The Battle of Ain Jalut (or Ayn Jalut, in Arabic: عين جالوت, the "Eye of Goliath" or the "Spring of Goliath") took place on September 3, 1260 between the Egyptian Mamluks and the Mongols in Palestine, in the Jezreel Valley in Galilee, along the northern part of what today is known as the West Bank. Mongol invasions can refer to: 1205–1209 invasion of Western China 1211–1234 invasion of Northern China 1218–1220 invasion of Central Asia 1220-1223, 1235-1330 invasions of Georgia and the Caucasus 1220–1224 of the Cumans 1223–36 invasion of Volga Bulgaria 1231–1259 invasion of Korea 1237... is the 246th day of the year (247th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The magnificent Cathedral of Chartres was dedicated in 1260. ... A 2003 satellite image of the region. ... Mamluk Flag Eastern Mediterranean 1450 Capital Cairo Language(s) Arabic, Kipchak Turkic[1] Religion Islam Government Monarchy History  - As-Salih Ayyub Death 1250  - Battle of Ridanieh 1517 Today part of  Egypt  Saudi Arabia  Syria  Palestine  Israel  Lebanon  Jordan  Turkey  Libya A Mamluk cavalryman, drawn in 1810 A mamluk (Arabic: مملوك (singular... An Ottoman Mamluk, from 1810 Mamluks (or Mameluks) (the Arabic word usually translates as owned, singular: مملوك plural: مماليك) comprised slave soldiers used by the Muslim Caliphs and the Ottoman Empire, and who on more than one occasion seized power for... For other uses, see Mongols (disambiguation). ... Saif ad-Din Qutuz (died October 24, 1260) was the Mamluk sultan of Egypt from 1259 until his death. ... al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baibars al-Bunduqdari (also spelled Baybars) (Arabic: ) was a Mamluk Sultan of Egypt and Syria. ... Kitbuqa Noyen was the Christian lieutenant and confidant of Hulagu Khan, assisting him in his conquests in Persia and the Middle East. ... The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... Combatants Mongol Empire Khwarezmia Commanders Genghis Khan, Jochi, Chaghatai, Ögodei, Tolui, Subutai, Jebe, Jelme, Mukali, Khubilai, Kasar, Boorchu, Sorkin-shara Ala ad-Din Muhammad, Jalal Al-Din, Inalchuq† (executed) Strength 100,000-200,000 mounted archers, with powerful siege engines 400,000 men, however not organized into armies, only city... The medieval kingdom of Georgia first clashed with the advancing Mongol armies in 1220. ... // Combatants Mongols Kievan Rus, Cumans Commanders Subutai Mstislav the Bold Strength 40,000 Over 80,000 Casualties MInimal Heavy Battle of the Kalka River (May 31, 1223) was the first military engagement between the Mongol armies of Genghis Khan and the Rus warriors. ... The Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria lasted from 1223 to 1236. ... Combatants Volga Bulgaria Mongols Commanders Ghabdulla Chelbir Subutai, Jebe Strength N/A 50,000 Casualties N/A 4,000 survived The Battle of Samara Bend or the Battle of Kernek was the first battle between Volga Bulgaria and the Mongols, probably the first major battle the Mongols lost. ... Combatants Volga Bulgaria Mongols Commanders Mir-Ghazi Batu Khan Strength 10,000-50,0001 100,000-150,0002 Casualties all population and defenders N/A 1 Friar Julian 2 only Batus horde The siege of Bilär was a battle for the capital city of the Volga Bulgaria between... Ryazan was the first Russian city to be besieged by the Mongols of Batu Khan. ... The Mongol Invasion of Rus was heralded by the Battle of the Kalka River (1223) between Subutais reconnaissance unit and the combined force of several princes of Rus. After fifteen years of peace, it was followed by Batu Khans full-scale invasion in 1237-40. ... The Battle of the Sit River was fought in the northern part of the present-day Yaroslavl Oblast of Russia on March 4, 1238 between the Mongol Hordes of Batu Khan and the Russians under Yuri II of Vladimir-Suzdal during the Mongol invasion of Russia. ... Combatants Mongols Sultanate of Rüm, Georgian and Trapezuntine auxiliaries Commanders Bayju Kay Khusrau II Strength Casualties {{{notes}}} The Battle of Köse Dag was fought between the Seljuk Turks of Rum and the Mongols on June 26, 1243 at the place Köse Dag on Sivas-Erzincan road (now... The Mongol invasions of Europe were centered in their destruction of the Ruthenian states, especially Kiev, under the leadership of Subutai. ... Combatants Mongol Empire Alliance Polish states Teutonic Knights[3][4] Commanders Baidar, Kadan, Orda Khan Henry II the Pious † Strength Estimated between 8,000-20,000 (max of two tumen) diversionary force [5] Unknown, estimates have ranged from 2,000-25,000[5] Casualties Unknown, but supposedly heavier than expected... Combatants Kingdom of Hungary Mongol Empire Commanders King Béla IV Batu Khan, Subutai Strength 15,000-30,000+ Unknown (mostly cavalry) Casualties 10,000-30,000+ unknown The Battle of Mohi, or Battle of the Sajó River, (on April 11, 1241) was the main battle between the Mongols and... Combatants Mongols Abbasid Caliphate Commanders Hulagu Khan Guo Kan Caliph Al-Mustasim Strength Unknown Unknown Casualties Unknown, but believed minimal Military, 50,000(est. ... The Mongol invasions of Korea consisted of a series of campaigns by the Mongol Empire against Korea, then known as Koryo, from 1231 to 1259. ... Battle of Bunei Conflict Mongol Invasions of Japan Date November 20, 1274 Place Hakata Bay, near present-day Fukuoka, Kyushu Result Invasion fails. ... Combatants Kamakura shogunate Mongols Commanders Hōjō Tokimune Mongol-Chinese Joint Command Strength 100,000? 142,000 men in 4400 ships? Casualties Unknown 120,000+ The battle of Kōan ), also known as the Second Battle of Hakata Bay, was the second attempt by the Mongols to invade Japan. ... Combatants Song Dynasty Yuan Dynasty Commanders Lü Wenhuan Li Tingzhi Liu Zheng, Ashu, Shi Tianzhe, Guo Kan Strength unknown 100,000+ Cavalry 5,000 ships 100+ trebuchet 20+ counterweight trebuchet Casualties unknown unknown The Battle of Xiangyang (襄陽之戰) was a six-year battle between invading Mongol armies and Southern Song Chinese... The Battle of Ngasaunggyan was fought in 1277 between Kublai Khans Mongol Yuan Dynasty of China, and their neighbors to the south, the Pagan Empire (in present-day Myanmar) led by Narathihapate. ... Combatants Song Dynasty Yuan Dynasty Commanders Zhang Shijie Zhang Hongfan Strength 200,000 1000+ warships 20,000 50+ warships Casualties unknown, though almost all perished unknown The Battle of Yamen (崖門戰役; or 崖山海戰, lit. ... Combatants Pagan Empire Mongol Empire Commanders Thihathu Temür Strength Unknown Unknown, but considerable Casualties Unknown Unknown Im really tired of people changing what i write i think that is almost as bad as vandalism. ... Combatants Dai Viet Yuan Mongol Army Yuan Mongol Navy Commanders Tran Hung Dao Tran Khanh Du General Omar Strength 200 000 500 000 Casualties unknown unknown The Battle of Bach Dang took place near Halong Bay in present-day Vietnam, it was part of the Third Yuan Mongol Invasion (1287... Combatants Ilkhanate Mamluks of Egypt Commanders Abaqa Khan This battle was part of Abaqa Khans attempt at retaking Syria from the Mamluks. ... Combatants Ilkhanate Mamluks of Egypt Commanders Abaqa Khan This battle was part of Abaqa Khans attempt at retaking Syria from the Mamluks. ... Combatants Ilkhanate, Georgia and Armenia Mamluks of Egypt Commanders Ghazan Khan Sultan Abdalmalik an-Nasir Strength 60,000 Mongol troops, 40,000 Georgian and Armenian auxialliaries + 12,000 Maronite and Druze bowmen 20,000-30,000 Mamluks Casualties 5,000-14,000 Mongols 200-1,000 Mamluks (Army Routed) // In... Combatants Mamluks Mongols Commanders Emir Salar, Emir Baibars al-Jashnakir, Sultan of Egypt Qutlugh-Shah Strength Unknown (Reasonably Large) 80,000 Casualties Unknown (Minimal) Unknown (Heavy) The Battle of Shaqhab, also called Marj al-Suffar in some texts, took place on April 20 through April 22, 1303 between the Mamluks... Towards the end of the Crusades, there were several attempted Mongol invasions of Syria, with a certain amount of success in 1260 and 1300. ... Combatants Combined Russian armies The Golden Horde Commanders Dmitri Ivanovich of Moscow Mamai Strength between 60,000 and 80,000 between 75,000 and 125,000 Casualties up to 40,000 killed or wounded Almost entire army killed The Battle of Kulikovo (Russian: ) was fought by the Tartaro-Mongols (the... Combatants Golden Horde Lithuania, Poland, Moldavia Tokhtamysh forces Commanders Edigu, Temur Qutlugh â€  Grand Duke Vytautas, Tokhtamysh Strength ~200 000 ~75 000, 500 of them - Teutonic knights Casualties Unknown Unknown (Reportedly very heavy) (11 Teutonic Knights including Hanus and Thomas Surville) The Battle of the Vorskla River was one of the... Miniature in Russian chronicle, XVI century The Great standing on the Ugra river (Великое cтояние на реке Угре in Russian, also Угорщина (Ugorschina in English, derived from Ugra) was a standoff between Akhmat Khan, Khan of the Great Horde, and Grand Duke Ivan III of Russia in 1480, which resulted in the retreat of the... is the 246th day of the year (247th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... The magnificent Cathedral of Chartres was dedicated in 1260. ... Mamluk Flag Eastern Mediterranean 1450 Capital Cairo Language(s) Arabic, Kipchak Turkic[1] Religion Islam Government Monarchy History  - As-Salih Ayyub Death 1250  - Battle of Ridanieh 1517 Today part of  Egypt  Saudi Arabia  Syria  Palestine  Israel  Lebanon  Jordan  Turkey  Libya A Mamluk cavalryman, drawn in 1810 A mamluk (Arabic: مملوك (singular... For other uses, see Mongols (disambiguation). ... A 2003 satellite image of the region. ... Jezreel Valley and Mount Tabor, Israel Jezreel Valley The Jezreel Valley ; ‎, Emek Yizrael, also known as the Plain of Esdraelon (Esdraelon is the Koine Greek rendering of Jezreel[1]), and as the Zirin Valley (Arabic: , Sahel Zirin), and as the Meadow of Amrs son (مرج بن عامر, Marj Ibn Amer), is... For other uses, see Galilee (disambiguation). ...

This battle is considered by many historians to be of great macro-historical importance, as it marked the highwater of Mongol conquests, and the first time they had ever been decisively defeated. After previous defeats, the Mongols had always returned and avenged the loss, and the Battle of Ain Jalut marked the first occasion on which they were unable to do so. Hulagu Khan never was able to advance into Egypt, and the Khanate he established in Persia was only able to defeat the Mamluks once in subsequent expeditions. This article or section contains information that has not been verified and thus might not be reliable. ... Hulagu Khan, also known as Hulagu, Hülegü or Hulegu (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Chaghatay/Persian: ; Arabic:هولاكو; c. ... For the Star Trek character see Khan Noonien Singh. ... For other uses of this term see: Persia (disambiguation) The Persian Empire is the name used to refer to a number of historic dynasties that have ruled the country of Persia (Iran). ...

Preceding events

Once Mongke Khan became Great Khan in 1251, he immediately set out to implement his grandfather Genghis Khan's plan for world empire. To lead the task of subduing the nations of the West, he selected his brother, Hulagu Khan. Möngke Khan (1208-1259, also transliterated as Mongke, Mongka, Möngka, Mangu) was the fourth khan of the Mongol Empire. ... KHAGAN, alternatively spelled Chagan, Qaqan etc, is a title of royal or imperial rank in Mongolian and Turkic languages. ... This article is about the person. ... Hulagu Khan, also known as Hulagu, Hülegü or Hulegu (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; Chaghatay/Persian: ; Arabic:هولاكو; c. ...

Hulagu summoned the largest army ever assembled by the Mongol Empire — one fighting-age male in every ten in the entire empire would serve in this attack.^{[citation needed]} Compiling the army took five years, and it was not until 1256 that Hulagu was prepared to begin the invasions. Operating from the Mongol base in Persia, Mongke Khan instructed his brother Hulagu to proceed south to destroy the Abbasid Caliphate of Baghdad, and then move into Palestine towards Egypt to confront the Mamluk Sultanate. Mongke Khan ordered good treatment for those who yielded without resistance, and destruction for those who did not. The Hashshashin in Persia were so intimidated by Hulagu's reputation that they surrendered without any resistance. Despite this, Hulagu slaughtered them and then moved on to attack what was left of the Abbasid Caliphate. For other uses of this term see: Persia (disambiguation) The Persian Empire is the name used to refer to a number of historic dynasties that have ruled the country of Persia (Iran). ... Abbasid provinces during the caliphate of Harun al-Rashid Abbasid was the dynastic name generally given to the caliphs of Baghdad, the second of the two great Sunni dynasties of the Muslim empire, that overthrew the Umayyid caliphs. ... Baghdad (Arabic: ) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate. ... A 2003 satellite image of the region. ...

The Sack of Baghdad (1258)

The Abbasid Caliph Al-Musta'sim reportedly was given a chance to yield, but chose the worst possible course of action. He defied the Mongols, saying God would punish them if they dared attack him, yet failed to even attempt to summon loyal Muslims to the defense of Baghdad, nor did he strengthen the City of Light's defenses. Under Hulagu, the Mongols captured and destroyed Baghdad in 1258. The slaughter and horrific atrocities committed by the Mongols at Baghdad have never been forgotten, nor did the country itself ever recover. The intricate system of dikes and canals that irrigated the country were destroyed, and after the slaughter at Baghdad there literally were not enough people left alive to repair and maintain this system. Some historians have posited that soil salination in conjunction with the damage to the canal system led to the decline of regional agriculture ^{[citation needed]}. Soil salination was avoided in Egypt, with much effort; the Mongols did not leave enough of the Baghdad populace alive to make such an effort. Mashriq Dynasties  Maghrib Dynasties  The Abbasid Caliphate Abbasid (Arabic: , ) is the dynastic name generally given to the caliph of Baghdad, the second of the two great Sunni dynasties of the Arab Empire, that overthrew the Umayyad caliphs from all but Spain. ... For main article see: Caliphate The Caliph (pronounced khaleef in Arabic) is the head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Sharia. ... Al-Mustasim (d. ... Combatants Mongols Abbasid Caliphate Commanders Hulagu Khan Guo Kan Caliph Al-Mustasim Strength Unknown Unknown Casualties Unknown, but believed minimal Military, 50,000(est. ... For broader historical context, see 1250s and 13th century. ... Afsluitdijk, a 32 km dike in the Netherlands. ... For other uses, see Canal (disambiguation). ... Visible salt deposits on the former bed of the Aral Sea Soil salination is the accumulation of free salts to such an extent that it leads to degradation of soils and vegetation. ...

Conquest of Syria (1259-1260)

Hulagu's forces then went on to conquer Muslim Syria. The Mongols were allied with the Franks from the Principality of Antioch under Bohemond VI and his father-in-law the Armenian king Hetoum I, and fought with them in their conquests of Muslim Syria. They took together the city of Aleppo, and later Damascus, together with the Turkic^[1] general Kitbuqa:^[2] The Principality of Antioch in the context of the other states of the Near East in 1135 AD. The Principality of Antioch, including parts of modern-day Turkey and Syria, was one of the crusader states created during the First Crusade. ... Coat of Arms of Bohemond VI of Antioch. ... Hetoum I (Armenian: Հեթում Ա) ruled the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia from 1226 to 1270. ... Location of the governorate of Aleppo within Syria Aleppo (Arabic: [ḥalab], ) is a city in northern Syria, capital of the Aleppo Governorate. ... For other uses, see Damascus (disambiguation). ... This article is about the various peoples speaking one of the Turkic languages. ... Kitbuqa Noyen was the Christian lieutenant and confidant of Hulagu Khan, assisting him in his conquests in Persia and the Middle East. ...

"The king of Armenia and the Prince of Antioch went to the military camp of the Tatars, and they all went off to take Damascus".

—Le Templier de Tyr^[3]

See also: Franco-Mongol alliance

Among the Christian states in the Levant (in yellow) Little Armenia and the northern Frank kingdom of Antioch were the most regular allies of the Mongols. ...

Conflict between the Mongols and the Mamluks

The Mongols then prepared to conquer Egypt. Saif ad-Din Qutuz considered yielding, but decided in the end that he could not; conflict was imminent. In 1260, Hulagu sent envoys to Qutuz in Cairo demanding his surrender: Saif ad-Din Qutuz (died October 24, 1260) was the Mamluk sultan of Egypt from 1259 until his death. ... Saif ad-Din Qutuz (died October 24, 1260) was the Mamluk sultan of Egypt from 1259 until his death. ... For other uses, see Cairo (disambiguation). ...

"From the King of Kings of the East and West, the Great Khan. To Qutuz the Mamluk, who fled to escape our swords. You should think of what happened to other countries and submit to us. You have heard how we have conquered a vast empire and have purified the earth of the disorders that tainted it. We have conquered vast areas, massacring all the people. You cannot escape from the terror of our armies. Where can you flee? What road will you use to escape us? Our horses are swift, our arrows sharp, our swords like thunderbolts, our hearts as hard as the mountains, our soldiers as numerous as the sand. Fortresses will not detain us, nor arms stop us. Your prayers to God will not avail against us. We are not moved by tears nor touched by lamentations. Only those who beg our protection will be safe. Hasten your reply before the fire of war is kindled. Resist and you will suffer the most terrible catastrophes. We will shatter your mosques and reveal the weakness of your God and then we will kill your children and your old men together. At present you are the only enemy against whom we have to march."

Qutuz responded by killing the envoys and displaying their heads on Bab Zuweila, one of the gates of Cairo.
As Qutuz prepared for a Mongol invasion, Hulagu returned home to attempt to seize power when Mongke died. A potential great Khan, he took the majority of his army with him. This had been the largest army ever assembled by the Mongols, but he was able to leave only a limited force behind — around one or two tumens (10,000-20,000 men) under his best general, the Nestorian Christian Kitbuqa Noyan: The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject matter. ... For other uses, see Cairo (disambiguation). ... Möngke Khan (1208-1259, also transliterated as Mongke, Mongka, Möngka, Mangu) was the fourth khan of the Mongol Empire. ... Tumen was the part of decimal system used by Turkic, Proto-Turkic (such as the Huns) and by Mongol peoples for their army. ... The term Nestorianism is eponymous, even though the person who lent his name to it always denied the associated belief. ... Kitbuqa Noyen was the Christian lieutenant and confidant of Hulagu Khan, assisting him in his conquests in Persia and the Middle East. ...

"Kitbuqa, who had been left by Hulagu in Syria and Palestine with 10,000 Tartars, held the Land in peace and in state of rest. And he greatly loved and honoured the Christians (...) Kitbuqa worked at recovering the Holy Land"

—Monk Hayton, "Flor des Estoires de l'Orient", circa 1300.^[4]

Qutuz allied with a fellow Mamluk, Baibars, who wanted to defend Islam after the Mongols captured Damascus and most of Sham. The Mongols attempted to ally with the remnant of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, now centred on Acre, but Pope Alexander IV forbade this. And Julian of Sidon killed a grandson of Kitbuqa with his crusader knights. Angered, Kitbuqa sacked Sidon. While the Christians remained neutral, they believed it was only a matter of time until the Mongols destroyed them also, and so while technically neutral, they agreed that the Egyptian army could cross their territories without incident, or reporting such movement to the Mongols. Believing that waiting for Hulagu Khan to return with his full army would be foolhardy, Qutuz decided to march north and confront Kitbuqa's army. He believed destroying this force would not only protect the remaining Holy Places (Jerusalem, Mecca, and Medina), but also strike a terrific blow against the heretofore invincible Mongols, and rally wavering support to his side. He accomplished all three aims, and more. The Mongols at that time were proceeding down the trade trails, and probably were unaware that the Egyptian forces had marched north to confront them. Hayton may mean: An Armenian king A parish in England A settlement in England This is a disambiguation page, a list of pages that otherwise might share the same title. ... al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baibars al-Bunduqdari (also spelled Baybars) (Arabic: ) was a Mamluk Sultan of Egypt and Syria. ... For other uses, see Damascus (disambiguation). ... The traditional Arabic term Sham (Arabic: بلاد الشام , also transliterated bilad-ush-sham etc. ... The Crusader states, c. ... The kingdom of Jerusalem and the other Crusader states (in shades of green) in the context of the Near East in 1135. ... The Old City of Akko in the 19th or early 20th century, looking south-west from atop the Land Wall Promenade, the open space now a parking lot. ... Alexander IV, né Rinaldo Conti (Anagni, ca. ... View of the new city the Sea Castle. ... Kitbuqa Noyen was the Christian lieutenant and confidant of Hulagu Khan, assisting him in his conquests in Persia and the Middle East. ... For other uses, see Jerusalem (disambiguation). ... This article is about the city in Saudi Arabia. ... This article is about the city in Saudi Arabia. ...

The battle

Both Mamluk and Mongol armies encamped in the Holy Land in July 1260. They finally met at Ain Jalut on September 3, with both sides numbering about 20,000 men. The Mamluks drew out the Mongol cavalry wit, but were almost overwhelmed by the savage Mongol attack. Qutuz rallied his troops for a successful counterattack, along with cavalry reserves hidden in the nearby valleys. The magnificent Cathedral of Chartres was dedicated in 1260. ... is the 246th day of the year (247th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

It is important to note that these particular Mamluks had essentially been created to meet the Mongol crisis. The bulk of them were Turkic or Circassian tribesmen sold in Constantinople to the Sultan of Egypt and trained on Mameluke Island in the Nile. They were not only great horsemen themselves, but were familiar with steppe warfare and with Mongol tactics and weapons. After a time, Egypt basically became a country existing to support a military force. This was vital in defending the Holy Land, and doing what no one else had previously done, decisively defeating the Mongols, who never were able to avenge this defeat. Many historians argue that this battle, and the subsequent Japanese defeats of the invading Mongols, marked the beginning of the end of the Mongol Empire, though parts of it would last another 250 years. Ain Jalut and the defeats near Iki Island by the Japanese marked the end of the aura of Mongol invincibility. This article is about the various peoples speaking one of the Turkic languages. ... Circassian language is used in a number of ways: as a synonym for the Adyghe language; as a synonym for the Kabardian language; as a term for a distinct language that includes both Adyghe and Kabardian. ... This article is about the city before the Fall of Constantinople (1453). ... The Nile (Arabic: , transliteration: , Ancient Egyptian iteru, Coptic piaro or phiaro) is a major north-flowing river in Africa, generally regarded as the longest river in the world. ... The Samurai Suenaga facing Mongol arrows and bombs. ... Iki Island (壱岐島) an island lying between the island of Kyushu and Tsushima in the Tsushima Strait. ...

The Battle of Ain Jalut is notable for being the earliest known battle where explosive cannons (midfa in Arabic) were used. These explosive cannons were employed by the Mamluk Egyptians in order to frighten the Mongol horses and cavalry and cause disorder in their ranks. The explosive gunpowder compositions of these cannons were later described in Arabic military manuals from the 14th century.^[5] This article is concerned solely with chemical explosives. ... For other uses, see Cannon (disambiguation). ... Arabic redirects here. ... Binomial name Equus caballus Linnaeus, 1758 The horse (Equus caballus, sometimes seen as a subspecies of the Wild Horse, Equus ferus caballus) is a large odd-toed ungulate mammal, one of ten modern species of the genus Equus. ... Not to be confused with Golgotha, which was called Calvary. ... A significant number of inventions were produced in the Muslim world, many of them with direct implications for Fiqh related issues. ...

Aftermath

On the way back to Cairo after the victory at Ain Jalut, Baibars killed Qutuz to avenge the murder of his friend Aktai, and became sultan himself. His successors would go on to capture the last of the Crusader states in Palestine by 1291. The Mongols were again beaten at the First Battle of Homs less than a year later, and completely expelled from Syria. al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baibars al-Bunduqdari (also spelled Baybars) (Arabic: ) was a Mamluk Sultan of Egypt and Syria. ... The Crusader states, c. ... For broader historical context, see 1290s and 13th century. ... Combatants Ilkhanate Mamluks of Egypt Strength 6,000 Purportedly around 1,500 For other battles in the same area but in different years, see Battle of Homs. ...

Internecine conflict prevented Hulagu Khan from being able to bring his full power against the Mamluks to avenge the pivotal defeat at Ain Jalut. Berke Khan, the Khan of the Kipchak Khanate in Russia, had converted to Islam, and watched with horror as his cousin destroyed the Abbasid Caliph, the spiritual head of Islam, in Berke's view. Muslim historian Rashid al-Din quoted Berke as sending the following message to Mongke Khan, protesting the attack on Baghdad, (not knowing Mongke had died in China) "he has sacked all the cities of the Muslims, and has brought about the death of the Caliph. With the help of God I will call him to account for so much innocent blood." ^[6]. The Mamluks, learning through spies that Berke was both a Muslim and not fond of his cousin, were careful to nourish their ties to him and his Khanate. Berke was the ruler of the Golden Horde from 1257 to 1266, in the aftermath of the reign of his brother Batu Khan. ... The Golden Horde (also known as Kipchak or Qipchaq Khanate) was a Tatar state established in present day Russia by unification of Blue Horde and White Horde around 1378. ... Abbasid provinces during the caliphate of Harun al-Rashid Abbasid (Arabic: العبّاسيّون Abbāsīyūn) was the dynastic name generally given to the caliphs of Baghdad, the second of the two great Sunni dynasties of the Islamic empire, that overthrew the Umayyad caliphs. ... Rashid al-Din Tabib also Rashid ad-Din Fadhlullah Hamadani (1247 - 1318), was a Persian physician, writer and historian, who wrote an enormous Islamic history volume, the Jami al-Tawarikh, in the Persian language. ...

Most of the Mamluks were of Circassian or Turkic descent, and Berke's Khanate was almost totally Turkic also. (Jochi, Genghis Khan's oldest son, was of disputed parentage, and only received 4,000 Mongol warriors to start his Khanate. His army of nearly 300,000 were virtually all Turkic warriors who had submitted to the Mongols; thus, the Khanate was Turkic in culture, and had more in common with their fellow Muslim Turkic Mamluks than with the Mongol shamanist (and pro-Christian) Hulagu and his horde.) The main importance of the Mamluk alliance with the Golden Horde was the flow of young Turkic slaves to maintain the Mamluk institution, and during the era of Hulagu Khan, Berke's willingness to draw his cousin north and keep him from ever being able to bring his full power to bear on the Mamluks. Jochi (also spelled Jöchi) (c. ... This article is about the various peoples speaking one of the Turkic languages. ... This article is about the practice of shamanism; for other uses, see Shaman (disambiguation). ... The Golden Horde (Mongolian: Altan Ordyn Uls; Turkish: ; Tatar: ; Russian: ) is a Russian designation for the Mongol[1][2][3][4] — later Turkicized[3] — khanate established in the western part of the Mongol Empire upon its breakup in the 1240s: present-day Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and the Caucasus. ...

After the Mongol succession was finally settled, with Kublai as the last Great Khan, Hulagu returned to his lands by 1262, and massed his armies to attack the Mamluks and avenge Ain Jalut. However, Berke Khan initiated a series of raids in force which lured Hulagu north away from the Holy Land to meet him. Hulagu suffered severe defeat in an attempted invasion north of the Caucasus in 1263. This was the first open war between Mongols, and signaled the end of the unified empire. Events Strasbourg becomes a Free City of the Holy Roman Empire First Visconti become the lord of Iceland swear fealty to the king of Norway, bringing an end to the Icelandic Commonwealth Births Ladislaus IV of Hungary Deaths Monarchs/Presidents Aragon - James I King of Aragon and count of Barcelona... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Caucasus Mountains. ... Events Detmold, Germany was founded. ...

Hulagu was only able to send a small army of two tumens in his only attempt to attack the Mamluks after Ain Jalut, and it was repulsed. Hulagu Khan died in 1265 and was buried on Kaboudi Island in Lake Urmia. His funeral was the only Ilkhanid funeral to feature human sacrifice. He was succeeded by his son Abaqa, thus establishing his line. Lake Urmia (Persian: دریاچه ارومیه) is a salt lake in northwestern Iran between the provinces of East Azarbaijan and West Azarbaijan, west of the southern portion of the similarly shaped Caspian Sea. ... Khanates of Mongolian Empire: Il-Khanate, Chagatai Khanate, Empire of the Great Khan (Yuan Dynasty), Golden Horde The Ilkhanate (also spelled Il-khanate or Il Khanate) was one of the four divisions within the Mongol Empire. ... Abaqa Khan reigned from 1265-1282, the son of Hulegu and Oroqina Khatun, a Mongol Christian, was the second Il_Khan emperor in Persia. ...

After Hulagu later Khans would attempt again to conquer the Muslim lands, and many battles were fought. In 1303 the Mamluks fought the Mongols for a final time and defeated them at the Battle of Shaqhab. The Mamluk Sultanate would rule the Middle East for 250 years until Selim the Grim and the Ottoman Empire put an end to their independence. Berke Khan and his descendants would rule Russia for another 220 years until the Grand Duke of Moscow finally broke their hold at the Great Standing on the Ugra River in 1480. The shortest-lived of the dynasties was that of Hulagu Khan; his line ruled parts of Southwest Asia for only 91 years. The Il-Khanate established by him was overthrown in 1353. Combatants Mamluks Mongols Commanders Emir Salar, Emir Baibars al-Jashnakir, Sultan of Egypt Qutlugh-Shah Strength Unknown (Reasonably Large) 80,000 Casualties Unknown (Minimal) Unknown (Heavy) The Battle of Shaqhab, also called Marj al-Suffar in some texts, took place on April 20 through April 22, 1303 between the Mamluks... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ... Selim I (Ottoman: سليم الأول, Turkish:) (also known as the Grim or the Brave, Yavuz in Turkish, the long name is Yavuz Sultan Selim)(October 10, 1465 – September 22, 1520) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1512 to 1520. ... Ottoman redirects here. ... For other uses, see Moscow (disambiguation). ... Miniature in russian chronicle, XVI century The Great standing on the Ugra river (Великое cтояние на реке Угре in Russian, also Угорщина (Ugorschina in... Events March 6 - Treaty of Toledo - Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain recognize African conquests of Afonso of Portugal and he cedes the Canary Islands to Spain Great standing on the Ugra river - Muscovy becomes independent from the Golden Horde. ...  Southwest Asia in most contexts. ... Events The Decameron was finished by Giovanni Boccaccio. ...

Notes

Ahmad Y. al Hassan (born 1925) Chevalier of the Legion d’Honneur: Historian of Islamic and Arabic science and technology. ...

References

• Amitai-Preiss, Reuven. (1998). The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52290-0
• Grousset, René (1991), Histoire des Croisades, III, Editions Perrin, ISBN 226202569X
• Morgan, David (1990) The Mongols. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-17563-6
• Nicolle, David, (1998). The Mongol Warlords Brockhampton Press.
• Reagan, Geoffry, (1992). The Guinness Book of Decisive Battles . Canopy Books, NY.
• Saunders, J. J. (1971). The History of the Mongol Conquests, Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. ISBN 0-8122-1766-7
• Sicker, Martin (2000). The Islamic World in Ascendancy: From the Arab Conquests to the Siege of Vienna, Praeger Publishers.
• Soucek, Svatopluk (2000). A History of Inner Asia. Cambridge University Press.

External links

• The Lion of Ain Jaloot---Google Video
• History Decided At The 'Spring Of Goliath': The Battle Of Ain Jalut
• Leaders and Battles database: Ain Jalut, the Mongol Wars
• Tschanz, David W.. "History's Hinge: 'Ain Jalut", Saudi Aramco World, July/August 2007. Retrieved on 2007-09-24.