The Battle of Golymin took place on 26 December 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars at Golymin, Poland, between around 17,000 Russian soldiers with 28 guns under Prince Golitsyn and 38,000 French soldiers under Marshal Murat. Combatants Allies: Austria[1] Portugal Prussia[1] Russia[2] Spain[3] Sweden United Kingdom[4] French Empire Holland Kingdom of Italy Kingdom of Naples Duchy of Warsaw Bavaria[5] Saxony[6] Commanders Archduke Charles Prince Schwarzenberg Karl Mack Gebhard von Blücher Duke of Brunswick Prince of Hohenlohe Mikhail Kutuzov... December 26 is the 360th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, 361st in leap years. ... 1806 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Joachim Murat, King of Naples, Marshal of France Murat portrait, by François Pascal Simon, Baron Gérard, c. ... In the Napoleonic Wars, the Fourth Coalition was an alliance organized against Napoleons Empire of France in 1806–1807. ... Combatants First French Empire Prussia Commanders Napoleon I Louis Nicolas Davout Duke of Brunswick Prince Hohenlohe Strength 90,000 (Jena); 27,000 (Auerstedt) 38,000 (Jena); 63,000 (Auerstedt) Casualties 5,000 dead and wounded (Jena); 7,000 killed, wounded, or missing (Auerstedt) 25,000 dead, wounded, or captured (Jena... The Battle of PuÅ‚tusk took place on December 26, 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars near PuÅ‚tusk, Poland, between 60,000 Russian soldiers with 120 guns under General Bennigsen and 35,000 French soldiers under Marshal Lannes. ... The Battle of Eylau, fought on February 7–8, 1807, was a bloody and inconclusive contest between the forces of Napoléon and a mostly Russian army under General Bennigsen. ... The Battle of Heilsberg took place in 1807, during the Napoleonic Wars. ... Combatants First French Empire Russian Empire Commanders Napoléon Bonaparte General Bennigsen Strength 80,000 60,000 Casualties 8,000 killed and wounded[1] 20,000 killed and wounded[2] The Battle of Friedland, fought on June 14, 1807 about twenty-seven miles (43 km) southeast of the modern Russian... December 26 is the 360th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, 361st in leap years. ... 1806 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... Combatants Allies: Austria[1] Portugal Prussia[1] Russia[2] Spain[3] Sweden United Kingdom[4] French Empire Holland Kingdom of Italy Kingdom of Naples Duchy of Warsaw Bavaria[5] Saxony[6] Commanders Archduke Charles Prince Schwarzenberg Karl Mack Gebhard von Blücher Duke of Brunswick Prince of Hohenlohe Mikhail Kutuzov... Joachim Murat, King of Naples, Marshal of France Murat portrait, by François Pascal Simon, Baron Gérard, c. ...

Strategic situation

After conquering Prussia in the autumn of 1806 Napoleon entered Poland to confront the Russian army, which had been preparing to support the Prussians before their sudden defeat. Crossing the river Vistula the French advance corps took Warsaw on 28 November 1806. Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of Prussia, 1701-1918 Prussia (German: ; Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Lithuanian: ; Polish: ; Old Prussian: Prūsa) was, most recently, a historic state originating in East Prussia, an area which for centuries had substantial influence on German and European history. ... 1806 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... For other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation). ... The Prussian people, or (old) Prussians, were Indo-European Balts inhabiting the area around the Curonian and Vistula Lagoons (i. ... The Vistula (Polish: ) is the longest river in Poland. ... Warsaw (Polish: , , in full The Capital City of Warsaw, Polish: Miasto Stołeczne Warszawa) is the capital of Poland and its largest city. ... November 28 is the 332nd day (333rd on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1806 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ...

The Russian army was under the overall command of Field Marshal Mikhail Kamensky, but he was old and becoming infirm. The Russian First Army of some 55 to 68,000 men^[3], commanded by Count Bennigsen had fallen back from the Vistula to the line of the River Ukra^[4], in order to unite with the Second Army, about 37,000 strong^[5], under Buxhowden which was approaching from Russia and was still some 15 days march from the First Army. However, realising his mistake in allowing the French to cross the Vistula Kamensky advanced at the beginning of December to try to regain the line of the river^[6]. French forces crossed the River Bug at Modlin on 10 December and the Prussian Corps commanded by Lestocq failed to retake Thorn. This led Bennigsen on 11 December to issue orders to fall back and hold the line of the River Ukra^[7]. Count Mikhail Fedotovich Kamensky (Михаил Федотович Каменский in Russian) (1738-1809) was a Russian Field Marshal. ... Levin August Gottlieb Theophil (Russian: Leonty Leontyevich), count von Bennigsen (February 10, 1745 - December 3, 1826) was a Russian general. ... The Vistula (Polish: ) is the longest river in Poland. ... The Vistula (Polish: ) is the longest river in Poland. ... Look up bug in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Modlin Fortress (Polish Twierdza Modlin) is one of the biggest 19th century fortresses in Poland. ... December 10 is the 344th day (345th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... The national name Prussia (in Prussian: Prusa, German: Preußen, Polish: Prusy, Lithuanian Prusai, Latin: Prussia or Borussia) was used by a wide variety of political factions during the 2nd millennium. ... ToruÅ„ (?· i; German: ; Kashubian: , see also other names) is a city in northern Poland, on the Vistula river. ... Levin August Gottlieb Theophil (Russian: Leonty Leontyevich), count von Bennigsen (February 10, 1745 - December 3, 1826) was a Russian general. ... December 11 is the 345th day (346th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

When this was reported to Napoleon he assumed the Russians were in full retreat. He ordered the forces under Murat (the 3rd corps of Davout, 7th of Augereau and 5th under Soult and the 1st Cavalry Reserve Corps) to pursue towards Pultusk while Ney, Bernadotte and Bessières (6th, 1st and 2nd Cavalry Reserve Corps respectively) turned the Russian right and Soult's (4th Corps) linked the two wings of the army^[8]. For other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation). ... Murat is a name of: People Joachim Murat Murat I Murat II Murat III Murat IV Murat V Murat Rais Murat Zyazikov Murat Yakin Murat Bayhan Murat Bernard Young Murat Yuce Places Murat is the name or part of the name of several communes in France: Murat, in the Allier... Louis Nicolas dAvout (May 10, 1770 - June 1, 1823), better known as Davout, was duke of Auerstädt, prince of Eckmühl, and a marshal of France. ... Nicolas Jean de Dieu Soult, marshal of France Nicolas Jean de Dieu Soult, duc de Dalmatie (March 29, 1760 - November 26, 1851), generalissimo of France, was born at Saint-Arnans-la-Bastide (now in department of the Tarn), and was the son of a country notary at that place. ... City hall Pułtusk is a town in Poland by the river Narew, 70 km north of Warsaw. ... Michel Ney, Marshal of France. ... King Charles XIV of Sweden, Charles III of Norway, or domestically Carl XIV Johan and Carl III Johan respectively, Jean Baptiste Jules Bernadotte (January 26, 1763 - March 8, 1844) was born at Pau, France, the son of Henri Bernadotte (1711-1780), procurator at Pau, and Jeanne St. ... Jean-Baptiste Bessières Jean Baptiste Bessières, duke of Istria (August 6, 1768 – May 1, 1813), was a French marshal. ... Nicolas Jean de Dieu Soult, marshal of France Nicolas Jean de Dieu Soult, duc de Dalmatie (March 29, 1760 - November 26, 1851), generalissimo of France, was born at Saint-Arnans-la-Bastide (now in department of the Tarn), and was the son of a country notary at that place. ...

Kamensky had reversed the Russian retreat and ordered an advance to support the troops on the River Ukra^[9]. Because of this the French experienced difficultly crossing the river and it was not until Davout forced a crossing near the junction of the Ukra and the Bug on 22 December^[10] that the French were able to advance. Count Mikhail Fedotovich Kamensky (Михаил Федотович Каменский in Russian) (1738-1809) was a Russian Field Marshal. ... Louis Nicolas dAvout (May 10, 1770 - June 1, 1823), better known as Davout, was duke of Auerstädt, prince of Eckmühl, and a marshal of France. ... Look up bug in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... December 22 is the 356th day of the year (357th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ...

On 23 December after an engagement at Soldau with Bernadotte ’s 1st Corps the Prussian corps under Lestocq was driven north towards Königsberg. Realising the danger Kamensky ordered a retreat on Ostrolenka. Bennigsen decided to disobey and stand and fight on 26 December at Pultusk. To the north-west most of the 4th Division commanded by General Golitsyn and the 5th Division under General Dokhturov were falling back towards Ostrolenka via the town of Golymin. The 3rd Division under General Fabian Gottlieb von Osten-Sacken who had been the link with the Prussians was also trying to retire via Golymin, but had been driven further north by the French, to Ciechanow. Some of the 4th Division's units were at Pultusk ^[11]. December 23 is the 357th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (358th in leap years). ... Działdowo is a town in north-central Poland with 20,700 inhabitants (1995). ... King Charles XIV of Sweden, Charles III of Norway, or domestically Carl XIV Johan and Carl III Johan respectively, Jean Baptiste Jules Bernadotte (January 26, 1763 - March 8, 1844) was born at Pau, France, the son of Henri Bernadotte (1711-1780), procurator at Pau, and Jeanne St. ... The national name Prussia (in Prussian: Prusa, German: Preußen, Polish: Prusy, Lithuanian Prusai, Latin: Prussia or Borussia) was used by a wide variety of political factions during the 2nd millennium. ... Former German name of the city of Kaliningrad. ... Levin August Gottlieb Theophil (Russian: Leonty Leontyevich), count von Bennigsen (February 10, 1745 - December 3, 1826) was a Russian general. ... December 26 is the 360th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, 361st in leap years. ... City hall Pułtusk is a town in Poland by the river Narew, 70 km north of Warsaw. ... The Prussian people, or (old) Prussians, were Indo-European Balts inhabiting the area around the Curonian and Vistula Lagoons (i. ... City hall Pułtusk is a town in Poland by the river Narew, 70 km north of Warsaw. ...

The weather

The weather caused severe difficulties for both sides. Mild autumn weather had lasted longer than usual^[12]. The usual frosts, which rendered the inadequate roads passable after the muddy conditions of autumn, were broken by thaws. On 17 December there was a thaw.^[13], and a two day thaw on 26 and 27 December^[14]. The result was that both sides found it very difficult to manoeuvre; in particular the French (as they were advancing) had great difficulty bringing up their artillery, and so had none available at Golymin. December 17 is the 351st day of the year (352nd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Events The Emperor Tiberius retires to Capri, leaving the praetorian prefect Sejanus in charge of both Rome and the Empire. ... Look up December in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

There were also difficulties with supply. Captain Marbot, who was serving with Augereau wrote - This article concerns the rank and title of Captain. ... Jean-Baptiste-Antoine-Marcelin, Baron de Marbot (August 18, 1782 -November 16, 1854), French soldier, son of General Jean Antoine de Marbot (1754-1800), who died in the defence of Genoa under Masséna, was born at La Riviere (Correze). ...

It rained and snowed incessantly. Provisions became very scarce; no more wine, hardly any beer, and what there was exceedingly bad, no bread, and quarters for which we had to fight the pigs and the cows. [15]

Image File history File links Cquote1. ... Image File history File links Cquote2. ...

The site of the battle

The village of Golymin lay in a flat area, with slight rise to the north and north-east. Woods and marshes almost surrounded the village. From the village the road to Pultusk ran south-east, that to Ciechanow north-west, and that to Makow (the destination for the Russian retirement) to the north-east. A track linked Golymin to the small village of Garnow to the south. The village of Ruskowo lay to the south-west, and that of Kaleczin a short distance to the west. Wadkowo lay further out along the Ciechanow road. City hall Pułtusk is a town in Poland by the river Narew, 70 km north of Warsaw. ...

The battle^[16]

On the morning of 26 December elements of Golitsyn's 4th Division reached Golymin. They were too exhausted to continue to Makow and Golitsyn also need to wait for units of Sacken's 3rd Division. In the village he found Dokhturov who had sent most of his 5th Division towards Makow, but remained at Golymin with a dragoon and an infantry regiment. Golitsyn hoped to rest his men before continuing their retreat. December 26 is the 360th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, 361st in leap years. ...

Murat's Reserve Cavalry Corps and Augereau’s 7th Corps set out towards the town at first light (around 7 am). Lasalle's Cavalry Division were the first to arrive from the south-west at about 10am^[17]. Golitsyn reinforced his rearguard of two squadrons of cavalry with three squadron's of cuirassiers, and Lasalle's men were driven back to the woods. But at around 2 pm from the east Augereau’s Corps appeared. Golitsyn gave up his attempt to retreat, as his men were too exhausted to retire without fighting. He sent one regiment of infantry under the command of Prince Shcherbatov into the woods around Kaleczin and posted the rest of his troops in front of Golymin. He put his cavalry and Dokhturov's troops as his reserves, and positioned the rest of his division in front of Golymin. Murat is a name of: People Joachim Murat Murat I Murat II Murat III Murat IV Murat V Murat Rais Murat Zyazikov Murat Yakin Murat Bayhan Murat Bernard Young Murat Yuce Places Murat is the name or part of the name of several communes in France: Murat, in the Allier...

Augereau's two divisions advanced, that of Haudelet on the left from Ruskow and Desjardins on the right from Wadkow. Desjardin's division at first drove back Shcherbatov, but being reinforced by an infantry battalion and with the support of their guns the Russians drove the French back. Heudelet's division made very little progress. For the rest of the day the forces skirmished; Heudelet's men slowly pushing round the Russian right.

About the same time as Augereau's attack started Murat arrived on around Garnow with the cavalry divisions of Klein and Milhaud, and Davout's light cavalry. They drove the Russian cavalry into the woods to the south of Golymin, but were then unable to pursue further because of the unsuitability of the terrain for cavalry. Murat is a name of: People Joachim Murat Murat I Murat II Murat III Murat IV Murat V Murat Rais Murat Zyazikov Murat Yakin Murat Bayhan Murat Bernard Young Murat Yuce Places Murat is the name or part of the name of several communes in France: Murat, in the Allier... Louis Nicolas dAvout (May 10, 1770 - June 1, 1823), better known as Davout, was duke of Auerstädt, prince of Eckmühl, and a marshal of France. ...

Golitsyn's force was now reinforced by two cavalry regiments from the 7th and 8th divisions, who had pushed past Augereau's cavalry on the Ciechanow road. However Davout's 1st Division under Morand was beginning to arrive from the south-east. Golitsyn sent three infantry battalions in to the woods and marshes to the south of Golymin, and two cavalry regiments to cover the Pultusk road. Louis Nicolas dAvout (May 10, 1770 - June 1, 1823), better known as Davout, was duke of Auerstädt, prince of Eckmühl, and a marshal of France. ... City hall Pułtusk is a town in Poland by the river Narew, 70 km north of Warsaw. ...

At about 3:30pm^[18] Morand's first brigade attacked. After a struggle they drove the Russians out. Davout saw that the Russians were trying to retire towards Makow, and sent Morand's second brigade to advance via the [Pultusk]] road. A unit of Dragoon's led by General [Rapp]] charged the Russian cavalry on the road, but found that the marshes on either side contained Russian infantry up to their waists in water and safe from the cavalry. The Dragoon’s were driven back. After taking the woods Friant's Division did not advance further, concerned that there would be further useless losses^[19]. Louis Nicolas dAvout (May 10, 1770 - June 1, 1823), better known as Davout, was duke of Auerstädt, prince of Eckmühl, and a marshal of France. ... A light dragoon from the American Revolution French dragoon, 1745. ... A light dragoon from the American Revolution French dragoon, 1745. ...

Night had now fallen and the Russians started to withdraw. Dokhturov's men led the way to Makow, then at about 9 pm Golitsyn sent of his guns, cavalry and then his infantry.

Augereau occupied Golymin early on 27 December. December 27 is the 361st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (362nd in leap years). ...

Losses on both sides seem to have been around 800^[20].

Analysis of the battle

Golitsyn had the advantages of the terrain and support from his guns, when the French had no artillery. The French attacks were also uncoordinated, late in the day and, was dusk fell, illuminated as targets by the burning villages. On the other hand his men were exhausted and outnumbered two to one. Their fierce resistance led Murat to say to Napoleon Murat is a name of: People Joachim Murat Murat I Murat II Murat III Murat IV Murat V Murat Rais Murat Zyazikov Murat Yakin Murat Bayhan Murat Bernard Young Murat Yuce Places Murat is the name or part of the name of several communes in France: Murat, in the Allier... For other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation). ...

We thought the enemy had 50,000 men[21]

On balance the result can be considered a Russian victory. Golitsyn achieved his objective of withdrawing; Murat failed to stop him. Image File history File links Cquote1. ... Image File history File links Cquote2. ... Murat is a name of: People Joachim Murat Murat I Murat II Murat III Murat IV Murat V Murat Rais Murat Zyazikov Murat Yakin Murat Bayhan Murat Bernard Young Murat Yuce Places Murat is the name or part of the name of several communes in France: Murat, in the Allier...

The aftermath

General Golitsyn’s successful delaying action, combined with the failure of Soult's Corp to pass round the Russian right flank destroyed Napoleon’s chance of getting behind the Russian line of retreat and trapping them against the River Narew. Nicolas Jean de Dieu Soult, marshal of France Nicolas Jean de Dieu Soult, duc de Dalmatie (March 29, 1760 - November 26, 1851), generalissimo of France, was born at Saint-Arnans-la-Bastide (now in department of the Tarn), and was the son of a country notary at that place. ... For other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation). ... Narew (Belarusian: На́раў) is a river in western Belarus and north-eastern Poland, a tributary of the Vistula river. ...

The dogged resistance and obedience to orders of the Russian infantry greatly impressed the French. Marbot noted - Jean-Baptiste-Antoine-Marcelin, Baron de Marbot (August 18, 1782 -November 16, 1854), French soldier, son of General Jean Antoine de Marbot (1754-1800), who died in the defence of Genoa under Masséna, was born at La Riviere (Correze). ...

The Russian columns were at this moment passing through the town [Golymin], and knowing that Marshal Lannes was marching to cut off their retreat by capturing Pultusk, three leagues farther on, they were trying to reach that point before him at any price. Therefore, although our soldiers fired upon them at twenty-five paces, they continued their march without replying, because in order to do so they would have had to halt, and every moment was precious. So every division, every regiment, filed past, without saying a word or slackening its pace for a moment. The streets were filled with dying and wounded, but not a groan was to be heard, for they were forbidden.”[22]

The Russian 5th and 7th Divisions retired towards the main body of the army at Rozan. Bennigsen's forces fell back to Nowogrod on the River Narew uniting on 1 January 1807 with the forces under Buxhowden. Image File history File links Cquote1. ... Image File history File links Cquote2. ... Levin August Gottlieb Theophil (Russian: Leonty Leontyevich), count von Bennigsen (February 10, 1745 - December 3, 1826) was a Russian general. ... Narew (Belarusian: На́раў) is a river in western Belarus and north-eastern Poland, a tributary of the Vistula river. ... January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. ... 1807 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... Friedrich Wilhelm Count von Buxhoevden, (Russian: , Fyodor Fyodorovich Booksgevden; other spellings: Feodor Buxhoeveden, BuxhÅ“wden) (September 14, 1750 - August 23, 1811) was a Russian Infantry General and government official who commanded the Russian armies during the Finnish War. ...

On 28 December Napoleon stopped his advance and, having lost contact with the Russian army decided to go into winter quarters. His troops were exhausted and discontented, and the supply situation was in great disorder ^[23]. December 28 is the 362nd day of the year (363rd in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 3 days remaining. ...

The break in hostilities did not last long - on 8 February 1807 the two armies faced each other at the dreadful battle of Eylau. February 8 is the 39th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1807 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... The Battle of Eylau, fought on February 7–8, 1807, was a bloody and inconclusive contest between the forces of Napoléon and a mostly Russian army under General Bennigsen. ...

Forces involved

This is from the units referred to in Petre’s "Napoleon's Campaign in Poland 1806-1807”, ^[24] and by checking the details for the same formations for the order of battles for Jena.^[25] and Elyau^[26]. Milhaud’s cavalry unit does not appear in either reference.

The French list is more detailed as there are more sources to work from. Petre was using the French Army archives for his research, and most unit details appear to be taken from there. The sources referred to give unit compositions down to individual battalions and squadrons.

Petre’s source for the Russian units present was the memoirs of Sir Robert Wilson, British liaison officer with the Russian army. This was published in 1810 (“Remarks on the Russian Army”). It does not appear to contain any further information to help identify individual units. Stolarski’s article^[27] appears to make too many assumptions about the Russian order of battle at Eylau.to be reliable. Sir Robert Thomas Wilson Sir Robert Thomas Wilson (1777 – 1849) was a British general and politician who served in Egypt, Prussia, and was seconded to the Imperial Russian Army in 1812. ... The Battle of Eylau, fought on February 7–8, 1807, was a bloody and inconclusive contest between the forces of Napoléon and a mostly Russian army under General Bennigsen. ...

French

Reserve Cavalry Corps - Marshall Murat Murat is a name of: People Joachim Murat Murat I Murat II Murat III Murat IV Murat V Murat Rais Murat Zyazikov Murat Yakin Murat Bayhan Murat Bernard Young Murat Yuce Places Murat is the name or part of the name of several communes in France: Murat, in the Allier...

Light Cavalry Division under Lasalle - Two Brigades totalling 12 squadrons of Hussars and Chasseurs.

Light Cavalry Brigade under Milhaud - Four squadrons(?) (800 men^[28])

Dragoon Cavalry Division under Klein - Three Brigades totalling 19 squadrons of Dragoons.

3rd Corps - Marshal Davout Louis Nicolas dAvout (May 10, 1770 - June 1, 1823), better known as Davout, was duke of Auerstädt, prince of Eckmühl, and a marshal of France. ...

1st Infantry Division under Morand - Three Brigades totalling 12 battalions of infantry.

2nd Infantry Division under Friant - Three Brigades totalling 8 battalions of infantry (not engaged)

Light Cavalry Division under Marulaz - Nine squadrons of Chasseurs

7th Corps - Marshal Augereau

1st Infantry Division under Desjardin - Two Brigades totalling 11 battalions of infantry

2nd Infantry Division under Heudelet – Three Brigades totalling 11 battalions of infantry

Light Cavalry Division under Durosnel - Seven squadrons of Chasseurs

Notre – No guns are mentioned as the French were not able to being them up due to the muddy conditions^[29]

Russian

4th Division – Prince Golitsyn 15 battalions of infantry, 20 squadrons of cavalry (Cuirassiers and Hussars), 28 guns

7th Division General Dokhturov (part) 3 battalions of infantry, 2 regiments of cavalry

3rd Division General Sacken (part) Some infantry

2 regiments of cavalry

Footnotes

Jean-Baptiste-Antoine-Marcelin, Baron de Marbot (August 18, 1782 -November 16, 1854), French soldier, son of General Jean Antoine de Marbot (1754-1800), who died in the defence of Genoa under Masséna, was born at La Riviere (Correze). ... Jean-Baptiste-Antoine-Marcelin, Baron de Marbot (August 18, 1782 -November 16, 1854), French soldier, son of General Jean Antoine de Marbot (1754-1800), who died in the defence of Genoa under Masséna, was born at La Riviere (Correze). ...

References

• Chandler, David G. The Campaigns of Napoleon. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995. ISBN 0-02-523660-1
• Chandler, David G. Dictionary of the Napoleonic Wars. Ware: Wordsworth Editions Ltd, 1999. ISBN 1-84022-203-4
• Marbot, Baron M. "The Memoirs of Baron de Marbot". Translated by A J Butler. Kessinger Publishing Co, Massachusetts, 2005. ISBN 1417908556 (References are to book and chapter). Also available on line (see external links below).
• Petre, F Loraine. "Napoleon's Campaign in Poland 1806-1807." First published 1901; reissued Greenhill Books, 2001. ISBN 1-85367-441-9. Petre used many first hand French sources, German histories and documents from the French Army archives. However he spoke no Russian so was not able to use any Russian sources.

External links

• Memoirs of Marbot on line
• Napoleon Miniatures Wargame Society of Toronto