Battle of Ţuţora (also known as Battle of Cecora) was a battle between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (assisted by Moldavian troops) and Ottoman forces (backed by Tatars), fought from September 17 to October 7, 1620 in Moldavia, near the Prut river. September 17 is the 260th day of the year (261st in leap years). ... October 7 is the 280th day of the year (281st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events September 6 - English emigrants on the Mayflower depart from Plymouth, England for the future New England and arrive at the end of the year. ... Å¢uÅ£ora is a commune in IaÅŸi County, Romania. ... Length 953  km Elevation of the source -  m Average discharge -  m³/s Area watershed 27,500  km² Origin  Ukraine Mouth  Danube Basin countries Ukraine, Romania, Moldova The Prut, or Pruth river (Ukrainian: Прут) is 953 km long, originating in the Carpathian Mountains in Ukraine and flowing southeast to join the Danube... Moldavia (Moldova in Romanian) was a Romanian principality, originally created in the Middle Ages, now divided between Romania, Moldovan Republic and Ukraine. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... now. ... Noble Family Żółkiewski Coat of Arms Lubicz Parents  ? Consorts  ? Children  ? Date of Birth 1547 Place of Birth Turynka near Lwów Date of Death October 7, 1620 Place of Death near Mohylowo, Podole StanisÅ‚aw Żółkiewski, (1547 – 7 October 1620) was a Polish noble (szlachcic) of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Moldavia (Moldova in Romanian) was a Romanian principality, originally created in the Middle Ages, now divided between Romania, Moldovan Republic and Ukraine. ... now. ... Historically, the term Tatar (or Tartar) has been ambiguously used by Europeans to refer to many different peoples of Inner Asia and Northern Asia. ... September 17 is the 260th day of the year (261st in leap years). ... October 7 is the 280th day of the year (281st in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events September 6 - English emigrants on the Mayflower depart from Plymouth, England for the future New England and arrive at the end of the year. ... Length 953  km Elevation of the source -  m Average discharge -  m³/s Area watershed 27,500  km² Origin  Ukraine Mouth  Danube Basin countries Ukraine, Romania, Moldova The Prut, or Pruth river (Ukrainian: Прут) is 953 km long, originating in the Carpathian Mountains in Ukraine and flowing southeast to join the Danube...

Prelude to battle

Because of the failure of Commonwealth diplomatic mission to Istanbul, and violations of the Treaty of Busza by both sides (as Cossacks and Tatars continued their raids across the borders), relations between the Ottomans and the Commonwealth plummeted in early 1620. Both sides began preparing for war, with neither being ready at the moment. The Ottomans planned for a war in 1621, while the Commonwealth Sejm denied most funds the hetmans had asked for. The Senate's secret council finally decided, convinced by the Habsburg's representative, to send the Commonwealth forces in 1620 - even though many members of the Sejm thought that Polish forces were neither sufficient nor fully prepared. Hetman Stanisław Żólkiewski, who was by then over 70 years old (as Commonwealth policy didn't allow for a possibility of forced retirement from government offices such as that of hetman), foreseeing the coming confrontation with Ottoman Empire, decided to meet Turkish troops on foreign soil, Moldavia being the obvious choice¹. Seal on the building of German Embassies. ... Istanbul (Turkish: , Greek: , see other names) is Turkeys most populous city, and its cultural, and economic centre. ... This article needs cleanup. ... Please wikify (format) this article or section as suggested in the Guide to layout and the Manual of Style. ... Events February 9 - Gregory XV is elected pope. ... This article is about the lower chamber of Polish parliament. ... Hetman`s coat of arms Hetman StanisÅ‚aw Koniecpolski of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Hetman was the title of the second highest military commander (after the monarch) used in 15th to 18th century Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, known from 1569 to 1795 as the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. ... The Polish Senate The Senate (Senat) is the upper house of the Polish parliament. ... Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy; also used as the flag of the Austrian Empire until the Ausgleich of 1867. ... The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations. ...

Hetmans Zółkiewski and Koniecpolski led the army to Ţuţora (Cecora in Polish sources), a commune in Iaşi county, Romania) to fight the Horde of Khan Temir (Kantymir). The army numbered over 10,000 (2,000 infantry and almost no Cossaks cavalry) with many regiments being made up of the private forces of magnates Koreckis, Zasławskis, Kazanowskis, Kalinowskis and Potockis. The army entered Moldavia in September. The Moldavian ruler, hospodar Gaspar Graziani, nominally vassal of the Ottoman Empire, decided to support the Commonwealth against the Ottomans. Graziani killed janissaries in Iaşi, imprisoned envoys of Sultan Osman II (who had requested his deposal and escorting to Istanbul) and had wanted to flee, but, forced by Żółkiewski, joined his troops to the Polish camp. However, many of the Moldavian boyars dispersed in order to defend their own estates against pillaging by undisciplined Commonwealth magnates' troops, and others decided to wait for an outcome and join the winning side. In consequence, only a few hundred (600-1000) Moldavian supporters appeared in the Commonwealth camp. Żółkiewski ordered the army to proceed to the fortified camp (standing from previous wars) at Cecora. Hetman`s coat of arms Hetman StanisÅ‚aw Koniecpolski of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Hetman was the title of the second highest military commander (after the monarch) used in 15th to 18th century Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, known from 1569 to 1795 as the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. ... Noble Family Żółkiewski Coat of Arms Lubicz Parents  ? Consorts  ? Children  ? Date of Birth 1547 Place of Birth Turynka near Lwów Date of Death October 7, 1620 Place of Death near Mohylowo, Podole StanisÅ‚aw Żółkiewski, (1547 – 7 October 1620) was a Polish noble (szlachcic) of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth... . Noble Family Koniecpolski Coat of Arms Pobóg Parents Aleksander Koniecpolski Anna Sroczycka Consorts Katarzyna Żółkiewska (1615) Krystyna Lubomirska (1619) Zofia Opalińska (1656) Children Aleksander Koniecpolski Date of Birth 1590/1594 Place of Birth Koniecpol Date of Death March 11, 1646 Place of Death Brody Stanis... Å¢uÅ£ora is a commune in IaÅŸi County, Romania. ... A commune (comună in Romanian) is, along with the municipality, the lowest level of administrative subdivision in Romania. ... Administrative map of Romania with IaÅŸi county highlighted IaÅŸi is a Romanian county (judeÅ£) in the Moldavia region, with the capital city at IaÅŸi. ... Look up Horde on Wiktionary, the free dictionary Horde is a term derived from a Turkic word - ordu. ... For a wealthy or powerful business baron, executive, or tycoon, see business magnate Magnate is a title of nobility commonly used in Sweden, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and some other medieval empires. ... Potocki family coat of arms: Pilawa. ... Gaspar Graziani Gaspar (or GaÅŸpar) Graziani (also credited as Grazziani, Gratiani and GraÅ£iani; Kasper Gratiani in Polish; between 1575 and 1580 - 1620) was Voivode (Prince) of Moldavia between February 4OS/February 14 NS 1619 and September 19 OS/September 29 NS 1620 (see Old Style and New Style... Chamberlain of Sultan Murad IV with janissaries The Janissaries (or janizaries; in Turkish: Yeniçeri (yeni çeri, meaning new soldier); in Greek: Γενίτσαροι; in Bulgarian: яничари; in Croatian and Bosnian: Janjičari; in Slovenian: Janjičarji; in Hungarian: Janicsárok; in Serbian :Јањичари; in Romanian: ieniceri; in Arabic: الانكشارية) comprised infantry units that formed... County IaÅŸi County Status Municipality Mayor Gheorghe Nichita, Social Democratic Party, since 2003 Area 93. ... The Ottoman Dynasty (or the Imperial House of Osman) ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1281 to 1923, beginning with Osman I (not counting his father, ErtuÄŸrul), though the dynasty was not proclaimed until 1383 when Murad I declared himself sultan. ... Osman II (also known as Genç Osman – meaning Young Osman – in Turkish) (in Arabic عثمان الثاني) (November 3, 1604 – May 20, 1622) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1618 until his death on 20 May 1622. ... A boyar (also spelt bojar; Romanian: boier) was a member of the highest rank of the feudal Ruthenian (Russian) and Romanian aristocracy, second only to the ruling princes, from the 10th through the 17th century. ... An Estate comprises the houses and outbuildings and supporting farmland and woods that surround the gardens and grounds of a very large property, such as a country house or mansion. ...

The battle

On the 10 September, near Ţuţora, the Commonwealth army encountered the Tatar and Ottoman forces (13,000-22,000), which had been sent by the Ottoman sultan to help Gabriel Bethlen in his struggle against the Habsburgs. The Tatar force took Commonwealth defenders by surprise, taking many prisoners. During the first day of fight (the 18th), most of the Moldavians decided to switch sides, and quickly attacked the Polish flank. Mercenaries, private troops and their magnate leaders, were lacking in discipline and morale. Stanisław Koniecpolski commanded the right flank of the Commonwealth forces during the ensuing battle. On 19 September, it had become clear that Polish forces were defeated, although still managing to hold their positions; Koniecpolski prevented the army from desintegrating on 20/21 September. On 29 September, Commonwealth forces had broken through Ottoman ranks with tabor wagon trains and started their retreat. However, after Graziani bribed some magnates, units of private troops begun to flee and some mercenary cavalry panicked and run away. This was a prelude on things to come. Consecutive attacks during the retreat (such as the violent one on 3 October) were repelled, only for troops to start desintegrating as soon as soldiers caught sight of the Dniester and the Polish border. September 10 is the 253rd day of the year (254th in leap years). ... Historically, the term Tatar (or Tartar) has been ambiguously used by Europeans to refer to many different peoples of Inner Asia and Northern Asia. ... Gabriel Bethlen, Prince of Transylvania (1580-1629) Gabriel (Gabor) Bethlen (Hungarian: Bethlen Gábor, Slovak: Gabriel Betlen) (1580-1629), prince of Transylvania (1613-1629) and leader of a anti-Habsburg insurrection in the Habsburg Royal Hungary on the territory of present-day Slovakia. ... September 19 is the 262nd day of the year (263rd in leap years). ... September 29 is the 272nd day of the year (273rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... This is an article on the military formation called tabor. ... The Dniester (Polish Dniestr, Ukrainian Дністер (Dnister), Romanian Nistru, Russian Днестр (Dnestr), Yiddish‫נעסטער ‬ (nester), Serbian (Dnjester) and during antiquity was called Tyras in Latin) is a river in Eastern Europe. ...

During another large assault on the 6 October, most of the magnates and nobles started to flee north, leaving infantry and camp. Thus, they sealed the fate of the whole expedition: most of the Polish troops got killed or were captured. In the ensuing battle, Żólkiewski was killed and Koniecpolski and many others (Samuel Korecki, Mikolaj Struś, Mikołaj Potocki, Jan Żółkiewski, Łukasz Żołkiewski), Stanisław "Rewera" Potocki and Bohdan Khmelnytsky were taken captive. Żółkiewski's head was mounted on a pike and sent to the sultan; duke Korecki, having often meddled in Moldavian territories, was soon murdered in the Istanbul prison. October 6 is the 279th day of the year (280th in leap years). ... Samuel Korecki (est. ... Noble Family Potocki Coat of Arms Piława Parents Jakub Potocki Jadwiga Prusinowska Consorts Zofia Firlej Elżbieta Kazanowska Children with Zofia Firlej Piotr Potocki Stefan Potocki Mikołaj Potocki Marianna Potocka Wiktoria Potocka Henryk Potocki with Elżbieta Kazanowska Jakub Potocki Joanna Potocka Dominik Potocki... Noble Family Potocki Coat of Arms Piława Parents Andrzej Potocki Zofia Piasecka Consorts Zofia Kalinowska Anna Mohyła Children with Zofia Kalinowska Andrzej Potocki Feliks Kazimierz Potocki Wiktoria Elżbieta Potocka Anna Potocka Prokop Potocki Date of Birth Abt. ... Bohdan Zynovii Mykhailovych Khmelnytskyi (Богдан Зиновій Михайлович Хмельницький in Ukrainian, commonly transliterated as Khmelnytsky; known in Polish as Bogdan Zenobi Chmielnicki; in Russian as Bohdan Khmelnitsky) ( 1595 – August 6, 1657) was a Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth noble of Polish or Ruthenian origin, leader of the Zaporozhian Cossack Hetmanate, hetman of Ukraine, noted for...

In the face of such an important victory, advised by grand vizier Ali Pasha and Gabriel Bethlen, Osman II decided that he could crash Gavurs and extend his rule to the Baltic Sea (or at least conquer the whole of Ukraine from Poland). The Sultan soon nominated Alexandru Iliaş as ruler of Moldavia, Graziani having been killed during his flight on 29 September. A Vizier (وزير, sometimes also spelled Wazir) is an Arabic term for a high-ranking religious and political advisor, often to a king or sultan. ... Engraving of Ali Pasha Ali Pashë Tepelena, commonly known as Ali Pasha, (1741 – January 24, 1822) was the military ruler (pasha) of a large area of the Ottoman Empires European territories. ... Map of the Baltic Sea. ... September 29 is the 272nd day of the year (273rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Notes

1. There are several accounts that Żółkiewski was sent to relieve the Habsburgs from the very beginning. Iskander Pasha, during his talks with Żółkiewski at Ţuţora, confirmed that was sent to support Bethlen, not to fight the Commonwealth.

See also

• Magnate wars in Moldavia