Bath School Disaster
Bath Consolidated School after the bombing
Location	Bath Township, Michigan, United States
Target(s)	Bath Consolidated School
Date	May 18, 1927
Attack type	Shooting, explosives, suicide bombing, fire
Weapon(s)	Rifle, pyrotol, dynamite, club
Deaths	45 (including the perpetrator)
Perpetrator(s)	Andrew P. Kehoe
Claimed motive	Tax protest

The Bath School disaster is the name given to three bombings in Bath Township, Michigan, USA, on May 18, 1927, which killed 45 people and injured 58. Most of the victims were children in the second to sixth grades attending the Bath Consolidated School. Their deaths constitute the deadliest act of mass murder in a school in U.S. history. The perpetrator was school board member Andrew Kehoe, who was upset by a property tax that had been levied to fund the construction of the school building. He blamed the additional tax for financial hardships which led to foreclosure proceedings against his farm. These events apparently provoked Kehoe to plan his attack. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Bath Township is a township located in Clinton County in the U.S. state of Michigan. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... Bath Community School was a school in Bath Township, Michigan, USA. It was the subject of the Bath School disaster on May 18, 1927, which killed 45 people and injured 58. ... is the 138th day of the year (139th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1927 (MCMXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... This article is concerned solely with chemical explosives. ... A suicide bombing is an attack using a bomb in which the individual(s) carrying the explosive materials composing the bomb intend(s) and expect(s) to die upon detonation (see suicide). ... For other uses, see Fire (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Rifle (disambiguation). ... Pyrotol was a World War I explosive that, when used in combination with dynamite, created an incendiary blast. ... Dynamite is an explosive based on the explosive potential of nitroglycerin, initially using diatomaceous earth (kieselguhr) as an adsorbent. ... “Truncheon” redirects here. ... The Bath School Disaster was an incident on May 18, 1927, in which a dynamite blast rocked the Bath Consolidated School in Bath Township, about 10 miles northeast of Lansing, in the U.S. state of Michigan. ... For other uses, see Bomb (disambiguation). ... Bath Township is a township located in Clinton County in the U.S. state of Michigan. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... is the 138th day of the year (139th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1927 (MCMXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Educational stages vary around the world. ... Mass murder (massacre) is the act of murdering a large number of people, typically at the same time, or over a relatively short period of time. ... This article or section should be merged with board of education A school board (or school committee) is an elected council that helps determine educational policy in a small regional area, such as a city, state, or province. ... The Bath School Disaster was an incident on May 18, 1927, in which a dynamite blast rocked the Bath Consolidated School in Bath Township, about 10 miles northeast of Lansing, in the U.S. state of Michigan. ... Property tax, millage tax is an ad valorem tax that an owner of real estate or other property pays on the value of the property being taxed. ... Foreclosure is the equitable proceeding in which a bank or other secured creditor sells or repossesses a parcel of real property (immovable property) due to the owners failure to comply with an agreement between the lender and borrower called a mortgage or deed of trust. ...

On the morning of May 18, Kehoe first killed his wife and then set his farm buildings on fire. As fire fighters arrived at the farm, an explosion devastated the north wing of the school building, killing many of the people inside. Kehoe used a detonator to ignite dynamite and hundreds of pounds of pyrotol which he had secretly planted inside the school over the course of many months. As rescuers started gathering at the school, Kehoe drove up, stopped, and detonated a bomb inside his shrapnel-filled vehicle, killing himself and the school superintendent, and killing and injuring several others. During the rescue efforts, searchers discovered an additional 500 pounds (230 kg) of unexploded dynamite and pyrotol planted throughout the basement of the school's south wing. is the 138th day of the year (139th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Dynamite is an explosive based on the explosive potential of nitroglycerin, initially using diatomaceous earth (kieselguhr) as an adsorbent. ... The pound or pound-mass (abbreviations: lb, , lbm, or sometimes in the United States: #) is a unit of mass (sometimes called weight in everyday parlance) in a number of different systems, including the imperial and US and older English systems. ... Pyrotol was a World War I explosive that, when used in combination with dynamite, created an incendiary blast. ... It has been suggested that Fragmentation (weaponry) be merged into this article or section. ... In education, a superintendent is an individual that has executive oversight and administration rights, usually within an educational entity or organization. ... The international prototype, made of platinum-iridium, which is kept at the BIPM under conditions specified by the 1st CGPM in 1889. ... A townhouse with basement windows showing A basement is one or more floors of a building that are either completely or partially below the ground floor. ...

Background

Bath Township

See also: Bath Township, Michigan and Bath, Michigan

Bath Consolidated School before the disaster.

Bath Township is a small community located ten miles northeast of Lansing, Michigan, and contains the unincorporated village of Bath. In the early 1920s, the area was primarily agricultural. In 1922, Bath voters voted to form a district for the purpose of funding and constructing a consolidated school. There were 236 students enrolled when the school opened, ranging from the first to twelfth grades.^[1] Bath Township is a township located in Clinton County in the U.S. state of Michigan. ... Bath is an unincorporated community located within Bath Township in Clinton County in the U.S. state of Michigan. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Location in Ingham County, Michigan1 Coordinates: Country United States State Michigan County Ingham, Eaton Settled 1835 Incorporation 1859 Government  - Type Strong Mayor-Council  - Mayor Virg Bernero (D) Area  - City  35. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Masouleh village, Gilan Province, Iran. ...

The early part of the 20th century saw the disappearance of many small one-room schools, where different grades shared the same classroom and teacher. Educators of the era believed that children would receive a better and more complete education if students could attend a single school at one location.^[2] The grades could be age-divided into classes, and the facilities could be of a higher quality. After years of debate, when Bath Township created the district, it raised property taxes to pay for the project. As a result, new taxes were imposed on landowners, including Andrew Kehoe. Williamson School was a one-room school in Blanch, Caswell County, North Carolina One-room schools were commonplace throughout rural portions of various countries including the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Scotland and Ireland in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. ... Education reform is a plan or movement which attempts to bring about a systematic change in educational theory or practice across a community or society. ... The Bath School Disaster was an incident on May 18, 1927, in which a dynamite blast rocked the Bath Consolidated School in Bath Township, about 10 miles northeast of Lansing, in the U.S. state of Michigan. ...

Andrew Kehoe

Main article: Andrew Kehoe

Andrew P. Kehoe

Andrew Philip Kehoe was born in Tecumseh, Michigan, on February 1, 1872. Kehoe's mother died when he was young, and his father remarried. Reportedly, Kehoe often fought with his stepmother. When he was fourteen, an oil accident set his stepmother on fire. Andrew reportedly watched his stepmother burn for a few minutes before dumping a bucket of water on her. She later died from the injuries.^[3] The Bath School Disaster was an incident on May 18, 1927, in which a dynamite blast rocked the Bath Consolidated School in Bath Township, about 10 miles northeast of Lansing, in the U.S. state of Michigan. ... Image File history File links Tbsd-001. ... Image File history File links Tbsd-001. ... The Bath School Disaster was an incident on May 18, 1927, in which a dynamite blast rocked the Bath Consolidated School in Bath Township, about 10 miles northeast of Lansing, in the U.S. state of Michigan. ... The Bath School Disaster was an incident on May 18, 1927, in which a dynamite blast rocked the Bath Consolidated School in Bath Township, about 10 miles northeast of Lansing, in the U.S. state of Michigan. ... Tecumseh is a small city in Lenawee County of the U.S. state of Michigan. ... is the 32nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1872 (MDCCCLXXII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian Calendar (or a leap year starting on Saturday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). ... Heating oil, or burning oil, also known in the United States as No. ...

Kehoe married in 1912 and moved in 1919, with his wife Ellen "Nellie" Price, to a farm they bought outside the village of Bath.^[4] Kehoe was regarded by his neighbors as an intelligent man who grew impatient with those who disagreed with him. Neighbors also recounted how Kehoe was cruel to his farm animals, having once beaten a horse to death.

With a reputation for thriftiness, Kehoe was elected treasurer of the Bath Consolidated School board in 1924. While on the board, Kehoe fought endlessly for lower taxes. He had blamed the previous property tax levy for his family's poor financial condition, and repeatedly accused superintendent Emory Huyck of financial mismanagement.^[5] Frugality (also known as thrift or thriftiness), often confused with cheapness or miserliness, is a traditional value, life style, or belief system, in which individuals practice both restraint in the acquiring of and resourceful use of economic goods and services in order to achieve lasting and more fulfilling goals. ... Look up Treasurer in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

Nellie Kehoe had become chronically ill with tuberculosis at the time of the bombing, and her frequent hospital stays may have played a role in putting the family into debt. Kehoe had ceased making mortgage and homeowner's insurance payments and the mortgage lender had begun foreclosure proceedings against the farm.^[6] Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or Tuberculosis) is a common and deadly infectious disease caused by mycobacteria, mainly Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ... Home insurance, or homeowners insurance, is an insurance policy that combines insurance on the home, its contents, and, often, the other personal possessions of the homeowner, as well as liability insurance for accidents that may happen at the home. ... Foreclosure is the equitable proceeding in which a bank or other secured creditor sells or repossesses a parcel of real property (immovable property) due to the owners failure to comply with an agreement between the lender and borrower called a mortgage or deed of trust. ...

Purchase and planting of explosives

Explosives recovered from under the school.

There is no clear indication as to when Kehoe conceived and planned the steps leading to the ultimate events. A subsequent investigation concluded that, based upon the activity at the school and the purchases of explosives, his plan had probably been under way for at least a year. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...

In the winter of 1926, the board asked Kehoe to perform maintenance inside the school building. Regarded by most as a talented handyman, he was known to be familiar with electrical equipment. As a board member appointed to conduct repairs, he had free access to the building and his presence was never questioned. The terms handyperson, handywoman, or handyman, describe someone competent in a variety of small skills or inventive or ingenious in repair or maintenance work; somebody who earns money by the experience and skill to perform a variety of small jobs and/or odd jobs in and around your home. ...

Beginning in the summer of 1926, Kehoe began purchasing over a ton of pyrotol, an incendiary introduced in World War I. Farmers during the era used the substance for excavation. In November 1926, Kehoe drove to Lansing and purchased two boxes of dynamite at a sporting goods store. Dynamite is also commonly used on farms, and Kehoe's purchase of small amounts of the substances at different stores and on different dates did not raise any suspicions. Neighbors reported hearing explosions set off on the farm, as well as recalling conversations where Kehoe explained he was using dynamite for tree stump removal.
Look up ton in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Pyrotol was a World War I explosive that, when used in combination with dynamite, created an incendiary blast. ... “The Great War ” redirects here. ... Location in Ingham County, Michigan1 Coordinates: Country United States State Michigan County Ingham, Eaton Settled 1835 Incorporation 1859 Government  - Type Strong Mayor-Council  - Mayor Virg Bernero (D) Area  - City  35. ... Dynamite is an explosive based on the explosive potential of nitroglycerin, initially using diatomaceous earth (kieselguhr) as an adsorbent. ... Sports equipment includes any object used for sport or exercise. ...

The day of the disaster

Andrew and Nellie Kahoe's house before the disaster.

There were a few warning signs prior to the events. Kehoe passed out employee paychecks the prior week and told bus driver Warden Keyes, "My boy, you want to take good care of that check as it is probably the last check you will ever get."^[7] Teacher Bernice Sterling telephoned Kehoe two days before the blast and asked to use his grove for a class picnic. Kehoe told her that if she "wanted a picnic she would better have it at once."^[8] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... Friends and family gather for a picnic in a public park in Columbus, Ohio, c. ...

Prior to May 18, Kehoe had loaded the back seat of his car with metal debris. He threw in old tools, nails, pieces of rusted farm machinery, digging shovels, and anything else capable of producing shrapnel during an explosion. After the back seat was filled, Kehoe placed a large cache of dynamite behind the front seat and a loaded rifle on the passenger's seat.^[9] is the 138th day of the year (139th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Agricultural machinery is one of the most revolutionary and impactful applications of modern technology. ... Shovel with wide blade - especially appropriate for lifting snow or coal A shovel is a tool for lifting and moving loose material such as coal, gravel, snow, soil, or sand. ... It has been suggested that Fragmentation (weaponry) be merged into this article or section. ...

The remains of Kahoe's house after the explosion.

Records at Lansing's St. Lawrence Hospital revealed that Nellie Kehoe had been discharged on May 16.^[10] Between her release and the bombing two days later, Kehoe killed Nellie by what was later determined to be blunt force trauma to the head with some unknown heavy object. Her body was found in a wheelbarrow located in the rear of the farm's chicken coop. Piled around the cart were silverware, jewels and a metal cash box. Ashes of several bank notes could be seen through a slit in the cash box.^[11] Kehoe had completely wired the farm, and inside every building he inserted homemade pyrotol firebombs. Farm animals were found tied up in their enclosures, apparently to ensure their deaths in the subsequent fire.^[12] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... is the 136th day of the year (137th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... A common wheelbarrow Older wheelbarrow Wheelbarrows on the Belomorkanal A wheelbarrow is a small one-wheeled, hand-propelled vehicle, designed to be pushed and guided by a single person using two handles to the rear. ... A chicken coop is a building where chickens are kept on a farm or homestead. ... Starch-polyester disposable cutlery Cutlery refers to any hand utensil used in preparing, serving, and especially eating food. ... For other uses, see Gemstone (disambiguation). ... A £20 Ulster Bank banknote. ... Molotov cocktail is the generic name for a variety of crude incendiary weapons. ... Sheep are commonly bred as livestock. ...

First explosion

At approximately 8:45 a.m., Kehoe detonated the firebombs at his farm. The neighbors noticed the fire, and volunteer fire departments from all over the area began rushing to the scene. Firefighter with an axe A firefighter, sometimes still called a fireman though women have increasingly joined firefighting units, is a person who is trained and equipped to put out fires, rescue people and in some areas provide emergency medical services. ...

Second explosion

At 9:45 a.m. an explosion was heard from the school building. Rescuers heading to the scene of the Kehoe fire turned back and headed toward the school. Parents within the rural community also began rushing to the school.

Rear view of the school building after the explosion.

First-grade teacher Bernice Sterling recounted the explosion to an Associated Press reporter as being like a terrible earthquake. "It seemed as though the floor went up several feet," she said. "After the first shock I thought for a moment I was blind. When it came the air seemed to be full of children and flying desks and books. Children were tossed high in the air; some were catapulted out of the building."^[13] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The Associated Press, or AP, is an American news agency, the worlds largest such organization. ... This article is about the natural seismic phenomenon. ...

The north wing of the school had collapsed. Parts of the walls had crumbled, and the edge of the roof had fallen to the ground. Monty Ellsworth, a neighbor of the Kehoes, recounted, "There was a pile of children of about five or six under the roof and some of them had arms sticking out, some had legs, and some just their heads sticking out. They were unrecognizable because they were covered with dust, plaster, and blood. There were not enough of us to move the roof." Ellsworth volunteered to drive back to his farm and obtain the heavy rope from his slaughterhouse needed to pull the structure off the children's bodies. For the Batman villain, see Abattoir (comics). ...

On the way back to his farm, Ellsworth reported seeing Kehoe in his car heading in the opposite direction toward the school. "He grinned and waved his hand; when he grinned, I could see both rows of his teeth," said Ellsworth.^[14]

The scene at the school building was chaotic. One witness, Robert Gates, recounted how "mother after mother came running into the school yard, and demanded information about her child and, on seeing the lifeless form lying on the lawn, broke into sobs. In no time more than 100 men were at work tearing away the debris of the school, and nearly as many women were frantically pawing over the timber and broken bricks for traces of their children."

Third explosion

The remains of Kehoe's car after the explosion.

About a half hour after the explosion, Kehoe drove up to the school and saw Superintendent Huyck. Kehoe summoned the superintendent over to his vehicle. According to one eyewitness, when Huyck drew close, Kehoe pulled out his rifle and fired into the back seat. Whether by gunshot or otherwise, the dynamite in the vehicle ignited and the resulting explosion killed Kehoe, the superintendent, Postmaster Glenn O. Smith, and Smith's father-in-law Nelson McFarren, a retired farmer.^[15] Cleo Claton, an eight-year-old second grader, had wandered out of the collapsed school building and was killed by the shrapnel from the exploding vehicle. Several others were injured as the shrapnel flew through the crowd. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ...

After Kehoe's car exploded, Ellsworth recounted that "I saw one mother, Mrs. Eugene Hart, sitting on the bank a short distance from the school with a little dead girl on each side of her and holding a little boy, Percy, who died a short time after they got him to the hospital. This was about the time Kehoe blew his car up in the street, severely wounding Percy, the oldest child of Mr. and Mrs. Hart."

O.H. Buck, foreman of the road crew, recalled the scene after the final explosion: "I began to feel as though the world was coming to an end. I guess I was a bit hazy. Anyway, the next thing I remember I was out on the street. One of our men was binding up the wounds of Glenn Smith, the postmaster. His leg had been blown off. I went back to the building and helped with the rescue work until we were ordered to stop while a search was made for dynamite."^[16]

Recovery and rescue

Telephone operators stayed at their stations for hours to summon doctors, undertakers, area hospitals and anyone else who might help. The Lansing Fire Department sent three men and the city's chemical truck. A telephone operator at work on a private switchboard A telephone operator is either a person who provides assistance to a telephone caller, usually in the placing of operator assisted telephone calls such as calls from a pay phone, collect calls (called reversed-charge calls in the UK), calls which... This article is about the vocation of a mortician and the death metal band; for the World Wrestling Entertainment superstar, see The Undertaker. ...

The location where Nellie Kehoe's body was found.

The local physician was Dr. J.A. Crum. He and his wife, a nurse, had both served in World War I, and they had returned to Bath to open a pharmacy. After the explosion the Crums turned their drugstore into a triage center. The dead were removed to the town hall, now converted into a morgue. Private citizens were enlisted to use their automobiles as additional ambulances to take survivors and family members to area hospitals. By the afternoon some 13 ambulances were at the township hall to transport the dead to undertakers. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... “The Great War ” redirects here. ... For other uses, see Pharmacy (disambiguation). ... Typical triage tag used for emergency mass casualty decontamination. ... City Hall is a 1996 film directed by Harold Becker. ... An ambulance in San Jose del Cabo, Mexico A Helicopter used as an Ambulance. ...

Hundreds of people worked in the wreckage all day in an effort to find and rescue the children pinned underneath. Area contractors had sent all their men to assist, and many ordinary people came to the scene in response to the pleas for help. Eventually, 34 firefighters and the Chief of the Lansing Fire Department arrived on the scene, as did several Michigan State Police officers, who managed traffic to and from the scene. The injured and dying were transported to Sparrow Hospital and St. Lawrence Hospital in Lansing. The construction of the latter facility had been financed in large part by Lawrence Price, Nellie Kehoe's uncle and formerly an executive in charge of Oldsmobile's Lansing Car Assembly.^[17] This article is considered orphaned, since there are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... Oldsmobile is a brand of automobile produced for most of its existence by General Motors. ... Olds Motor Works, about 1910 Lansing Car Assembly was a General Motors automobile factory in Lansing, Michigan. ...

Michigan Governor Fred Green arrived during the afternoon of the disaster and assisted in the relief work, carting bricks away from the scene. The Lawrence Baking Company of Lansing sent a truck filled with pies and sandwiches, which were served to rescuers in the township's community hall.^[18] Michigan Governors Territorial Governors State Governors From statehood until the election of 1966, governors were elected to two-year terms. ... Fred Green was an American politician. ...

Kehoe's last message wrapped inside one of the farm's fences.

The bombing had destroyed the north wing of the school. During the search rescuers found an additional 500 pounds (230 kg) of dynamite Kehoe had placed in the south wing, which had failed to detonate. The search was halted to allow the Michigan State Police to disarm the devices. After this was completed and a sweep of the building made, the recovery efforts recommenced.^[19] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... The Michigan State Police is the state police agency for the State of Michigan. ...

In the south wing, the State Police found unexploded materials along with an alarm clock timed to go off at 9:45 a.m., the same time as the explosion went off in the north wing. The reason why these explosives failed to detonate could never be conclusively determined. Investigators speculated that the initial explosion may have caused a short circuit in the second set of bombs. A basic digital clock radio with analog tuning A wind-up, spring-driven alarm clock An alarm clock is a clock that is designed to make an alert sound at a specific date and/or time. ...

Police and fire officials also gathered at the Kehoe farm to investigate the fires. It was not until the following day, May 19, that investigators identified Nellie Kehoe's charred body among the ruins of the farm. The body was so disfigured it went unnoticed by hundreds who walked past it the previous day. is the 139th day of the year (140th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

All the Kehoe farm buildings were destroyed, and the animals trapped inside the barn had perished. Ironically, the amount of unused equipment and materials on the farm could have easily paid off the Kehoes' mortgage.^[20] Investigators found a wooden sign wired to the farm's fence with Kehoe's last message, "CRIMINALS ARE MADE, NOT BORN." written on it.^[21]

Aftermath

The American Red Cross, setting up operations at the Crum drugstore, took the lead in providing aid and comfort to the victims. The Lansing Red Cross headquarters were kept open until 11:30 that night to answer telephone calls, update the list of dead and injured and provide information and planning services for the following day.^[22] A WWII-era poster encouraged American women to volunteer for the Red Cross as part of the war effort. ...

Clean-up crew at the ruins of Bath Consolidated School.

The Red Cross also managed donations sent to pay for both the medical expenses of the survivors and the burial costs of the deceased. In a few short weeks, $5,284.15 was raised through donations, including $2,500 from the Clinton County board of supervisors and $2,000 from the Michigan legislature.^[23] Unlike the Columbine High School massacre later that century, there was no legislative response, either by the state or federal governments, aimed at preventing a recurrence, although pyrotol was quietly taken off the market. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ... Alternate use: There are several other places named Clinton, Michigan. ... In some counties, the legislature is the board of supervisors. ... This article describes the government of the United States. ...

Over the next few days there were multiple funerals, with the most, eighteen, held on Saturday, May 22. The disaster made the front pages of national newspapers and remained there until news of Michigan native Charles Lindbergh's completion of first solo transatlantic flight broke on May 23, 1927. is the 142nd day of the year (143rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This article is about the U.S. State. ... Charles Augustus Lindbergh (4 February 1902 – 26 August 1974), known as Lucky Lindy and The Lone Eagle, was an American pilot famous for the first solo, non-stop flight across the Atlantic, from Roosevelt Field, Long Island to Paris in 1927 in the Spirit of St. ... Charles Augustus Lindbergh (4 February 1902 – 26 August 1974), known as Lucky Lindy and The Lone Eagle, was an American pilot famous for the first solo, non-stop flight across the Atlantic, from Roosevelt Field, Long Island to Paris in 1927 in the Spirit of St. ... is the 143rd day of the year (144th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1927 (MCMXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Vehicles from outlying areas and surrounding states descended upon Bath by the thousands. Over 100,000 vehicles passed through on Saturday alone, an enormous amount of traffic for the area. Some Bath citizens regarded this armada as an unwarranted intrusion into their time of grief, but most accepted it as a show of sympathy and support from surrounding communities.^[24] The Ku Klux Klan interjected that as a Roman Catholic, Kehoe's actions were the result of his adherence to the stance of the Roman Catholic Church against "Protestant or godless schools".^[25] Members of the second Ku Klux Klan at a rally during the 1920s. ... Catholic Church redirects here. ... Catholic Church redirects here. ...

Coroner's inquest

The coroner arrived at the scene on the day of the disaster and swore in six community leaders to serve as an investigative jury. A coroner's inquest into the matter was held the following week. Dozens of Bath citizens and law enforcement personnel testified before the jury, and the Clinton County Prosecutor conducted the examination. Although there was never any doubt that Kehoe was the perpetrator, the jury was asked to determine if the school board or its employees were guilty of criminal negligence.^[26] For the thrash metal band, see Coroner (band). ... An inquest is a formal process of state investigation. ... The prosecutor is the chief legal representative of the prosecution in countries adopting the common law adversarial system or the civil law inquisitorial system. ... Criminal negligence, in the realm of criminal common law, is a legal term of art for a state of mind which is careless, inattentive, neglectful, willfully blind, or reckless; it is the mens rea part of a crime which, if occurring simultaneously with the actus reus, gives rise to criminal...

Cupola from the school building, today displayed at Bath School Memorial Park.

Kehoe's neighbor Sidney J. Howell testified that after the fire began, Kehoe warned him and three boys to leave the farm, telling them, "Boys, you're my friends. You'd better get out of here and go to the school house." Three telephone linemen working near Bath testified that after first going to the farm and then to the school, Kehoe passed them en route, and they saw him reach the school right before them. Kehoe's car swerved to the right and stopped in front of the building. In the next instant, according to the linemen, the car blew up, and one of them was struck by shrapnel. This testimony contradicted statements from others that Kehoe paused after stopping and called Superintendent Huyck over before blowing up the vehicle. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (610x729, 66 KB) Summary Photograph of Cupola from Bath, Michigan Consolidated School, scene of the Bath School Disaster. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (610x729, 66 KB) Summary Photograph of Cupola from Bath, Michigan Consolidated School, scene of the Bath School Disaster. ... Cupola of St Peters Basilica, Rome In architecture, a cupola consists of a dome-shaped ornamental structure located on top of a larger roof or dome, often used as a lookout or to admit light and provide ventilation. ...

After more than a week of testimony, the jury exonerated the school board and its employees. In its verdict the jury concluded that Kehoe "conducted himself sanely and so concealed his operations that there was no cause to suspect any of his actions; and we further find that the school board, and Frank Smith, janitor of the school building, were not negligent in and about their duties, and were not guilty of any negligence in not discovering Kehoe's plan." Sanity considered as a legal term denotes that an individual is of sound mind and therefore can bear legal responsibility for his or her actions. ... A janitor is a person who takes care of a building, such as a school, office building, or apartment block. ...

The inquest determined that Kehoe murdered Superintendent Emory Huyck on the morning of May 18. It was also the jury's verdict that the school was blown up as part of a plan and that Kehoe alone, without the aid of conspirators, murdered 43 people in total, including his wife Nellie. Suicide was determined to be the manner of Andrew Kehoe's death, which brought the total to 44 dead at the time of the inquest.^[27] is the 138th day of the year (139th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... In the criminal law, a conspiracy is an agreement between natural persons to break the law at some time in the future, and, in some cases, with at least one overt act in furtherance of that agreement. ... For other uses, see Suicide (disambiguation). ...

Flag atop the school on May 18, 1927, today displayed at the school museum.

Kehoe's body was eventually claimed by his sister. Without ceremony, he was buried in an unmarked grave in an initially unnamed cemetery. Later, it was revealed that Kehoe was buried in the paupers' section of Mt. Rest Cemetery, St. Johns, in Clinton County.^[28] Nellie Kehoe was buried in Mount Hope Cemetery in Lansing by her family under her maiden name of Price.^[29] Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1168x1760, 359 KB) Summary Picture of flag from Bath School Museum, taken by Kenneth R. Black, low resolution, used with permission. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Download high resolution version (1168x1760, 359 KB) Summary Picture of flag from Bath School Museum, taken by Kenneth R. Black, low resolution, used with permission. ... is the 138th day of the year (139th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1927 (MCMXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... St. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards and appeal to a wider international audience, this article may require cleanup. ...

On August 22, some three months after the bombing, fourth-grader Beatrice Gibbs died following hip surgery. She was counted as the 45th and final death directly attributable to the Bath School disaster.^[30] is the 234th day of the year (235th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Rebuilding

Governor Fred Green created the Bath Relief Fund with the money supplied by donors and the state and local governments. Numerous people from around the country donated to the fund. The school board began a separate fund for the repair of the school building. Fred Green was an American politician. ...

Plaque at the entrance of Bath School Memorial Park.

School resumed on September 5, 1927, and, for the 1927–28 school year, was held in the community hall, township hall, and two retail buildings. Most of the students returned. The board appointed O. M. Brant of Luther, Michigan, to succeed Huyck as superintendent. Lansing architect Warren Holmes donated construction plans, and the school board approved the contracts for the new building on September 14. On September 15, Michigan's United States Senator James Couzens presented his personal check for $75,000 to the Bath construction fund to build the new school. Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution‎ (2,592 × 1,944 pixels, file size: 1. ... Image File history File links Size of this preview: 800 × 600 pixelsFull resolution‎ (2,592 × 1,944 pixels, file size: 1. ... is the 248th day of the year (249th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1927 (MCMXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Luther is a village located in Lake County, Michigan. ... is the 257th day of the year (258th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 258th day of the year (259th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The United States Senate is the upper house of the U.S. Congress, smaller than the United States House of Representatives. ... James J. Couzens (August 26, 1872–October 22, 1936) was a U.S. Senator from the state of Michigan, the Mayor of Detroit, an industrialist, and philanthropist. ...

In 1928, artist Carlton W. Angell presented the board with a statue titled "Girl With a Cat." The statue is presently in the Bath School Museum located within the school district's middle school, adjacent to the site of the destroyed building. Angell's inscription states that it is dedicated to the courage and determination of the people of Bath. The sculpture was financed by penny donations from young students from the state of Michigan. It was rumored that the donated pennies were melted down to make the cast of the statue.^[31] Carlton W. Angell American sculptor, born in Belding, Michigan in 1887 and died in Ann Arbor, Michigan in 1963. ... The United States one-cent coin, commonly called a penny, is a unit of currency equaling 1100 of a United States dollar. ... This article is about the manufacturing process. ...

The board demolished the damaged portion of the school and constructed a new wing with the donated funds. The "James Couzens Agricultural School" was dedicated on August 18, 1928. In 1975 the Couzens building was demolished and a small park dedicated to the victims replaced it. At the center of the park is the cupola of the building, the only part preserved. At the park entrance, a bronze plaque affixed to a white boulder bears the names of the adults and children killed.^[32] is the 230th day of the year (231st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Cupola of St Peters Basilica, Rome In architecture, a cupola consists of a dome-shaped ornamental structure located on top of a larger roof or dome, often used as a lookout or to admit light and provide ventilation. ... This article is about the metal alloy. ... A commemorative plaque, or simply plaque, is a plate of metal attached to a wall or other vertical surface and bearing text in memory of an important figure or event. ...

See also

• Marvin Heemeyer
• Virginia Tech massacre
• Columbine High School Massacre

It has been suggested that Killdozer (bulldozer) be merged into this article or section. ... The Virginia Tech massacre was a school shooting comprising two separate attacks about two hours apart on April 16, 2007, on the Virginia Tech campus in Blacksburg, Virginia, United States. ... The Columbine High School massacre occurred on Tuesday, April 20, 1999, at Columbine High School in unincorporated Jefferson County, Colorado near Denver and Littleton. ...

References

• Ellsworth, M.J. (1928). The Bath School Disaster. LC Control Number: 29010236. 
• Gado, Mark (2005). Crime Library: Hell Comes to Bath.  Link
• Parker, Grant (1992). Mayday, History of a Village Holocaust. ISBN 0-9604958-0-0. 
• Pawlak, Debra (2000). Mediadrome: Just Another Summer Day. Link
• Wilkins, Gene H. (2002). The Bath School Disaster, May 18, 1927. ASIN B0006RW8CU. 

Library of Congress reading room The Library of Congress Classification (LCC) is a system of library classification developed by the Library of Congress. ... Asin is a Pinoy rock and folk rock band from the Philippines. ...

Notes

External links

General information

• A historical site with extensive links to images and articles about the massacre.
• General information about the Bath School Disaster
• Michigan Historical Markers
• Clinton County Chamber of Commerce on the history of Bath
• Useless Information article on the disaster
• Online version of M.J. Ellsworth's Bath School Disaster
• Online version of the transcript of the Coroner's Inquest into the death of Bath School Superintendent Emory Huyck
• Crime Library's article on Bath Tragedy

Historical research and commemorative materials

• Transcripts of interviews with survivors and items collected
• Lansing State Journal article on the 75th anniversary of the Bath School Disaster.
• Bath School victims' funeral and internment details
• The Bath School Memorial Park
• The Bath School disaster from USGenWeb Archives
• Bath School disaster memorial at Find A Grave

Bath today Find A Grave is an online database of seventeen million cemeteries and burial records. ...

• Bath Community Schools' current webpage

Coordinates: 42°49′00″N, 84°26′57″W Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ...