer and conductor, the son of a noted Italian cellist. ... Also see: G major, or G-sharp minor. ... Fa or F is the fourth note of the solfege. ... FranÃ§ois Devienne (1759 -1803) FranÃ§ois Devienne (January 31, 1759 - September 5, 1803) was a French composer and professor for flute at the Paris Conservatory. ... Opus, from the Latin word opus meaning work, is usually used in the sense of a work of art. In this sense the plural of opus, opera, is used to refer to the genre of music drama. ... For other uses, see Quartet (disambiguation). ... Johann Nepomuk Hummel Johann Nepomuk Hummel or Jan Nepomuk Hummel (14 November 1778 â€“ 17 October 1837) was a composer and virtuoso pianist of Austrian origin who was born in Pressburg (present-day Bratislava, Slovakia). ... January KoÅ¾eluh Jan AntonÃn KoÅ¾eluh (1738-1814) was a renowned Czech composer from Velvary. ... â€œMozartâ€ redirects here. ... The Bassoon Concerto in B flat major (K191), written in 1774 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, is the most standard piece in the entire bassoon repertory. ... Karel Stamic (May 7, 1745 - November 9, 1801), who took the German form of his name Karl Philipp Stamitz and is now better known as Carl, was a Bohemian composer, violin, viola and viola damore virtuoso. ... Also see: F minor, or F-sharp minor. ... Johann Baptist Vanhal (Jan KÅ™titel VaÅˆhal) also spelled Wanhal or Wanhall (May 12, 1739 - August 20, 1813) was a composer. ...

Romantic

Franz Berwald ca 1840 - painter unknown Franz Adolf Berwald (born in Stockholm on July 23, 1796 and died there on April 3, 1868) was a Swedish Romantic composer who was generally ignored during his lifetime and had to make his living as an orthopedic surgeon and, later, as the manager... Ferdinand David (born January 20, 1810 in Hamburg; died July 19, 1871 in Klosters) was a German virtuoso violinist and composer. ... Sir Edward Elgar Sir Edward William Elgar, 1st Baronet, OM, GCVO (2 June 1857 â€“ 23 February 1934) was an English Romantic composer. ... Robert Fuchs (February 15, 1847 â€“ February 19, 1927) was an Austrian composer and Professor of Music Theory at the Vienna Conservatory. ... B-flat major is a major scale based on B-flat, consisting of the pitches B-flat, C, D, E-flat, F, G, A, and B-flat. ... Portrait of Julius FuÄÃk Julius Ernst Wilhelm FuÄÃk (18 July 1872 â€“ 15 September 1916) was a Czech composer and conductor of military bands. ... Reinhold Moritzovich GliÃ¨re Reinhold Moritzovich GliÃ¨re (Russian: , Rejngold MoriceviÄ GliÃ¨r) (January 11, 1875 [O.S. 30 December 1874] â€“ June 23, 1956) was a Soviet composer of German descent. ... Charles Camille Saint-SaÃ«ns () (9 October 1835 â€“ 16 December 1921) was a French composer, organist, conductor, and pianist, known especially for his large-scale orchestral works The Carnival of the Animals, Danse Macabre, Samson et Dalila, and Symphony No. ... G major (or the key of G) is a major scale based on G, with the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F. Its key signature has one sharp, F. (see below: Scales and keys). ... Carl Maria von Weber Carl Maria Friedrich Ernst, Freiherr von Weber (November 18, 1786 in Eutin, Holstein â€“ June 5, 1826 in London, England) was a German composer, conductor, pianist and critic, one of the first significant composers of the Romantic school. ... Also see: C major, or C-sharp minor. ...

Twentieth century

Sergei Sergeyevich Prokofiev (Russian: , Sergej SergejeviÄ Prokofijev; April 27 (April 151 O.S.), 1891â€“March 5, 1953) was a Russian and Soviet composer who mastered numerous musical genres and came to be admired as one of the greatest composers of the 20th century. ... Luciano Berio (October 24, 1925 â€“ May 27, 2003) was an Italian composer. ... Sequenza XII was written by Luciano Berio in 1995. ... Henri Dutilleux (born January 22, 1916 in Angers, France) is one of the most important French composers of the second half of the 20th century, producing work in the tradition of Maurice Ravel, Claude Debussy, and Albert Roussel, but in a style distinctly his own. ... Alvin Derald Etler (February 19, 1913 _ June 13, 1973) was an American composer and oboist. ... Glenn Herbert Gould[1][2] (September 25, 1932 â€“ October 4, 1982) was a Canadian pianist, noted especially for his recordings of the music of Johann Sebastian Bach, his remarkable technical proficiency, and his eccentric personality and piano technique. ... Sofia Gubaidulina in Sortavala 1981 Sofia Asgatovna Gubaidulina, (Russian Ð¡Ð¾Ñ„Ð¸Ñ ÐÑÐ³Ð°Ñ‚Ð¾Ð²Ð½Ð° Ð“ÑƒÐ±Ð°Ð¹Ð´ÑƒÐ»Ð¸Ð½Ð°) (born October 24, 1931) is a Russian-Tatar composer of deeply religious music. ... Paul Hindemith aged 28. ... Trumpeter redirects here. ... Two soprano clarinets: a Bâ™ clarinet (left, with capped mouthpiece) and an A clarinet (right, with no mouthpiece). ... For other uses, see Harp (disambiguation). ... Gordon Percival Septimus Jacob (July 5, 1895 – June 8, 1984) was an English composer. ... AndrÃ© Jolivet (August 8, 1905 â€“ December 20, 1974) was a French composer. ... Mary Jane Leach is an American composer, [1] who has been a member of the Downtown Ensemble[2] ^ http://www. ... Anne LeBaron (b. ... Sir Peter Maxwell Davies, CBE (b. ... Francisco Paulo Mignone (September 3, 1897â€“February 2, 1986) is one of the most significant figures in Brazilian classical music, and one of the most significant Brazilian composers after Heitor Villa-Lobos. ... Willson Osborne (1906 â€“ 1979) was an American composer. ... Sir Andrzej Panufnik (September 24, 1914 - October 27, 1991) was a Polish composer, pianist, and a conductor of classical music. ... This article is about the German composer of tone-poems and operas. ... Stjepan Å ulek (5 August 1914 - 16 January 1986) was a Croatian composer and conductor. ... Alexandre Tansman (June 12, 1897, ÅÃ³dÅºâ€“November 15, 1986) was a prolific composer and virtuoso pianist. ... For other persons named John Williams, see John Williams (disambiguation). ... The Five Sacred Trees is a bassoon concerto by John Williams. ... Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari (January 12, 1876 - January 21, 1948) was an Italian composer. ...

Pieces featuring famous bassoon passages

Bartok redirects here. ... The Concerto for Orchestra Sz. ... â€œBeethovenâ€ redirects here. ... The Symphony No. ... This article is about the composition. ... Lithograph of Berlioz by August Prinzhofer, Vienna, 1845. ... Symphonie fantastique (Fantastic Symphony) Opus 14, is a symphony written by French composer Hector Berlioz in 1830. ... In music, a tutti section in a concerto is one in which the orchestra plays and the soloist does not. ... Georges Bizet Georges Bizet (October 25, 1838 â€“ June 3, 1875) was a French composer and pianist of the romantic era. ... For other uses, see Carmen (disambiguation). ... Paul Abraham Dukas (October 1, 1865-May 17, 1935) was a Parisian-born French composer and teacher of classical music. ... For the childrens T.V series, see The Sorcerers Apprentice (TV series). ... Fantasia is a 1940 motion picture, produced by Walt Disney and first released on November 13, 1940 in the United States. ... Edvard Grieg Edvard Hagerup Grieg (15 June 1843 â€“ 4 September 1907) was a Norwegian composer and pianist who composed in the romantic period. ... In the Hall of the Mountain King (Norwegian: ) is a piece of orchestral music, Opus 23, composed by Edvard Grieg for Henrik Ibsens play Peer Gynt, which premiered in Oslo on February 24, 1876. ... Carl Orff Carl Orff (July 10, 1895) â€“ March 29, 1982) was a 20th-century German composer, most famous for Carmina Burana (1937). ... This article is about Carl Orffs musical composition based on the medieval collection of poems. ... Sergei Sergeyevich Prokofiev (Russian: , Sergej SergejeviÄ Prokofijev; April 27 (April 151 O.S.), 1891â€“March 5, 1953) was a Russian and Soviet composer who mastered numerous musical genres and came to be admired as one of the greatest composers of the 20th century. ... 1947 coloring book cover. ... Maurice Ravel. ... Rapsodie espagnole (alternatively spelt Rhapsodie) is an orchestral rhapsody written by Maurice Ravel. ... In music, a cadenza (Italian for cadence) is, generically, an improvised or written-out ornamental passage played or sung by a soloist or soloists, usually in a free rhythmic style, and often allowing for virtuosic display. ... BolÃ©ro is a one-movement orchestral piece by Maurice Ravel. ... Ma MÃ¨re lOye (Mother Goose), is a musical work by French composer Maurice Ravel. ... Nikolai Andreyevich Rimsky-Korsakov Nikolai Andreyevich Rimsky-Korsakov (Russian: , Nikolaj AndreeviÄ Rimskij-Korsakov), also Nikolay, Nicolai, and Rimsky-Korsakoff, (March 6 (N.S. March 18), 1844 â€“ June 8 (N.S. June 21) 1908) was a Russian composer, one of five Russian composers known as The Five, and was later a... Scheherazade (Ð¨ÐµÑ…ÐµÑ€ÐµÐ·Ð°Ð´Ð° in Cyrillic, Å ekherezada in transliteration), Op. ... Dmitri Shostakovich in 1942 Dmitri Dmitriyevich Shostakovich (Russian: ) (September 25 [O.S. September 12] 1906 â€“ August 9, 1975) was a Russian composer of the Soviet period. ... The Symphony No. ... The Symphony No. ... The Symphony No. ... The Symphony No. ... Symphony No. ... Sibelius redirects here. ... Symphony No. ... Igor Stravinsky. ... This article is about the Igor Stravinsky ballet music. ... The Firebird (French: LOiseau de feu; Russian: Ð–Ð°Ñ€-Ð¿Ñ‚Ð¸Ñ†Ð°, Å½ar-ptica) is a 1910 ballet by Igor Stravinsky. ... â€œTchaikovskyâ€ redirects here. ... Peter Ilich Tchaikovskys Symphony No. ... Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky composed his Symphony No. ... Excerpt from the fourth movement of Tchaikovskys Pathetique Symphony. ... Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky (Russian: , Modest PetroviÄ Musorgskij, French: ) (March 9/21, 1839 â€“ March 16/28, 1881), one of the Russian composers known as the Five, was an innovator of Russian music. ... Mussorgsky in 1874 This article refers to the original suite by Modest Mussorgsky. ...

Notable bassoonists

(1888â€“1979) Archie Camden is possibly the most well-known British bassoonist; he was a teacher, soloist and recitalist of international reclaim. ... Bernard Garfield (born 1924) is a well-known bassoonist, teacher, composer and pedagogue. ... The Philadelphia Orchestra, based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, is one of the Big Five symphony orchestras in the United States and usually considered among the finest in the world. ... Simon Kovar (May 22, 1890â€”1970) was a 20th century bassoonist and one of the most renowned teachers of the instrument. ... Etienne Ozi (9 December 1754â€“5 October 1813) was a French bassoonist and composer. ... Victor Guillermo Ramos Rangel was born in CÃºa, Miranda (state), Venezuela, February 10, 1911, he started as musician in the Caracas Musical Declamation Academy (today JosÃ© Ãngel Lamas), in that school he obtain the composition title, he was one of the first students of Vicente Emilio Sojo, he also... Sol Schoenbach (1915-1999) was an accomplish bassoonist, teacher and pedagogue. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... The Chicago Symphony Orchestra, based in Chicago, Illinois, is one of the leading orchestras in the world. ... Sherman Walt (1923-1989) was one of the foremost American bassoonists of the 20th Century. ... The Boston Symphony Orchestra is one of the worlds premiere orchestras. ... Royal Northern College of Music The Royal Northern College of Music or RNCM is a conservatoire in Manchester, England. ... The London Symphony Orchestra (LSO) is one of the major orchestras of the United Kingdom. ... The BBC Symphony Orchestra is the principal orchestra of the British Broadcasting Corporation and one of the leading orchestras in Britain. ... Christian Julius Weissenborn (April 13, 1837, in Friedrichs-Tanneck near Eisenberg, Thuringia - April 21, 1888, Leipzig) was a bassoon player, teacher and composer. ...

Still active

Lindsay Cooper (born 3 March 1951) is a British bassoon and oboe player, composer and political activist. ... Bill Douglas, (born November 7, 1944) is a Canadian musician, composer, pianist, flautist and bassoonist whose works, commonly labeled as New Age, received influence from classical music, jazz, African, Indian and Brazilian music, the 70â€™s funk and many other genres. ... Paul Hanson is an American jazz bassoonist and saxophonist. ... Judith LeClair (b. ... An editor has expressed a concern that the subject of the article does not satisfy the notability guideline or one of the following guidelines for inclusion on Wikipedia: Biographies, Books, Companies, Fiction, Music, Neologisms, Numbers, Web content, or several proposals for new guidelines. ...

Contents

Development

Early history

Modern history

Heckel (German) system

Buffet (French) system

Usage in ensembles

Earlier ensembles

Modern ensembles

Jazz

Popular music

Technique

Extended techniques

Reeds and reed construction

Modern reeds

Early reeds

Audio examples

Technical examples

Solo music

Ensemble music

Bassoon repertoire

Baroque

Classical

Romantic

Twentieth century

Pieces featuring famous bassoon passages

Notable bassoonists

Still active

See also

References

External links

Contents

Development var ACE_AR = {Site: '756743', Size: '300250'};

Early history

Modern history

Heckel (German) system

Buffet (French) system

Usage in ensembles

Earlier ensembles

Modern ensembles

Jazz

Popular music

Technique

Extended techniques

Reeds and reed construction

Modern reeds

Early reeds

Audio examples

Technical examples

Solo music

Ensemble music

Bassoon repertoire

Baroque

Classical

Romantic

Twentieth century

Pieces featuring famous bassoon passages

Notable bassoonists

Still active

See also

References

External links

Development