Bathymetry is the underwater equivalent to topography. A bathymetric map gives the depth contours of the soil, rock, sand, etc. at the bottom of a body of water such as an ocean or a lake. In addition to this, a bathymetric chart provides navigational information. Surface of the Earth Topography, a term in geography, has come to refer to the lay of the land, or the physiogeographic characteristics of land in terms of elevation, slope, and orientation. ...

The data used to make bathymetric maps typically comes from an echosounder (sonar) mounted beneath or over the side of a boat, 'pinging' a "beam," or sound, downward at the seafloor. The amount of time it takes for the sound to make it through the water, bounce off the seafloor and come back up to the sounder, tells the equipment how far down the seafloor is. The F70 type frigates (here, La Motte-Picquet) are fitted with VDS (Variable Depth Sonar) type DUBV43 or DUBV43C tugged sonars Sonar (sound navigation and ranging) is a technique that uses sound propagation under water to navigate or to detect other watercraft. ...

Years ago, the occasional pings of a single-beam sounder might be averaged to make a map. Today, a multibeam echosounder may be used, featuring dozens of very narrow adjacent beams arranged in a fan-like swath of perhaps 90 to 180 degrees across. The tightly packed array of narrow individual beams provides very high resolution detail and accuracy. The wide swath allows the boat to map more seafloor in less time by making fewer passes. The beams update many times per second, allowing faster boat speed. Motion sensors correct for the boat's roll, pitch and yaw on the ocean surface. Global positioning systems specify exactly where the boat is. A computer system processes all the data, correcting for all of the above factors as well as for the angle of each individual beam, and the speed of sound through the water given its temperature. In the end, a map is semi-automatically generated from this massive trove of data. Over fifty GPS satellites such as this NAVSTAR have been launched since 1978. ...

Most surveys of navigable waterways in the US are performed or commissioned by the United States Army Corps of Engineers, for inland waterways, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration for oceans. United States Army Corps of Engineers logo The United States Army Corps of Engineers, or USACE, is made up of some 34,600 civilian and 650 military men and women. ... The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is a scientific agency of the United States Department of Commerce focused on the conditions of the oceans and the atmosphere. ...

See also: topography Surface of the Earth Topography, a term in geography, has come to refer to the lay of the land, or the physiogeographic characteristics of land in terms of elevation, slope, and orientation. ...