The naval Battle of Diu was a critical sea battle that took place on 3 February 1509 near Diu, India, between Portugal and a joint fleet of Mamlûk Burji Sultanate of Egypt, Ottoman Empire, Calicut and the Sultan of Gujarat, with technical maritime assistance from the Republic of Venice and the Republic of Ragusa (Dubrovnik) ^[1]. February 3 is the 34th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1509 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Diu may mean: An island off the south west coast of Gujarat in India. ... Manuel I of Portugal (pron. ... Mahmud Begada (May 25, 1458 – 1511) also known as Sultan Mahmud I was the great-grandson of Ahmed Shah, the founder of the Muslim Ahmadshahi Kingdom, and of the City of Ahmedabad in the state of Gujarat, India. ... The Burji dynasty ruled Egypt from 1382 until 1517. ... Sultan Beyazid II Beyazid II (1447/48 – May 26, 1512) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1481 to 1512. ... Zamorin (also Samoothiri) is a title of the kings of Kozhikode (Calicut), India. ... The Most Serene Republic of Venice (Venetian: Serenìsima Repùblica Vèneta; Italian: ) was a Venetian city-state in Northeastern Italy, based around the city of Venice. ... Ragusan Republic, before 1808 Official languages Latin Established church Roman Catholic Church Capital and largest city Ragusa Head of state Knez (duke) Area less than 1,500 km² Population less than 200,000 Existed 14th century - 1808 The Republic of Ragusa, also known as the Republic of Dubrovnik, was a... Francisco de Almeida (Lisbon, c. ... February 3 is the 34th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1509 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Diu may mean: An island off the south west coast of Gujarat in India. ... The Burji dynasty ruled Egypt from 1382 until 1517. ... Imperial motto (Ottoman Turkish) دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power (1683) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital Söğüt (1299-1326), Bursa (1326-1365), Edirne (1365-1453), Ä°stanbul (1453-1922) Imperial anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Sovereigns Padishah of the Osmanl... Kozhikode in Malayalam കോഴിക്കോട്, also known as Calicut, is the third largest city (pop. ... Mahmud Begada (May 25, 1458 – 1511) also known as Sultan Mahmud I was the great-grandson of Ahmed Shah, the founder of the Muslim Ahmadshahi Kingdom, and of the City of Ahmedabad in the state of Gujarat, India. ... Ragusan Republic, before 1808 Official languages Latin Established church Roman Catholic Church Capital and largest city Ragusa Head of state Knez (duke) Area less than 1,500 km² Population less than 200,000 Existed 14th century - 1808 The Republic of Ragusa, also known as the Republic of Dubrovnik, was a...

Importance

This battle is critical from a strategic perspective since it marks the beginning of the dominance of the Europeans in the Asian naval theatre, and a defeat for the then dominant power - the Ottoman Empire. It also marks the spillover of the Christian-Islamic power struggle in Europe and the Middle East, into the Indian Ocean which was a dominant arena of international trade at that time. Imperial motto (Ottoman Turkish) دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power (1683) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital Söğüt (1299-1326), Bursa (1326-1365), Edirne (1365-1453), İstanbul (1453-1922) Imperial anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Sovereigns Padishah of the Osmanl... A Christian is a follower of Jesus Christ. ... Islam (Arabic: ; ( ▶ (help· info)), the submission to God) is a monotheistic faith, one of the Abrahamic religions and the worlds second-largest religion. ... Europe is conventionally considered one of the seven continents of Earth which, in this case, is more a cultural and political distinction than a physiographic one, leading to some dispute as to Europes actual borders. ... A map showing countries commonly considered to be part of the Middle East The Middle East is a region comprising the lands around the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, a territory that extends from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. ...

The battle parallels Lepanto (1571), Abu Qir (1798), Trafalgar (1805) and Tsushima (1905) in terms of its impact, though not in scale. Had the Turks won India would've become a Muslim dominion, and by extension an arm of the expanding Ottoman Empire in the East. Naupactus is also a scientific name, see Naupactus (beetle) Nafpaktos, Latin: Naupactus or Naupactos (Italian, Lepanto; modern Greek, Ναύπακτος, rarely Epakto), is a town in the nomarchy of Acarnania and Aetolia, Greece, situated on a bay on the north side of the straits of Lepanto. ... Abū Qīr (Arabic أبو قير) (also Abukir or Aboukir) was a village on the Egypt, twenty-three kilometers (fourteen and one-half miles) northeast of Alexandria by rail, containing a castle used as a state prison by Muhammad Ali of Egypt. ... Combatants United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland First French Empire, Spain Commanders The Viscount Nelson † Pierre Charles Silvestre de Villeneuve Strength 27 ships of the line, 4 frigates, 2 others France: 18 ships of the line, 8 others Spain: 15 ships of the line Casualties 449 killed; 1,214... Combatants Japan Russia Commanders Heihachiro Togo Zinovi Rozhdestvenski Nikolai Nebogatov Strength 4 battleships, 27 cruisers, in addition to destroyers and auxiliary vessels 8 battleships, 3 coastal battleships, 8 cruisers Casualties 117 dead, 583 injured, 3 torpedo boats sunk 4380 dead, 5917 injured 21 ships sunk, 7 captured, 6 disarmed {{{notes...

The Portuguese followed this battle by rapidly capturing key ports/coastal areas around the Indian Ocean like Mombasa, Socotora, Muscat, Ormuz, Goa, Ceylon and Malacca. This allowed them to circumvent the traditional land/sea spice route controlled by the Arabs and the Venetians, and by routing the trade down the Cape of Good Hope, they also simultaneously crippled the Mamlûk Burji Sultanate of Egypt, the Ottoman Empire, Venetian Republic and the Sultanate of Gujarat (which was at its peak then). The Portuguese sea monopoly lasted until the advent of the British East India Company and the Battle of Swally in 1612. Image File history File links Diu_Map. ... Mombasa is the second largest city in Kenya. ... Fort Jalali, Muscat Classification City Sultan Qaboos bin Said al Said Area 3,500 km² [1] Population  - Total (2005)  - Density  - Oman calculated rank 646,024 [2] 184. ... This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. ... For other uses, see Goa (disambiguation). ... State motto: Bersatu Teguh (Malay, United We Stand) Capital Malacca Town (Malay: Bandar Melaka) Governor Tun Datuk Seri Utama Mohd. ... The Arabs (Arabic: عرب ) are a large and heterogeneous ethnic group found throughout the Middle East and North Africa, originating in the Arabian Peninsula of southwest Asia. ... The Most Serene Republic of Venice (Venetian: Serenìsima Repùblica Vèneta; Italian: ) was a Venetian city-state in Northeastern Italy, based around the city of Venice. ... The Cape of Good Hope; looking towards the west, from the coastal cliffs above Cape Point. ... The Most Serene Republic of Venice (Venetian: Serenìsima Repùblica Vèneta; Italian: ) was a Venetian city-state in Northeastern Italy, based around the city of Venice. ... The British East India Company, sometimes referred to as John Company, was a joint-stock company which was granted an English Royal Charter by Elizabeth I on December 31, 1600, with the intent to favour trade privileges in India. ... The naval Battle of Swally took place on 29-30 November 1612 off the coast of Suvali (anglicised to Swally), a village near the city of Surat, Gujarat, India, and was a victory for four British East India Company ships over four Portuguese galleons and 26 barks (rowing vessels with... Events January 20 - Mathias becomes Holy Roman Emperor. ...

For the Venetians, the loss at this battle combined with the League of Cambrai that was formed against them in 1508 meant a period of turmoil, and a fall from the prestigious position they held at that time. The League of Cambrai was a league against Venice formed on December 10, 1508 under the leadership of Pope Julius II. It included, besides the Pope, Louis XII of France, Emperor Maximilian I, and Ferdinand of Aragon. ... 1508 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

The Samoothiri Raja, though a Hindu was incensed at the Portuguese because of their conduct since Vasco da Gama had landed in his kingdom in 1498, and hence had joined forces with the Sultan of Gujarat. Zamorin (also Samoothiri) is a title of the kings of Kozhikode (Calicut), India. ... A Hindu, as pre modern definition is an adherent of philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, the predominant religious, philosophical and cultural system of the Indian subcontinent and the island of Bali. ... Vasco da Gama Vasco da Gama Vasco da Gama (IPA: ; born c. ... 1498 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Sultan Of Gujarat

The Egyptian fleet, manned mostly by Turks, was sent by the Mamlûk Burji Sultan of Cairo, Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghauri, in 1507 to support, at his invitation, the then Muslim Sultan of Gujarat, Mahmud Begada who had his capital at Champaner, a town about 48km from the major city of Vadodara. The Burji dynasty ruled Egypt from 1382 until 1517. ... 1507 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... A Muslim (Arabic: مسلم) is an adherent of Islam. ... Mahmud Begada (May 25, 1458 – 1511) also known as Sultan Mahmud I was the great-grandson of Ahmed Shah, the founder of the Muslim Ahmadshahi Kingdom, and of the City of Ahmedabad in the state of Gujarat, India. ... Vadodara, also known as Baroda, is the third-most populated town in Gujarat after Ahmedabad and Surat, and is one of four towns in the state with a population of over 1 million, the other being Rajkot. ...

The Sultan, sensing a political vacumn in Western India, had persuaded the Turks and the Egyptians that the opportunity was right for a Muslim-dominated dominion in that part of India.

Principal Characters

The following were the important participants in this battle:

• Dom Francisco de Almeida, first Portuguese viceroy in India
• Mir Hussein Pasha, Turkish Commander of the Egyptian-Gujarat squadron
• Malik Aiyaz, Governor of Diu for the Sultan of Gujarat

Francisco de Almeida (Lisbon, c. ...

Precursor to the battle

Diu was a critical outpost in the overall spice trade from India. The Mamlûks along with the Venetians controlled the flow of spice from India to Europe in a symbiotic relationship. The Portuguese attempt to establish trade with India was to break this stronghold. The King of Portugal, Manuel I fresh from Vasco da Gama's exploits, sent out his first Viceroy, Dom Francisco de Almeida in 1505 with 21 ships to strengthen the fledgling Portuguese empire in East Africa and India. Manuel I of Portugal (pron. ... Vasco da Gama Vasco da Gama Vasco da Gama (IPA: ; born c. ... Francisco de Almeida (Lisbon, c. ... 1505 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

Since Portuguese naval patrols regularly interdicted supplies of Malabar timber for the Mamlûk Red Sea fleet, the Ottoman Sultan, Beyazid II therefore supplied Egypt with Mediterranean-type war galleys manned by Greek sailors. These vessels, which Venetian shipwrights helped disassemble in Alexandria and reassemble on the Red Sea coast, however, had to brave the Indian Ocean. The galley warriors could mount light guns fore and aft, but not along the gunwales because these cannon would interfere with the rowers. The native ships dhows, with their sewn wood planks, could carry no heavy guns at all. Hence, most of the coalition's artillery was archers, whom the Portuguese could easily outshoot. Sultan Beyazid II Beyazid II (1447/48 – May 26, 1512) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1481 to 1512. ... This article needs to be updated. ... Location of the Red Sea Image:Red Seaimage. ...

The new Mamlûk fleet set out for India in 1507, first fortifying Jeddah against a possible Portuguese attack. It then passed through Aden at the tip of the Red Sea, where it received support from the Tahirid sultan, and then, in 1508, crossed the Indian Ocean to the port of Diu. 1507 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Port of Aden (around 1910). ... Location of the Red Sea Image:Red Seaimage. ... 1508 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

In addition to enforcing Portuguese rule, the battle was undertaken to also avenge the defeat at the battle of Chaul in March 1508, where Dom Lourenço, son of the viceroy was killed. The Viceroy was so enraged at this death that he said "He who ate the chick has also to eat the rooster, or pay for it". Chaul is a former city of Portuguese India, now in ruins. ... 1508 was a leap year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

At that battle the recently arrived Egyptian fleet, along with the fleet from Gujarat, had surprised a smaller Portuguese fleet over three days of combat.

The Viceroy was forced to undertake this battle to avenge his son's death, because on 6 December 1508 his replacement, the next Viceroy, Alfonso d'Albuquerque, arrived with orders from the king of Portugal. Afonso de Albuquerque Afonso de Albuquerque, Afonso dAlbuquerque or Alfonso de Albuquerque (1453 - December 16, 1515) was a noted Portuguese naval general whose activities helped establish the Portuguese colonial empire in India. ...

Battle plan

The Portuguese had 18 ships commanded by the viceroy, with about 1,500 Portuguese soldiers and 400 natives from Cochin. The Allied side had 100 ships, but only 12 were major vessels; the rest were small shallow-draught craft.

After detecting the Portuguese, who approached from Cochin to the south, and fearing their technical superiority, the Egyptians decided to take advantage of the port of Diu and its fort, which had its own artillery. It was therefore decided to stay anchored at this port and await an attack from the Portuguese. This may also have been due to the training of the Egyptians/Turks, who were used to the more sheltered bays in the Mediterranean. There they also relied upon land-based artillery reinforcements to defeat the enemy. Daman and Diu (Portuguese: Gujarati is the main language; use of Portuguese is declining because it is not official or taught at school (but still spoken by 10% in Daman). ...

The Portuguese started the battle with a massive naval bombardment, followed by hand-to-hand combat in the harbour of Diu.

Portuguese Ships

• Five large naus: Flor do Mar (Viceroy's flagship), Espírito Santo (captain Nuno Vaz Pereira), Belém (Jorge de Melo Pereira), Great King (Francisco de Távora), and Great Taforea (Fernã de Magalhães)
• Four smaller naus: Small Taforea (Garcia de Sousa), Saint António (Martin Coelho), Small King (Manuel Teles Barreto) and Andorinho (D. António de Noronha)
• Four caravelas redondas: (captains António do Campo, Pêro Cão, Filipe Rodrigues and Rui Soares)
• Two caravelas Latinas: (captains Alvaro Paçanha and Luís Preto)
• Two gales: (captains Paio Rodrigues de Sousa and Diogo Pires de Miranda)
• One bergantim: (captain Simão Martins)

These Portuguese ships had guns of greater caliber, better artillery crews, were better manned and better built. The Portuguese naval infantry also had an advantage over the Egyptians/Turks, not only because they were heavily armed and equipped (armor, arquebuses and a type of grenade made of clay with gunpowder inside), but also because they were seasoned professional seamen, mostly warriors with superiority over the Turks in physical strength and combat skills. The Santa Maria at anchor by Andries van Eertvelt, painted c. ... Captain is both a nautical term and a rank in various uniformed organizations. ... Magellan may refer to the following: Ferdinand Magellan, the Portuguese explorer The company Magellan that manufactors GPS devices. ... A caravel is a small, highly maneuverable, three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish for long voyages of exploration beginning in the 15th century. ... Historically, artillery refers to any engine used for the discharge of projectiles during war. ... France Marines is the name of a commune in the département of Val dOise, France. ... Japanese arquebus of the Edo era (teppo) The Arquebus (sometimes spelled harquebus or hackbut) was a primitive firearm used in the 15th to 17th centuries. ...

The tough State-of-the art multi-rigged Portuguese carracks and the fast caravels were built to weather the storms of the Atlantic Ocean, had a stern rudder, compass, and were bristling with cannon to port and starboard as well as fore and aft. The Indian Ocean dhows and Mediterranean-type galleys launched by the coalition of the Samoothiri Raja, Gujarat and Egypt with naval supplies, and military advisers from Venice and the Ottoman Turkey, were simply no match. The Portuguese ships were able to shoot their cannons and thus disuade the smaller craft from coming near them. Even when they did come near, the smaller craft would have been low in the water, and so unable to board the Portuguese ships while being sprayed with small arms and cannon. The Santa Maria at anchor by Andries van Eertvelt, painted c. ... A caravel is a small, highly maneuverable, three-masted ship used by the Spanish for long voyages of exploration beginning in the 15th century. ... A Dhow near Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. ... A French galley and Dutch men-of-war off a port by Abraham Willaerts, painted 17th century. ... Zamorin (also Samoothiri) is a title of the kings of Kozhikode (Calicut), India. ... Location within Italy Venice (Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venexia) , the city of canals, is the capital of the region of Veneto and of the province of Venice in Italy. ... Imperial motto (Ottoman Turkish) دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power (1683) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital Söğüt (1299-1326), Bursa (1326-1365), Edirne (1365-1453), İstanbul (1453-1922) Imperial anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Sovereigns Padishah of the Osmanl...

Mamluk Egyptian/Gujarat Fleet - Major vessels

• Four naus (Gujarat)
• Four naus (Mamluk Egyptian)
• Two caravelas
• Four galeotas
• Two gales

Aftermath

The Viceroy extracted a payment of 300,000 gold xerafins, but rejected the offer of the city of Diu which he thought would be expensive to maintain, although he left a garrison there. The prisoners from the battle of Chaul were also rescued.

The treatment of the Egyptian/Turkish captives by the Portuguese was brutal. The Viceroy ordered most of them to be hanged, burnt alive or torn to pieces by tying them to the mouths of the cannons, in retaliation for his son's death.

Interestingly, after handing over the Viceroy's post to his successor, Alfonso d'Albuquerque, Francisco de Almeida left for Portugal in November, 1509, and in December, 1509 was himself killed by the Khoikhoi, near the Cape of Good Hope. Look up November in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... 1509 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... Look up December in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... 1509 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... An 18th century drawing of Khoikhoi worshipping the moon The Khoikhoi (real people) or Khoi are a historical division of the Khoisan ethnic group of south-western Africa, closely related to the Bushmen (or San, as the Khoikhoi called them). ... The Cape of Good Hope; looking towards the west, from the coastal cliffs above Cape Point. ...

The spoils of the battle also included three royal flags of the Mamlûk Sultan of Cairo, that were sent to Portugal and are even today displayed in the Convento de Cristo, in the town of Tomar, spiritual home of the Knights Templar. Images of Medieval Templars HQ in Portugal Templars Round Church in Tomar One of the courtyards: An medieval Clock Cristian Chirita photo 2004 One detail The Kitchen Tomar Castle Cristian Chirita photos Tomar 2004 Links Templars Tomar Categories: Portugal | Crusades | Roman Catholic Orders and Societies | Orders of knighthood | Europe... Coat of Arms Renaissance Manuelina style Window at the Convent of Christ Tomar, also known in English as Thomar, is a city of some 20,000 and also a municipality in Portugal with a total area of 351. ... This article is about the medieval military order. ...

Second Battle of Diu

This battle did not end the rivalry between the Ottoman Empire and the Portuguese. It was followed by a second naval battle, again at Diu, in 1538 where the Turks laid siege to the fortress built by the Portuguese in 1535, but for some reason lifted the siege. The Ottomans were at that time led by Suleiman I, the Magnificent, who had sent his emissary Hussein Pasha to attack Diu. Events Treaty of Nagyvarad. ... Events January 18 - Lima, Peru founded by Francisco Pizarro April - Jacques Cartier discovers the Iroquois city of Stadacona, Canada (now Quebec) and in May, the even greater Huron city of Hochelaga June 24 - The Anabaptist state of Münster (see Münster Rebellion) is conquered and disbanded. ... Suleiman the Magnificent Suleiman I (Modern Turkish: Süleyman; Arabic: Sulaymān) (November 6, 1494 – September 5/6, 1566), was the tenth Osmanli Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, and its longest-serving, reigning from 1520 to 1566. ...

This was followed by another siege of the fortress at Diu in 1547 which marked the end of Ottoman attempts to expand their influence in the Indian Ocean. From then until the advent of the English in the next century, the Portuguese enjoyed a complete monopoly on the spice trade from India, greatly increasing their nation's wealth. Events January 16 - Grand Duke Ivan IV of Muscovy becomes the first Tsar of Russia. ...

Trivia

A little known fact is that one of the Portuguese wounded in this battle was the famous circumnavigator of the Earth, Ferdinand Magellan, also known as Fernão de Magalhães. He had volunteered to serve with the first Portuguese Viceroy and had left Portugal for India on March 25, 1505. Ferdinand Magellan (Portuguese: Fernão de Magalhães, IPA pronunciation: //; Spanish: Fernando or Hernando de Magallanes; Spring 1480–April 27, 1521[1]) was a Portuguese maritime explorer who led the first successful attempt to circumnavigate the Earth. ... March 25 is the 84th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (85th in leap years). ... 1505 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ...

References

• ↑  Rogers, Clifford J. Readings on the Military Transformation of Early Modern Europe, San Francisco:Westview Press, 1995, pp. 299-333 [2]
• Monteiro, Cmdr. Saturnino ,Batalhas e Combates da Marinha Portuguesa, Vol. I, A.N.C., Library Sá da Costa Editor, Lisbon 2001
• Kerr, Robert, General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels, arranged in a systematic order, 1881, 14 vols.At Project Gutenberg, Columbia University

Additional Reading

• Subrahmanyan, Sanjay. The Portuguese Empire in Asia, 1500-1700, Longmans, 1993.

See also

• Battle of Colachel
• Battle of Swally