Battle for the Recapture of Corregidor
Part of World War II, Pacific theater
Paratroopers of the 503rd PRCT touch down at Topside, Corregidor 16 February 1945 U.S. National Archives
Date: 16 February – 26, 1945 Location: Corregidor Island, Philippines Result: Allied victory
Combatants
United States	Japan
Commanders
George M. Jones Edward M. Postlethwait	Rikichi Tsukada
Strength
7,000 U.S. troops	6,650 Japanese troops
Casualties
207 killed 684 wounded	6,600 killed 50 wounded 19 prisoners

The Battle for the Recapture of Corregidor , from February 16 to 26, 1945 , on the island fortress used by the USAFFE , which was the last bastion to surrender to invading Japanese forces. Combatants Allies: Soviet Union United States United Kingdom and others Axis Powers: Germany Japan Italy and others Commanders Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Harry S. Truman Winston Churchill Adolf Hitler Hideki Tojo Benito Mussolini Casualties Military dead: 17,000,000 Civilian dead: 33,000,000 Total dead: 50,000,000 Military... US landings in the Pacific, 1942–1945 The Pacific War was the part of World War II that occurred in the Pacific Ocean, its islands, and in East Asia, 1937 to 1945. ... Image File history File links Correg-us-paratroops-land. ... Corregidor - Landsat satellite photo from 2000 Corregidor and the entrance to Manila Bay Corregidor Pacific War Memorial 2005 Corregidor is an island in the entrance of the Philippines Manila Bay. ... February 16 is the 47th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ... February 16 is the 47th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Events Pontius Pilate is appointed as Prefect of Judaea. ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ... Corregidor is an island in the entrance of the Philippines Manila Bay. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_States. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Japan_(bordered). ... George M. Jones (? - December 16, 1996) was an Army General most notable for leading the 503rd Parachute Infantry Regiment in World War II. Military career Jones graduated from the US Military Academy in 1935. ... aaaaaaaaaaa ... The Battle of Leyte in the Pacific campaign of World War II was the invasion and conquest of Leyte in the Philippines by Allied forces under the command of General Douglas MacArthur between October 20 and December 31, 1944. ... Combatants United States, Australia Empire of Japan Commanders William Halsey, Jr Jisaburo Ozawa Strength 17 aircraft carriers 18 escort carriers 12 battleships 24 cruisers 141 destroyers and destroyer escorts Many PT boats, submarines and fleet auxiliaries About 1,500 planes 4 aircraft carriers 9 battleships 19 cruisers 34 destroyers About... The Battle of Ormoc Bay was a series of air-sea battles between Imperial Japan and the United States in the Camotes Sea in the Philippines between 11 November 1944 and 21 December 1944, part of the Battle of Leyte in the Pacific campaign of World War II. The battles... Combatants United States Japan Commanders George M. Jones (503rd PRCT) Roscoe B. Woodruff (24th Infantry Division) Rikichi Tsukada (Kembu Group, Japanese Army) Strength 10,000 U.S. troops 1,200 Japanese troops Casualties 148 killed and 271 wounded 200 killed and 375 wounded The Battle of Mindoro presaged the main... Combatants United States Empire of Japan Commanders Walter Krueger Tadamichi Kuribayashi Strength 68,000 unknown Casualties none none The Invasion of Lingayen Gulf was an American amphibious operation of WWII carried out in the Phillipines. ... Luzon, home to the Filipino capital Manila, saw the showdown between Japanese commander Tomoyuki Yamashita and General Douglas MacArthur on December 15, 1944. ... Combatants United States Japan Commanders Henry Mucci (6th Ranger Battalion) Robert Prince (C and F Companies, 6th Ranger Battalion) Juan Pajota (USAFFE guerrillas) unknown Strength 127 U.S. troops, 200 Filipino guerrillas estimated 8,000 Japanese troops around the camp and about 700 in the camp Casualties 4 killed and... The Battle for the Recapture of Bataan from January 31 to February 8, 1945 by U.S. Forces from the Japanese, part of the campaign for the liberation of the Philippines was waged to secure the western shore of Manila Bay to enable the use of its harbor and open... Combatants United States Japan Commanders Robert S. Beightler (37th Infantry Division) Verne D. Mudge (1st Cavalry Division) Oscar W. Griswold (U.S. XIV Corps) Joseph M. Swing (11th Airborne Division) Iwabuchi Sanji (Manila Naval Defense Forces) Strength 35,000 US troops 16,000 Japanese sailors, marines, and Army troops Casualties... Los Banos was a Japanese-run Interment and Prisoner of War (POW) camp in the Phillippines. ... The Invasion of Palawan was part of the final phases of the liberetion of the Philippines from occupation by the Imperial Japanese Army. ... Combatants United States Japan Commanders Robert Eichelberger (U.S. Eighth Army) Rapp Brush (U.S. 40th Division) William H. Arnold (Americal Division) Sosaku Suzuki (35th Japanese Army) Takeo Manjome (Japanese forces in Cebu) Strength 17,000 U.S. troops, 18,500 Filipino guerrillas 32,000 Japanese troops Casualties 835 killed... Combatants United States Japan Commanders Strength Casualties The Battle of Mindanao was fought on March 10, 1945 between the United States and Japan. ... February 16 is the 47th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Events Pontius Pilate is appointed as Prefect of Judaea. ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ... Fortifications (Latin fortis, strong, and facere, to make) are military constructions designed for defensive warfare. ... USAFFE (United States Army Forces - Far East) included the Philippine Department, Philippine Army (2 regular and 10 reserve divisions), and the Far East Air Force (formerly, Philippine Army Air Corps). ...

Its retaking, along with the bloody battle to liberate Manila and the earlier re-taking of the Bataan Peninsula, by liberating U.S. forces from the occupying Japanese, marked the redemption of the American surrender on 6 May 1942 and the subsequent fall of the Philippines. Combatants United States Japan Commanders Robert S. Beightler (37th Infantry Division) Verne D. Mudge (1st Cavalry Division) Oscar W. Griswold (U.S. XIV Corps) Joseph M. Swing (11th Airborne Division) Iwabuchi Sanji (Manila Naval Defense Forces) Strength 35,000 US troops 16,000 Japanese sailors, marines, and Army troops Casualties... Manila (Filipino: Maynila) is the capital of the Philippines. ... The Battle for the Recapture of Bataan from January 31 to February 8, 1945 by U.S. Forces from the Japanese, part of the campaign for the liberation of the Philippines was waged to secure the western shore of Manila Bay to enable the use of its harbor and open... REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES Province of Bataan Region: Central Luzon (Region III) Capital: Balanga City Founded: —1754 Population: 2000 census—557,659 (46th largest) Density—406 per km² (12th highest) Area: 1,373. ... May 6 is the 126th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (127th in leap years). ... This article is about the year. ...

The Fall: In Retrospect

The Japanese opened their attack on Corregidor with an aerial bombardment on 29 December 1941 , several days after Gen. Douglas MacArthur moved his headquarters there, but the heaviest attacks throughout the siege were from artillery based on nearby Cavite and later, on Bataan. When the last American and Filipino troops on the peninsula surrendered on 9 April 1942, the enemy was able to mass his artillery for an all-out shelling of the Rock and its antiquated batteries. Corregidor - Landsat satellite photo from 2000 Corregidor and the entrance to Manila Bay Corregidor Pacific War Memorial 2005 Corregidor is an island in the entrance of the Philippines Manila Bay. ... December 29 is the 363rd day of the year (364th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 2 days remaining. ... For the movie, see 1941 (film) 1941 (MCMXLI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (the link is to a full 1941 calendar). ... Douglas MacArthur (January 26, 1880 – April 5, 1964) was an American general and Medal of Honor recipient, who was Supreme Commander of Allied forces in the South West Pacific Area during World War II. He led the defense of Australia, and the recapture of New Guinea, the Philippines and Borneo. ... Cavite is a province of the Philippines located on the southern shores of Manila Bay in the CALABARZON region in Luzon, just 30 kilometers south of Manila. ... REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES Province of Bataan Region: Central Luzon (Region III) Capital: Balanga City Founded: —1754 Population: 2000 census—557,659 (46th largest) Density—406 per km² (12th highest) Area: 1,373. ... April 9 is the 99th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (100th in leap years). ... This article is about the year. ...

The tunnel network that ran through the island's hills afforded protection to the defending garrison, but much of the defense activity had to be carried out in the open. By 4 May , many of the guns had been knocked out, the water supply was low, amid mounting casualties. Heavy shellfire prologued Japanese attempts to land the next night and the enemy later admitted their amazement at the savage resistance, which accounted for the sinking of two-thirds of their landing craft and the horrible losses amounting to 900 killed and 1,200 wounded, against U.S. losses of 800 dead and 1,000 wounded. (See also the Battle of Corregidor.) May 4 is the 124th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (125th in leap years). ... Combatants United States and Philippines Japan Commanders Jonathan M. Wainwright (USFIP commander) George F. Moore (Harbor Defense Forces and Corregidor garrison) Samuel L. Howard 4th Marine Regiment Masaharu Homma (Philippine invasion forces) Strength 13,000 U.S. and Filipino troops 75,000 Japanese troops Casualties 800 killed, 1,000 wounded...

To Retake A Symbol

Corregidor in 1945, though it lacked in importance to the defensive strategy of the Japanese than it previously had held for the Americans in early 1942, remained a formidable sentinel to the entrance of Manila Bay. Consequently, American planners thought it merited a separate attack. 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ... This article is about the year. ... Manila Bay Ü is the harbor which serves the port of Manila (on Luzon), in the Philippines. ...

Gen. MacArthur's strategy was to make a combined amphibious and airborne assault: among the most difficult of all modern military maneuvers, to retake the island. Though this particular plan of action had been used to good effect during the Luzon landings, the airborne phase was obviously risky. As small as it was, at just over five square miles, the tadpole-shaped island made a difficult target for a parachute drop. Complicating the strategy, the paratroopers were required to land on a hill known as Topside, the island's foremost dominant terrain feature. MacArthur's staff balked at the proposals, but on the other hand, there was little choice. From Topside, the enemy could dominate all possible amphibious landing sites. Their premise was that the Japanese would certainly not expect an airborne landing on such an unlikely target. Map of the Philippines showing the island groups of Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. ...

The honors for recapturing the Rock went to the 503rd Parachute Regimental Combat Team of Lt. Col. George M. Jones and elements of Maj. Gen. Roscoe B. Woodruff's 24th Infantry Division, the same units which undertook the capture of Mindoro island. The Regiments 1st and 2nd Battalions were formed at Fort Benning, GA, from the 503d and 504th Parachute Battalions, respectively. ... (Redirected from 24th Infantry Division) Shoulder sleeve patch of the United States Army 24th Infantry Division (Mechanized). ... Beach in Northern Mindoro Mindoro is the seventh-largest island in the Philippines. ...

The Bombardment

On 23 January 1945, the aerial bombings to soften up the defenses on Corregidor commenced. Daily strikes by heavy bombers of the United States Army Air Forces continued until 16 February, with five hundred ninety five tons of bombs dropped. Estimated figures since the bombing campaign started up to 24 February, showed 2,028 effective sorties, with 3,163 tons of bombs dropped on Corregidor. January 23 is the 23rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ... The United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) was a part of the U.S. Army during World War II. The direct precursor to the U.S. Air Force, the USAAF formally existed between 1941 and 1947. ...

On 13 February , the US Navy added to the bombardment, with cruisers and destroyers shelling from close to shore, with minesweepers operating around the island by the next day. The softening up or gloucesterizing - from gloucesterize , a new verb coined for intense pre-invasion bombings, after the same procedures were made prior to the Marine landings on Cape Gloucester, New Britain in December , 1943 of Corregidor lasted for three more days. February 13 is the 44th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... (This article is about the island of New Britain in Papua New Guinea. ... 1943 (MCMXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (the link is to a full 1943 calendar). ...

The naval bombardment on Corregidor, however, was not without incident. Watertender First Class Elmer Charles Bigelow averted tragedy on board the USS Fletcher during action on 14 February 1945 when an enemy shell struck the ship. He acted instantly as the deadly projectile exploded into fragments which penetrated the No. 1 gun magazine and set afire several powder cases, then picked up a pair of fire extinguishers and rushed below in a resolute attempt to quell the raging flames. Refusing to waste the precious time required to don rescue-breathing apparatus, Bigelow plunged through the blinding smoke billowing out of the magazine hatch and dropped into the blazing compartment. Despite the acrid, burning powder smoke which seared his lungs with every agonizing breath, he worked rapidly and with instinctive sureness and succeeded in quickly extinguishing the fires and in cooling the cases and bulkheads, thereby preventing further damage to the stricken ship. Bigelow succumbed to his injuries the following day. His valor and personal sacrifice awarded him the Medal of Honor. February 14 is the 45th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ...

At sunrise of 16 February, attacks by B-24's and an hour of low-altitude bombings and strafing runs by A-20's preceded the landings. February 16 is the 47th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Royal Canadian Air Force B-24 Liberator The Consolidated B-24 Liberator was produced in greater numbers than any other American combat aircraft, and was used by most of the Allied air forces in World War II. Designed as a heavy bomber, it served with distinction not only in that... The Douglas DB-7 was a family of attack, light bomber and night fighter aircraft of World War II, serving primarily with Soviet, US and British airforces. ...

Touchdown on Topside

By 0700 that morning, coming up on a hard landing against a 16-18 knot updraft, the 503rd PRCT based at Mindoro, began dropping out of C-47 troop carriers of the U.S. Thirteenth Air Force and floated down on the surprised Japanese defenders, remnants of Maj. Gen. Rikichi Tsukada's Kembu Group at the two tiny go-point areas of Topside's western heights. However, some paratroopers missed their drop zones and landed on rocky ground or tumbled into the sea. C-47A USAAF Serial #43-48052 The Douglas C-47 Skytrain or Dakota was a military transport that was developed from the Douglas DC-3 airliner. ... Like the Fifth Air Force, the Thirteenth Air Force has never been stationed in the United States; it is also one of the oldest, continuously active, numbered air forces. ...

Despite the grueling air and naval bombardment that left the defending enemy troops dazed and scattered, they vigorously rallied and fierce fighting erupted almost immediately. At one point that same morning, they threatened to drive a salient into the paratroopers' tenuous foothold on Topside.

Paratroopers and infantrymen waged a tenacious battle with the well dug-in and determined enemy. Private Lloyd G. McCarter, a scout attached to the 503rd, during the initial landing on 16 February, crossed 30 yards of open ground under intense enemy fire, and at pointblank range silenced a machinegun with hand grenades. On the afternoon of 18 February he killed six enemy snipers. That evening, when a large force attempted to bypass his company, he voluntarily moved to an exposed area and opened fire. The enemy attacked his position repeatedly throughout the night and was each time repulsed. By 2 o'clock in the morning, all the men about him had been wounded; but shouting encouragement to his comrades and defiance at the enemy, he continued to bear the brunt of the attack, fearlessly exposing himself to locate enemy soldiers and then pouring heavy fire on them. He repeatedly crawled back to his lines to secure more ammunition. When his submachine gun would no longer operate, he seized an automatic rifle and continued to inflict heavy casualties. This weapon, in turn, became too hot to use and, discarding it, he continued with an M-l rifle. At dawn the enemy attacked with renewed intensity. Completely exposing himself to hostile fire, he stood erect to locate the most dangerous enemy positions. He was seriously wounded; but, though he had already killed more than thirty of the enemy, he refused to evacuate until he had pointed out immediate objectives for attack. Through his sustained and outstanding heroism in the face of grave and obvious danger, Pvt. McCarter was awarded the Medal of Honor. February 18 is the 49th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ...

Battle of Banzai Point

The most ferocious battle to regain Corregidor occurred at Wheeler Point on February 18 and 19, when D and F Companies, 2nd Battalion, 503rd PRCT, settled down for defensive positions near Battery Hearn and Cheney Trail, when at 10:30 p.m. under a black, moonless night, 500 suicidal Japanese marines came out of the Battery Smith armory and charged the American positions. This was also the night Pvt. Lloyd McCarter earned his Medal of Honor. F Company stopped frenzied attack after attack in wave after wave by the Japanese trying to break through to the south. Any minor breakthrough by the enemy charge would be cut short by the rear echelons.

Aside for flares fired throughout the night by warships laying offshore, the three-hour battle was decided only with only rifles, automatic weapons and the indomitable courage of the fifty paratroopers ranged against the Japanese Special Landing Force, the best among the empire's fighting men. Somehow, not all men of the company were involved in the fighting due to the ensuing confusion. The savage encounter ended in failure with more than 250 enemy corpses strewn along a 200-yard stretch of Cheney Trail. F Company suffered 14 dead and 15 wounded. This would be the last attack of any significance by the Japanese on Corregidor. From then on, official historians of the 503rd always referred to Wheeler Point as Banzai Point.

Seizure of Malinta Hill

At the same time the 503rd paratroopers touched down at Topside, the first wave of 3rd Battalion under Lt. Col. Edward M. Postlethwait of the 24th Infantry Division's 34th Infantry Regiment of Col. Aubrey "Red" S. Newman waded ashore and established a beachhead at San Jose Point on the eastern end of Corregidor named Black Beach. The succeeding waves were to take the brunt of the hastily organized Japanese defense and several landing craft and infantrymen became victims of landmines. The battalion pushed inland against sporadic enemy resistance, mostly from groups coming out of the subterranean passages of the inland to waylay the advancing American troops.

Two 3rd Battalion units, K and L Companies under Captains Frank Centanni (later KIA) and Louis Stern managed to fight their way and secured the road and both northern and southern entrances to Malinta Hill, while Capt. Gilbert Heaberlin's A Company stationed itself near the waterline. I Company under 1Lt. Paul Cain, staged at North Dock guarded the harbor. They intended to keep the enemy troops inside the tunnel as other units moved inland, accompanied by tanks and flamethrower units that decimated pillboxes and tunnels in the surrounding areas held by the enemy. And for eight straight days until 23 February, these units staved off successive enemy banzai charges, mortar attacks, and even a suicide squad with explosives strapped to their bodies, killing over 300 Japanese. February 23 is the 54th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ...

On 21 February at 9:30 p.m., Malinta Hill reacted like a volcano when several detonations in quick succession tore it asunder. The Japanese trapped inside had blown themselves up and after the explosions and rock falls ceased, some 50 Japanese scurried from inside to attack and the Americans mowed them down. Two nights later, a similar attack happened. Finally, engineers went to work, poured large quantities of gasoline down the tunnels and set them afire, then sealed the tunnels' entrances. After some time, silence finally reigned inside Malinta Hill. February 21 is the 52nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ...

Except for the brutal struggles for Wheeler Point and Malinta Hill, no organized enemy attacks would be forthcoming for the rest of the campaign. Only isolated pockets of resistance continued to fight on with a suicidal frenzy until 26 February, when Corregidor was finally declared secured. February 26 is the 57th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ...

Aftermath

Large numbers of enemy troops drowned while swimming away from the Rock. Many Japanese, estimated in the thousands, sealed themselves in the numerous subterranean passages of the island. In fanatical No-surrender Bushido, an extraordinary sense of honor, courage, and loyalty to the Emperor prevailing among the defenders, those cowering in caves and tunnels, like the ones at Malinta Hill, preferred to blow themselves up. Corregidor reverberated with so many underground explosions for days afterward.

Very few Japanese were taken prisoner, but not without a price. An M4 Sherman tank fired a shell into a sealed tunnel suspected of harboring enemy soldiers, but which instead contained tons of stored ammunition. The subsequent tremendous explosion threw the sixty-eight thousand pound tank several dozen feet, killed four of its crew and forty-eight other U.S. soldiers and wounded more than a hundred.
WWII foreign variants and use: Lend-Lease Sherman tanks Post-WWII foreign variants and use: Postwar Sherman tanks The Medium Tank M4 was the main tank designed and built by the United States for allied forces in World War II, totaling roughly 50,000 tanks plus thousands more derivative vehicles...

By 1 March 1945, the decimated island bastion, with its harbor, the finest in the East, was officially opened to Allied shipping. Six days later, 7 March , Gen. MacArthur returned to the island fortress he had been forced to leave in disgrace three years before. "No enemy shall ever again take it down," he said, at the ceremonial raising of the Stars and Stripes. Image File history File links Corregidor_capture. ... March 1 is the 60th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (61st in leap years). ... 1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1945 calendar). ... March 7 is the 66th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (67th in leap years). ... Flag ratio: 10:19; nicknames: Stars and Stripes, Old Glory The flag of the United States of America consists of thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing 50 small, white, five-pointed stars...

The perfectly coordinated triphibious American assault to recapture Corregidor left the 503rd PRCT with 169 killed and 531 wounded. The 34th Infantry Regiment suffered 38 killed and 153 wounded. Of the 2,065 men of both lifts by the 503rd PRCT, about 280 were killed or severely injured. Three men suffered parachute malfunctions, and two men who collided with buildings were killed. Eight men were killed either in the air or before they were able to get free of their chutes, and a further 50 were wounded in the air or upon grounding. Several men were missing in action at the drop. The total injuries (not by wounding) on the drop were 210.

For many recent years, Japanese sources have estimated that there were 6,650 Japanese on the island when the 503rd PRCT and 34th Infantry landed, of which, only 50 survived. Nineteen were taken prisoner, but 20 Japanese stragglers surfaced after the war on 1 January 1946. January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. ... 1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday. ...

Historical Significance

The surrender of Corregidor in 1942 and the ensuing grisly fate of its 11,000 American and Filipino defenders led to a particular sense of moral purpose in Gen. Douglas MacArthur, and as shown in the next campaigns for liberation of the Philippine archipelago, he showed no hesitation to commit the bulk of U.S. forces under his command.

To the American soldier, Corregidor was more than a military objective, long before the campaign to recapture it. The Rock had become an important symbol in United States history as the last Pacific outpost of any size to fall to the enemy in the early stages of the Pacific War. US landings in the Pacific, 1942–1945 The Pacific War was the part of World War II that occurred in the Pacific Ocean, its islands, and in East Asia, 1937 to 1945. ...

Corregidor today is a premium tourist destination in the Philippines. Over the years, most of the decrepit artillery pieces and significant battle sites on the island have been restored as important historical landmarks.

See also

• Military History of the Philippines
• Military History of the United States
• Military History of Japan
• History of the Philippines

// List of major battles Battle of Manila Battle of Bataan Battle of Mactan Battle of Corregidor Battle of Luzon Battle of Leyte Battle of Pulang Lupa Balangiga Massacre Small Wars Wars with local Islamic Extremists Wars with local Communist Insurgents Foreign Service International Force East Timor see INTERFET UN Transitional... The military history of the United States spans a period of less than two and a half centuries. ... The military history of Japan is characterized by a long period of feudal wars, followed by domestic stability, and then foreign conquest. ... The first humans arrived in the Philippines by land bridges at least 30,000 years ago, while the history of the Philippines as recorded by Europeans began with the arrival of Ferdinand Magellan in 1521. ...

References

• Retaking the Philippines: America's Return to Corregidor and Bataan, October 1944-March 1945 by William B. Breur (1986) St. Martin’s Press ISBN 0312678029
• Back to Corregidor: America Retakes the Rock By Gerard M. Devlin (1992) St. Martins Press ISBN 0312076487
• Corregidor: The Rock Force Assault, 1945 by Edward M. Flanagan (1988) Presidio Press ISBN 0891413197
• World War II in the Pacific: An Encyclopedia (Military History of the United States) by S. Sandler (2000) Routledge ISBN 0815318839

External Links

• Corregidor.Org: 503rd PRCT on The Rock
• Corregidor.Org: Bloody Corregidor Battle Remembered by David Brown
• U.S. Army Center of Military History: World War II Medal of Honor Recipients A-F
• U.S. Army Center of Military History: World War II medal of Honor Recipients M-S