Batoidea
Spotted eagle ray, Aetobatus narinari
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Chondrichthyes Subclass: Elasmobranchii Superorder: Batoidea
Orders
Rajiformes - common rays and skates Pristiformes - sawfishes Torpediniformes - electric rays See text for families. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (633x800, 216 KB)Spotted Eagle ray. ... Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. ... Animalia redirects here. ... Typical Classes See below Chordates (phylum Chordata) are a group of animals that includes the vertebrates, together with several closely related invertebrates. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Superorders Batoidea (rays and skates) Selachimorpha (sharks) Elasmobranchii is the subclass of cartilaginous fish that includes skates, rays (batoidea) and sharks (selachii). ... In scientific classification used in biology, the order (Latin: ordo, plural ordines) is a rank between class and family (termed a taxon at that rank). ... Families Anacanthobatidae Dasyatidae Gymnuridae Hexatrygonidae Myliobatidae Plesiobatidae Potamotrygonidae Rajidae Rhinobatidae Urolophidae Rajiformes is the order of true rays and skates, flat-bodied cartilaginous fishes related to sharks. ... Genera See text. ... Species Anoxypristis cuspidata Pristis clavata Pristis microdon Pristis pectinata Pristis perotteti Pristis zijsron Sawfish are related to sharks and rays. ... Species Anoxypristis cuspidata Pristis clavata Pristis microdon Pristis pectinata Pristis perotteti Pristis zijsron Pristis pristis Sawfish are related to sharks and rays. ... Families Narcinidae Torpedinidae If you came here looking for information about a fictional energy weapon, see raygun. ... Families Narcinidae Torpedinidae hi Electric rays (order Torpediniformes) are fish that have a rounded body and a pair of organs capable of producing an electric discharge, which is used to stun or kill prey. ...

Batoidea is a superorder of cartilaginous fishes containing more than 500 described species in thirteen families. They are commonly known as rays, but that term is also used specifically for batoids in the order Rajiformes, the "true rays". Batoids include stingrays, skates, electric rays, guitarfishes and sawfishes. Scientific classification or biological classification refers to how biologists group and categorize extinct and living species of organisms. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Families Anacanthobatidae Dasyatidae Gymnuridae Hexatrygonidae Myliobatidae Plesiobatidae Potamotrygonidae Rajidae Rhinobatidae Urolophidae Rajiformes is the order of true rays and skates, flat-bodied cartilaginous fishes related to sharks. ... Genera Dasyatis Himantura Pastinachus Pteroplatytrygon Taeniura Urogymnus See text for species. ... Genera See text. ... Families Narcinidae Torpedinidae hi Electric rays (order Torpediniformes) are fish that have a rounded body and a pair of organs capable of producing an electric discharge, which is used to stun or kill prey. ... Genera See text. ... See: Sawfish is a window manager for Unix systems running X. Sawfish is a type of cartilaginous fish. ...

Batoids are most closely related to sharks and young batoids look very much like young sharks. Indeed according to recent DNA analyses the catshark is more closely related to the batoids than to other sharks.^{[citation needed]} Orders Carcharhiniformes Heterodontiformes Hexanchiformes Lamniformes Orectolobiformes Pristiophoriformes Squaliformes Squatiniformes Symmoriida(extinct) Shark (superorder Selachimorpha) are fish with a full cartilaginous skeleton[1] and a streamlined body. ... Genera Apristurus Asymbolus Atelomycterus Aulohalaelurus Cephaloscyllium Cephalurus Galeus Halaelurus Haplolepharus Holohalaelurus Parmaturus Pentanchus Poroderma Schroederichthys Scyliorhinus The cat sharks or catsharks are a large family (Scyliorhinidae) of sharks, with over 110 species recorded. ...

Anatomy

Batoids are flat-bodied, and, like sharks, are a species of cartilaginous marine fish, meaning they have a boneless skeleton made of a tough, elastic substance. Batoids also are like sharks in having slot-like body openings called gill slits that lead from the gills. Batoid gill slits lie under the pectoral fins on the underside, whereas a shark's are on the sides of the head. Most batoids have a flat, disk-like body, with the exception of the guitarfishes and sawfishes, while most sharks have a streamlined body. Many species of batoid have developed their pectoral fins into broad flat wing-like appendages. Cartilage is a type of dense connective tissue. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Gill slits are gills with individual openings rather than an outer cover. ... In aquatic organisms, gills are a respiratory organ for the extraction of oxygen from water and for the excretion of carbon dioxide. ... Fish anatomy is primarily governed by the physical characteristics of water, which is much denser than air, holds a relatively small amount of dissolved oxygen, and absorbs light more than does air. ... Genera See text. ... Species Anoxypristis cuspidata Pristis clavata Pristis microdon Pristis pectinata Pristis perotteti Pristis zijsron Pristis pristis Sawfish are related to sharks and rays. ...

The eyes and spiracles are located on top of the head. Spiracles are small openings on the surface of animals that usually lead to respiratory systems. ...

Reproduction

Batoid eggs, unlike those of most other fishes, are fertilized inside the female's body. The eggs of all batoids except for the skates (family Rajidae) hatch inside the female and are born alive (ovoviviparous). Female skates lay internally fertilized flat, rectangular, leathery-shelled eggs, with tendrils at the corners for anchorage. Hatched eggs of this type can be found on beaches and are known as mermaids’ purses. Genera See text. ... Genera See text. ... Ovoviviparous animals develop within eggs that remain within the mothers body up until they hatch or are about to. ... In botany, a tendril is a specialized stem, leaf or petiole with a threadlike shape that is used by climbing plants for support and attachment, generally by twining around whatever it touches. ... Skate egg case Mermaids purse is a nickname for the egg case of a skate, a type of fish similar to the ray. ...

Habitat

Most species live on the sea floor, in a variety of geographical regions - many in coastal waters, few live in deep waters, most batoids have a somewhat cosmopolitan distribution, in tropical and subtropical marine environments, temperate or cold-water species. Only a few species, like manta rays, live in the open sea, and only a few live in freshwater. Some batoids can live in brackish bays and estuaries. Bottom-dwelling batoids breathe by taking water in through the spiracles, rather than through the mouth as most fishes do, and passing it outward through the gills. A cosmopolitan distribution is a term applied to a biological category of living things meaning that this category can be found anywhere around the world. ... Binomial name Manta birostris Dondorff, 1798 Hello wikipedia. ... Spiracles are small openings on the surface of animals that usually lead to respiratory systems. ...

Feeding

Most batoids have developed heavy, rounded teeth for crushing the shells of bottom-dwelling species such as snails, clams, oysters, crustaceans, and some fish, depending on the species. Manta rays feed on plankton. Giant African Snail (Achatina fulica) The name snail applies to most members of the molluscan Class Gastropoda that have coiled shells. ... Categories: Pages needing attention | Animal stubs ... The name oyster is used for a number of different groups of mollusks which grow for the most part in marine or brackish water. ... Classes & Subclasses Branchiopoda Phyllopoda Sarsostraca Remipedia Cephalocarida Maxillopoda Thecostraca Tantulocarida Branchiura Pentastomida Mystacocarida Copepoda Ostracoda Myodocopa Podocopa Malacostraca Phyllocarida Hoplocarida Eumalacostraca The nauplius larva of a dendrobranchiate Porcellio scaber, the common rough woodlouse, a terrestrial crustacean Pollicipes polymerus, the gooseneck barnacle Glyphea pseudastacus, a fossil glypheoid The crustaceans (Crustacea) are... A giant grouper at the Georgia Aquarium Fish are aquatic vertebrates that are typically cold-blooded; covered with scales, and equipped with two sets of paired fins and several unpaired fins. ... Binomial name Manta birostris Dondorff, 1798 Hello wikipedia. ... Photomontage of plankton organisms Plankton are any drifting organism that inhabits the water column of oceans, seas, and bodies of fresh water. ...

Classification

The classification of batoids is currently undergoing revision. This article follows FishBase in dividing batoids into three orders. Some taxonomists argue in favour of placing all batoids in a single order, Rajiformes; others propose a division into five or six orders. The additional orders in these systems are Myliobatiformes, containing the eagle rays and their relatives; Rhinobatiformes, containing the guitarfishes (which may be further split into Rhynchobatiformes, containing the shovelnosed guitarfishes, and Rhiniformes, the sharkfin guitarfishes). FishBase is a comprehensive database of information about fish. ... Families Dasyatidae (sting rays) Gymnuridae (butterfly rays) Mobulidae (manta rays) Myliobatidae (eagle rays) Rhinobatidae (guitarfishes) Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Chordata, Class Chondrichthyes, Order Myliobatiformes Dasyatidae (sting rays) Gymnuridae (butterfly rays) Mobulidae (manta rays) Myliobatidae (eagle rays) Rhinobatidae (guitarfishes) Categories: Animal stubs | Rays ... Genera Myliobatis Rhinoptera Pteromylaeus Aetobatus Aetomylaeus Manta Mobula Eagle rays (the Myliobatidae family of fish) are a family of mostly large rays living in the open ocean rather than at the bottom of the sea. ... Genera See text. ... Binomial name Rhinobatos productus Ayres, 1854 The shovelnose guitarfish (Rhinobatos productus) is a ray that ranges from central California down to the Sea of Cortez. ...

Order Rajiformes (true rays)

Ray

• Family Anacanthobatidae (smooth skates)
• Family Dasyatidae (stingrays). Named for the venomous spines along the tail; these contain a poison that causes pain and may cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, fever, chills, muscle cramps, tremors, paralysis, fainting, seizures, elevated heart rate, and decreased blood pressure (depending on the species). In addition, some species' toxins can be fatal to humans.
• Family Gymnuridae (butterfly rays)
• Family Hexatrygonidae (sixgill stingrays)
• Family Myliobatidae (eagle rays). The largest of rays, including the giant manta rays. Most eagle rays have one poison-carrying spine.
• Family Plesiobatidae (deepwater stingrays)
• Family Potamotrygonidae (river stingrays)
• Family Rajidae (skates)
• Family Rhinobatidae (guitarfishes). They have a body structure similar that of the sawfishes, but are not thought to be closely related.
• Family Urolophidae (round rays)

File links The following pages link to this file: Ray Ellington Categories: Images with unknown source ... File links The following pages link to this file: Ray Ellington Categories: Images with unknown source ... Species See text. ... Species See text. ... Genera Dasyatis Himantura Pastinachus Pteroplatytrygon Taeniura Urogymnus Stingrays are rays in the family Dasyatidae. ... Genera Dasyatis Himantura Pastinachus Pteroplatytrygon Taeniura Urogymnus See text for species. ... Genera Aetoplatea Gymnura See text for species. ... Genera Aetoplatea Gymnura See text for species. ... Species See text The sixgill stingrays are a family, Hexatrygonidae, of rays containing a single genus, Hexatrygon. ... Species See text The sixgill stingrays are a family, Hexatrygonidae, of rays containing a single genus, Hexatrygon. ... Genera Myliobatis Rhinoptera Pteromylaeus Aetobatus Aetomylaeus Eagle rays (Myliobatidae) are a family of mostly large rays living in the open sea rather than at the bottom of the sea. ... Genera Myliobatis Rhinoptera Pteromylaeus Aetobatus Aetomylaeus Manta Mobula Eagle rays (the Myliobatidae family of fish) are a family of mostly large rays living in the open ocean rather than at the bottom of the sea. ... Binomial name Manta birostris Dondorff, 1798 Hello wikipedia. ... Binomial name Plesiobatis daviesi (Wallace, 1967) The deepwater stringray, Plesiobatis daviesi, is a species of ray, the only species in the genus Plesiobatis and family Plesiobatidae. ... Binomial name Plesiobatis daviesi (Wallace, 1967) The deepwater stringray, Plesiobatis daviesi, is a species of ray, the only species in the genus Plesiobatis and family Plesiobatidae. ... [[{{{diversity_link}}}|Diversity]] {{{diversity}}} Binomial name {{{binomial}}} Trinomial name {{{trinomial}}} Type Species {{{type_species}}} Genera Paratrygon Plesiotrygon Potamotrygon Taeniura [[Image:{{{range_map}}}|{{{range_map_width}}}|]] Synonyms {{{synonyms}}} River stingrays are neotropical freshwater fishes of the Potamotrygonidae family (order Rajiformes), with three genera. ... River stingrays are neotropical freshwater fishes of the Potamotrygonidae family (order Rajiformes), with three genera. ... Genera See text. ... Genera See text. ... Genera See text. ... Genera See text. ... Genera Trygonoptera Urobatis Urolophus Urotrygon See text for species. ... Genera Trygonoptera Urobatis Urolophus Urotrygon See text for species. ...

Order Pristiformes (sawfishes)

Sawfishes are shark-like in form, having tails used for swimming and smaller pectoral fins than most batoids. The pectoral fins are attached above the gills as in all batoids, giving the fishes a broad-headed appearance. They have long, flat snouts with a row of tooth-like projections on either side. The snouts are up to 6 ft (1.8 m) long, and 1 ft (30 cm) wide, and are used for slashing and impaling small fishes and to probe in the mud for imbedded animals. Sawfishes can enter freshwater rivers and lakes. Some species reach a total length of 20 ft (6 m). Fish anatomy is primarily governed by the physical characteristics of water, which is much denser than air, holds a relatively small amount of dissolved oxygen, and absorbs light more than does air. ...

• Family Pristidae

Genera Anoxypristis Pristis See text for species. ...

Order Torpediniformes (electric rays)

Electric rays have organs in their wings that generate electric current. They are used to immobilize prey and for defense. The current is strong enough to stun humans, and it is said that the ancient Greeks used these fish for shock therapy. In biology, an organ (Latin: organum, instrument, tool) is a group of tissues that perform a specific function or group of functions. ... Electric current is by definition the flow of electric charge. ... Ancient Greece is the term used to describe the Greek_speaking world in ancient times. ... Shock therapy is the deliberate and controlled induction of some form of physiological state of shock in an individual for the purpose of psychiatric treatment. ...

• Family Narcinidae
• Family Torpedinidae

Genera Benthobatis Crassinarke Diplobatis Discopyge Heteronarce Narcine Narke Temera Typhlonarke See text for species. ... Genera The family Torpedinidae contains 22 species of electric rays or torpedoes, flat cartilaginous fishes that produce electricity as a defense and feeding mechanism. ...

References

• Batoids: Sawfishes, Guitarfishes, Electric Rays, Skates, and Sting Rays
• J. D. McEachran, K. A. Dunn, T. Miyake (1996). "Interrelationships of the batoid fishes (Chondrichthyes: Batoidea)". In Interrelationships of Fishes, Academic Press.