"Cromwell at Dunbar", Andrew Carrick Gow

The Battle of Dunbar (3 September 1650) was a battle of the Third English Civil War. The Parliamentary forces under Oliver Cromwell defeated Charles Stuart's Scottish army commanded by David Leslie. Map of Scotland The Scottish Civil War The Scottish Civil War of 1644-47 was part of wider conflict known as the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, which included the Bishops Wars, the English Civil War and Irish Confederate Wars. ... Battle of Tippermuir Conflict Wars of the Three Kingdoms Date September 1, 1644 Place Perth, Scotland Result Royalist Victory The Battle of Tippermuir (September 1, 1644) was the first battle James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose fought for the king during the Scottish Civil War. ... Battle of Aberdeen Conflict Wars of the Three Kingdoms Date September 13, 1644 Place Aberdeen, Scotland Result Royalist Victory The Battle of Aberdeen was an engagement in the Scottish Civil War which took place between Royalist and Covenanter forces outside the city of Aberdeen on September 13, 1644. ... Battle of Inverlochy Conflict Wars of the Three Kingdoms Date February 2, 1645 Place Inverlochy Result Royalist Victory The Battle of Inverlochy (February 2, 1645) was a battle of the Scottish Civil War in which Montrose routed the pursuing forces of the Marquess of Argyll. ... Battle of Auldearn Conflict Wars of the Three Kingdoms Date May 9, 1645 Place Auldearn, Nairnshire Result Royalist Victory The Battle of Auldearn was an engagement of the Scottish Civil War, which took place on May 9, 1645, near the village of Auldearn in Nairnshire. ... The Battle of Alford was an engagement of the Scottish Civil War, which took place near the village of Alford, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, on July 2, 1645. ... Battle of Aberdeen Conflict Wars of the Three Kingdoms Date August 15, 1645 Place Aberdeen, Scotland Result Royalist Victory The Battle of Kilsyth was an engagement of the Scottish Civil War which took place on August 15, 1645. ... The Battle of Philiphaugh was fought on September 13th, 1645 during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms and took place outside the town of Philiphaugh near Selkirk in Scotland between the armies of the Royalist Marquis of Montrose, and the Covenanter army of General Leslie. ... The Battle of Worcester was the final battle of the English Civil War. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... Wikipedia does not have an article with this exact name. ... September 3 is the 246th day of the year (247th in leap years). ... // Events June 23 - Claimant King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland arrives in Scotland, the only of the three Kingdoms that has accepted him as ruler. ... The Third English Civil War (1649–1651) was the third of three wars known as the English Civil War (or Wars) which refers to the series of armed conflicts and political machinations which took place between Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 until 1652 and include the First English Civil War... Unfinished portrait miniature of Oliver Cromwell by Samuel Cooper, 1657. ... Charles II (29 May 1630–6 February 1685) was the King of England, King of Scots, and King of Ireland from 30 January 1649 (retrospectively de jure) or 29 May 1660 (de facto) until his death. ... See also David Leslie the Scottish rugby player. ...

After defeating a Scottish invasion of England at the Battle of Preston, an English army of 16,000 men had invaded Scotland on 22 July 1650 and laid siege to Edinburgh, but Leslie refused battle. During early August the Covenanters chose to institute a searching three days' examination of the political and religious sentiments of Leslie's army. The result was that the army was purged of "Malignants", 80 officers and 3000 experienced soldiers, while it lay within musket shot of the enemy. Their ranks were to some extent made up with replacements with strong spiritual beliefs but little military experience. Two battles are known as the Battle of Preston: The Battle of Preston (1648) was a victory for Oliver Cromwell over the Royalists during the English Civil War. ... 22 July is the 203rd day (204th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 162 days remaining. ... // Events June 23 - Claimant King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland arrives in Scotland, the only of the three Kingdoms that has accepted him as ruler. ... Edinburgh (pronounced ), Dùn Èideann () in Scottish Gaelic, is the second-largest city in Scotland and its capital city. ...

At the end of August, the English, exhausted and running out of supplies, were forced to retreat, first to the port of Musselburgh where the sick and wounded were shipped back to England, and then further southeast to Dunbar. By 1 September 11,000 English soldiers were camped to the south of Dunbar, but the Scottish forces, numbering 23,000, had got ahead of them and captured Doon Hill, blocking the road to Berwick-upon-Tweed. Leslie planned to wait on Doon Hill: if the English attacked him up the steep escarpment they would surely lose, and if they refused battle, hunger and sickness would soon reduce them to the point of surrender. But on 2 September the leaders of the Covenanters decided to attack the English the next day, and the Scottish army moved down from the hill to prepare for the battle. Musselburgh is a town in East Lothian, Scotland, on the coast of the Firth of Forth six miles east of Edinburgh city centre and is a strong contender for the title of Scotlands oldest town. ... View towards John Muir beach with North Berwick Law and the Bass Rock in the distance. ... September 1 is the 244th day of the year (245th in leap years). ... Map sources for Berwick-upon-Tweed at grid reference NT9952 Berwick-upon-Tweed from across the river Berwick-upon-Tweed, (pronounced Berrick) situated in the county of Northumberland, is the northernmost town in England, situated on the east coast on the mouth of the river Tweed. ... September 2 is the 245th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (246th in leap years). ...

Cromwell pre-empted the Scottish plans by a night attack early on 3 September. Taking the Scottish completely by surprise, the English cavalry broke the Scottish line and routed Leslie's army. 3,000 Scottish soldiers were killed and 10,000 taken prisoner, and the rest scattered in disarray. 5,000 prisoners were marched to Durham Cathedral: more than 3,000 died of starvation, dysentry and typhus, and the survivors transported as indentured servants. The English army's casualties were twenty dead and fifty eight wounded^[1]. September 3 is the 246th day of the year (247th in leap years). ... An Indentured servant is an unfree labourer under contract to work (for a specified amount of time) for another person or a company/corporation, often without any monetary pay, but in exchange for accommodation, food, other essentials, training, or passage to a new country. ...

Although this was a military disaster for the Scottish allies, it worked to Charles II's advantage because the influence of the Church of Scotland was reduced and he was able to raise another Scottish army, under his direct command, which he used to invade England in 1651. This second army, was to be defeated by Cromwell at the Battle of Worcester on the first anniversary of Dunbar. The Church of Scotland (C of S, also known informally as The Kirk; until the 17th century officially the Kirk of Scotland) is the Christian national church of Scotland. ... // Events January 1 - Charles II crowned King of Scotland in Scone. ... The Battle of Worcester was the final battle of the English Civil War. ...

Notes

1. ^  "The life and times of Charles II" by Christopher Falkus, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1972. Page 42