The Battle of Hefei (合肥之戰, 217 AD) was a significant event in the Three Kingdoms era of China. The forces of Wu and Wei fought each other for control of the Wei-controlled garrison at Hefei. Hefei was a city which Cao Cao ordered Liu Fu to build at the south-eastern part of the Wei Kingdom, which was meant to be a fortress for defensive purposes. Hence, the defence of Hefei was extremely important to the Wei Kingdom as if Hefei falls to the Wu Kingdom, the Wei capital city Xuchang would be in danger. To the Wu Kingdom, Hefei was a strategic location as it could halt their invasion of the Wei Kingdom, as well as serving as a city for storing supplies if the city falls to Wu. Hence, both kingdoms fought five battles for control of Hefei between 208 AD to 253 AD, but neither side emerged the winner. The Three Kingdoms period (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is a period in the history of China, part of an era of disunity called the Six Dynasties. ... Hefei (Chinese: 合肥; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Hofei) is a prefecture-level city and the provincial capital of Anhui province, China. ... This article is about the Three Kingdoms state. ... The Three Kingdoms in 262, Eastern Wu is shown in green This article is about the Three Kingdoms state occupying modern southeastern China. ... For the linguist and poet, see Liu Bannong Liu Fu (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: Liú Fù) minister of the Kingdom of Wei during the Three Kingdoms Period of China. ... Zhang Liao (169 – 222) was a military general under the powerful warlord Cao Cao during the late Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms Period in ancient China. ... Li Dian was a renowned scholarly general under the powerful warlord Cao Cao during the late Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms Period in ancient China. ... An officer who joined Cao Cao early on in his quest for power (not to be confused with Yu Jin), he was a senior general holding a high rank. ... Man Chong (满宠; ? – 242) was an officer of Cao Cao and later the Kingdom of Wei. ... Zhang Ying (張英) was a servant serving under Liu Yao, and protector of Yangzhou. ... Man Chong (满宠; ? – 242) was an officer of Cao Cao and later the Kingdom of Wei. ... Zhang Te (張特) was an officer of the Kingdom of Wei during the Three Kingdoms Period of China. ... Sima Fu (180 - 272) was a politician in the latter part of the Han Dynasty, and then in the Three Kingdoms period of Chinese history. ... Sun Quan (孫權 pinyin: SÅ«n Quán) (182 - 252), son of Sun Jian, was the third ruler of the State of Wu and the founder of Kingdom of Wu, during the Three Kingdoms period, in China. ... This article lacks information on the subject matters importance. ... The Three Kingdoms period (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is a period in the history of China, part of an era of disunity called the Six Dynasties. ... Combatants Yellow Turbans Han Dynasty Commanders Zhang Jiao Zhang Bao Zhang Liang He Jin Huangfu Song Lu Zhi Zhu Jun Dong Zhuo Cao Cao Strength 360,000 Various Casualties Unknown Unknown The Yellow Turban Rebellion, sometimes also translated as the Yellow Scarves Rebellion, (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ) was a... Combatants Anti-Dong Zhuo Coalition Dong Zhuo Commanders Yuan Shao Dong Zhuo The Campaign against Dong Zhuo (董卓討伐戰) in 190 was initiated by a coalition of regional officials hoping to end Chancellor Dong Zhuos influence in the ailing Han court in China. ... The Battle of Jie Bridge (Chinese: 界橋之戰, pinyin: Jièqiáo zhi zhàn) was a military engagement fought between Yuan Shao and Gongsun Zan in 191, at the beginning of the civil wars in China leading up to the fall of the Han Dynasty. ... Combatants Zhang Xiu Cao Cao Commanders Zhang Xiu Cao Cao The Battle of Wancheng (宛城之戰) was a historical battle fought in the later years of the Han Dynasty between the warlords Cao Cao and Zhang Xiu in 197. ... Combatants Cao Cao, Liu Bei Lü Bu Commanders Cao Cao, Liu Bei Lü Bu The Battle of Xiapi (下邳之戰) occurred in the winter of 198 between the forces of Lü Bu against the forces of Liu Bei and Cao Cao in the prelude to the Three Kingdoms period of China. ... Combatants Yuan Shao Gongsun Zan Heishan bandits Commanders Yuan Shao Gongsun Zan† Zhang Yan The Battle of Yijing (易京之戰) took part shortly before the fall of the Han Empire in China, which began the era known as the Three Kingdoms. ... The Battle of Guandu (官渡之戰) was a battle in Chinese history. ... Combatants Liu Bei Cao Cao Commanders Liu Bei Xiahou Dun The Battle of Bowang (博望之戰), more famously known as the Battle of Bowang Slope (博望坡之戰), was a battle fought near Fangcheng, Henan between the forces of Cao Cao and Liu Bei during the Three Kingdoms period in China. ... Combatants Cao Cao Liu Bei Commanders Cao Cao Liu Bei Strength 5,000 elite cavalry 100,000 mostly unarmed people Casualties Unknown, minimal Unknown The Battle of Changban (Chinese: ; pinyin: ) took place at Changban (near the modern-day city of Dangyang in Hubei Province), China in the year 208. ... This article does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Combatants Cao Cao Ma Chao Commanders Cao Cao Ma Chao Strength  ? 100,000 Casualties  ?  ? {{{notes}}} The Battle of Tong Gate (潼關之戰) was a battle between Ma Chao and the warlord Cao Cao during the Three Kingdoms Era in China. ... Combatants Cao Wei Shu Han Commanders Xiahou Yuan† Liu Bei The Battle of Mount Dingjun (定軍山之戰) took place in year 219, during the Three Kingdoms period of China. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Combatants Shu Han Shu rebels Nanman Commanders Zhuge Liang Yong Kai Zhu Bao Gao Ding Meng Huo Zhuge Liangs Southern Campaign (Chinese: ; pinyin: ), also known as Battle of Nanzhong (Chinese: ; pinyin: ), refers to the military campaign led by the Zhuge Liang of the Shu Han against the southern rebels... The Northern Expeditions (北伐) were a series of five military campaigns launched by the state of Shu against the northern state of Wei from A.D. 228 to 234. ... The Battle of Jieting was a battle fought during the First Northern Expedition led by Zhuge Liang. ... Combatants Shu Han Cao Wei Commanders Zhuge Liang† Yang Yi, Fei Yi Sima Yi Strength 100,000 200,000 The Battle of Wuzhang Plains (五丈原之戰) is a famous standoff between the kingdoms of Wei and Shu in 234 A.D. during the Three Kingdoms period of China. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards and to make a clear distinction between fact and fiction, this article may require cleanup. ... Events April 8 - Roman emperor Caracalla is assassinated (and succeeded) by his Praetorian Guard prefect, Marcus Opellius Macrinus. ... The Three Kingdoms period (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is a period in the history of China, part of an era of disunity called the Six Dynasties. ... The Kingdom of Wu (Chinese: 吳, pinyin: wú) refers to a historical nation and several states in a region of China. ... The Kingdom of Wei (ch. ... Hefei (Chinese: 合肥; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Hofei) is a prefecture-level city and the provincial capital of Anhui province, China. ... For other uses, see Cao Cao (disambiguation). ... For the linguist and poet, see Liu Bannong Liu Fu (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: Liú Fù) minister of the Kingdom of Wei during the Three Kingdoms Period of China. ... Xuchang (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is a prefecture-level city in central Henan province, Peoples Republic of China. ...

First battle

In November 208, Cao Cao met his waterloo at the Battle of the Red Cliff, but still had a strong army stationed at the northern part of Jingzhou.In December, the Wu troops under Zhou Yu's command invaded Jiangling, which was under Cao Ren's control while Sun Quan personally led an army to attack Hefei, which was under Liu Fu's control, hoping to create a new war front in the west and the north. Sun Quan's troops surrounded Hefei, and he sent Zhang Zhao to attack Dangtu in Jiujiang, but did not succeed. Jingzhou (Simplified Chinese: , Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: Jīngzhōu) is a city in the Hubei province of the Peoples Republic of China, on the banks of the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang). ... Zhou Yu (175 - 210) was a famous militarist and strategist of Eastern Wu of the Three Kingdoms period of China. ... Jiangling is a city in Hubei, China. ... Cao Ren (168 – 223) was a military general under the powerful warlord Cao Cao during the late Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms period in ancient China. ... Sun Quan (孫權 pinyin: Sūn Quán) (182 - 252), son of Sun Jian, was the third ruler of the State of Wu and the founder of Kingdom of Wu, during the Three Kingdoms period, in China. ... For the linguist and poet, see Liu Bannong Liu Fu (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: Liú Fù) minister of the Kingdom of Wei during the Three Kingdoms Period of China. ... Zhang Zhao (張昭) (156 - 236) was a brilliantly minded civil officer who served under the Sun family at the time of the Three Kingdoms in China. ... Categories: China geography stubs | Cities in China ...

Cao Cao sent Zhang Xi to rescue the besieged Hefei upon receiving the news. Sun Quan's troops had besieged Hefei till the next year, but were still unable to conquer it. Sun Quan decided to personally lead a light cavalry division to attack the enemy, but Zhang Hong advised him against it, and Sun Quan abandoned his plan. Zhang Hong was a Confucianist and brilliant minister who served Sun Ce and Sun Quan, the leaders of the state of Wu. ...

Hefei had been besieged and attacked at several times for the past few months, and heavy rain was falling, causing the city walls to crumble, so Liu Fu had no choice but to use fibre to cover up the cracks in the walls. At night, Liu Fu personally went to survey the enemy, making plans to defend Hefei. Despite having been quite some time, the reinforcements led by Zhang Xi had not reached Hefei, and Liu Fu was at a loss for how to resist the Wu troops. His deputy Jiang Ji advised him to send three generals out of the city with fake letters which mentioned that the reinforcements under Zhang Xi had arrived and Liu Fu would be receiving them. Sun Quan caught two of the generals and read the letters. He thought that the Wei reinforcements had arrived and decided to retreat in failure.

Second battle

In 214, Cao Cao's southern campaign against Sun Quan had ended in failure and he decided to retreat, leaving behind Zhang Liao, Li Dian and Yue Jin to guard Hefei with 7000 men. The next year, Cao Cao sent Xue Ti to deliver a letter to Hefei before he led an army to attack Zhang Lu in Hanzhong. On the envelope, it was written 'Do not open this letter yet, until the enemy has arrived'. At the same time, Sun Quan and Liu Bei retreated from Jingzhou after agreeing to split Jingzhou after conquering it. Sun Quan saw that Cao Cao had just conquered Hanzhong and could not get back to the east in time, so in August, he led an army of about 100,000 men to attack Hefei. Zhang Liao (169 – 222) was a military general under the powerful warlord Cao Cao during the late Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms Period in ancient China. ... Li Dian was a renowned scholarly general under the powerful warlord Cao Cao during the late Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms Period in ancient China. ... An officer who joined Cao Cao early on in his quest for power (not to be confused with Yu Jin), he was a senior general holding a high rank. ... Zhang Lu (? - ?) was a warlord during the Three Kingdoms period of Chinese history. ... Hanzhong (Simplified Chinese: 汉中; Traditional Chinese: 漢中; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Hanchung) is a city in Shaanxi province, in central China. ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is Liu. ...

Zhang Liao and his deputies opened the envelope and read the letter, on which this was written 'If Sun Quan has arrived, Zhang Liao and Li Dian will meet the enemy, Yue Jin will stay and guard the city and not engage the enemy.' All three generals were dumbfounded, and Zhang Liao said, 'The lord(Cao Cao) is out at war, by the time his reinforcements arrive, we would have been defeated by the enemy. The lord wishes us to affect the enemy's morale before the actual battle begins, in order to calm the troops. Only then can we defend the city effectively. The crucial battle is about to begin, does anyone have any doubts? ' Li Dian agreed with Zhang Liao and gathered about 800 men overnight, preparing to attack the enemy the next day. At daybreak, Zhang Liao personally led the charge in the Wu formation, killing several enemy soldiers and two generals. The Wu general Chen Wu was killed in battle, and Zhang Liao charged all the way to Sun Quan's main camp. The Wu generals Song Qian and Xu Sheng were unable to resist Zhang Liao's attack and their troops deserted. The Wu general Pan Zhang chased after them and killed two deserting soldiers. The deserting soldiers were shocked and afraid, so they turned back and fought the Wei troops. Chen Wu (陳武 or 陈武) was a general of the Kingdom of Wu, during the Three Kingdoms period in ancient China. ... There are very few or no other articles that link to this one. ... Xu Sheng (徐盛) (?-?) was a brave Wu general who participated in several battles for Wu. ... // [edit] Origin & Joining Wu Pan Zhang originated from Fagan in Dongjun (Presently Puyang in Henan Province). ...

Sun Quan was shocked and his troops did not know what to do, so Sun Quan ascended to the top of a hill, standing there firmly with a spear in hand. Zhang Liao shouted for Sun Quan to come down and fight him, Sun Quan did not dare to move, but when saw that Zhang Liao had fewer troops, he ordered to have Zhang Liao surrounded. Zhang Liao managed to fight his way out of the encirclement with a small number of soldiers. The other soldiers trapped in the encirclement shouted 'General Zhang had abandoned us!' Zhang Liao turned round and charged into the enemy formation and rescued the trapped soldiers. Sun Quan's troops were defeated badly by Zhang Liao and deserted as no one dared to resist Zhang Liao. Since the battle had been on since morning till noon, both sides were exhausted and went back to their respective bases. The Wei army's morale was greatly boosted.

Sun Quan's troops besieged Hefei for severeal days but were still unable to conquer Hefei, and the troops were infected with a disease. Hence, Sun Quan had no choice but to retreat, with himself, Ling Tong, Gan Ning, Lu Meng and other generals at the rear. At Xiaoyaojin, Zhang Liao saw the Wu troops retreating, so he led his army to attack the retreating Wu troops. The Wu troops were thrown into confusion, and Sun Quan was surrounded by enemy troops. Gan Ning led the archers to shoot down the enemy troops surrounding his lord, while Ling Tong led about 300 troops to rescue Sun Quan. Lu Meng and Jiang Qin's troops were badly defeated and suffered heavy casualties. Ling Tong managed to rescue Sun Quan and he turned back to fight the Wei troops. However, the Xiaoshi Bridge which the Wu troops had to cross had been destroyed. Sun Quan managed to leap across the bridge to safety on his horse. Later, Sun Quan met the 3000 backup troops under He Qi's command and safely retreated back to Jiangdong. Ling Tong and Gan Ning were still fighting on bravely against the Wei troops and had lost almost all their troops, and suffered grave wounds. They only retreated when they heard that their lord was safe. Ling Tong (凌 çµ±), Born in 189 AD at Yuhang, Wujun (Zhe Jiang Province). ... Gan Ning (甘寧) lived from 175 AD to about 218 AD during the period of Chinese history known as the Three Kingdoms Period. ... Lü Meng (178 - 219) was a great general of Wu, from Fupo in Runan. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards and to make a clear distinction between fact and fiction, this article may require cleanup. ... Gangdong-gu (literally district east of the river) is one of the 25 gu which make up the city of Seoul, South Korea. ...

Third and fourth battles

In 230, Hefei's defense was greatly strengthened and had evolved into a major and prosperous city. In December 233, Sun Quan decided to lead troops to attack Hefei again. The city was far from the river so Sun Quan's troops who were on their battleships did not dare to deboard their ships yet. Man Chong sent 6000 troops to wait in ambush and when Sun Quan troops finally set foot on land, the Wei troops in ambush attacked Sun Quan's troops. Sun Quan also sent Quan Cong to attack Liu'an but did not succeed as well. Man Chong (满宠; ? – 242) was an officer of Cao Cao and later the Kingdom of Wei. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards and to make a clear distinction between fact and fiction, this article may require cleanup. ...

In February 234, Shu-Han Prime Minister Zhuge Liang prepared for the Fifth Northern Expedition, and sent an envoy to Wu, requesting Sun Quan to send troops to attack Wei as well. Sun Quan agreed and in May, Sun Quan's troops(reported to be 100,000) set up base camp at Chaohu Port. Sun Quan personally led his army to attack Hefei, and sent Lu Xun, the Wu Strategist and Zhuge Jin to attack Xiangyang, with Sun Shao and Zhang Cheng to attack Guangling, Huaiyin, forming a three-pronged attack on Wei. The Kingdom of Shu (蜀 shǔ) (221 – 263) was one of the Three Kingdoms competing for control of China after the fall of the Han Dynasty. ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is Zhuge (諸葛) Zhuge Liang (181 - 234) was one of the greatest Chinese strategists of the Three Kingdoms era, as well as a statesman, engineer, scholar, and inventor. ... The Northern Expeditions (北伐) were a series of five military campaigns launched by the state of Shu against the northern state of Wei from A.D. 228 to 234. ... Lu Xun (pinyin, Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ) or Lu Hsün (Wade-Giles), pen name of Zhou Shuren (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chou Shu-jen) (September 25, 1881 – October 19, 1936) is one of the major Chinese writers of the 20th century. ... ZhÅ«gé Jǐn (諸葛謹) (174 - 241 AD) was a minister of the Kingdom of Wu of China and older brother of the famous Shu strategist Zhuge Liang. ... Xiangyang (Traditional Chinese: 襄陽, Simplified Chinese: 襄阳, pinyin: Xiāngyáng) was a Chinese city famous for the Siege of Xiangyang (1267-1273) by Mongol invaders. ... Very little is actually known about Sun Shao. ... Zhang Cheng (張承) was an officer serving under Eastern Wu and was the oldest son of Zhang Zhao. ...

In June, Man Chong wanted to lead reinforcements to rescue Zhang Ying at Hefei, but Tian Yu said that the troops at Hefei were enough to resist Sun Quan's attack and the Wu troops might attack the reinforcements. Many of the troops and generals were on leave, so Man Chong wrote a proposal to the emperor Cao Rui, requesting the troops on leave to come back to aid him. Liu Shao thought that Man Chong should focus on defence and not engage the Wu troops. Cao Rui led an army to rescue Hefei, and according to Liu Shao's predicition that the enemy will retreat when they hear that the reinforcements had arrived. Cao Rui listened to Liu Shao’s suggestion and dispatched the vanguard army. Zhang Ying (張英) was a servant serving under Liu Yao, and protector of Yangzhou. ... Tian Yu (田豫) an officer of the Three Kingdoms Period that served under the Kingdom of Wei. ... Cao Rui, ch. ... There are two significant Chinese historical personalities named Liu Shao (劉劭): Liu Shao (Three Kingdoms), an official of Cao Wei (also known as the Kingdom of Wei) during the the Three Kingdoms period Liu Shao (Liu Song), a emperor between 453 and 454, after assassinating his father, Emperor Wen of Liu...

Cao Rui did not listen to Man Chong as he felt that Xiangyang, Qishan and Hefei are three important locations for the Wei Kingdom. In July, Cao Rui personally led an army to defend Hefei. Man Chong used fire to destroy the Wu army’s engines of war, and killed Sun Quan’s nephew Sun Tai. Also, many Wu soldiers were infected with a disease and the reinforcements led by Cao Rui were arriving soon, hence Sun Quan ordered a retreat. Sun Shao’s troops also withdrew from Guangling and Huaiyin at the same time, and Lu Xun’s troops at Xiangyang also retreated afterwards. Qishan (琦善, 1790-1854) Manchu statesman during the Qing dynasty. ...

Fifth battle

In 253, Zhuge Ke of Wu refused to listen to any advice and led 200,000 troops to attack the Wei Kingdom in March. In April, his troops had reached Huainan and by May, his troops were already surrounding Hefei. Zhuge Ke ordered an attack on Hefei, while the defending general of Hefei, Zhang Te, with 3000 troops, defended Hefei firmly for more than a month, which resulted in heavy casualties on both sides, but Hefei still remained in Wei control. This article lacks information on the subject matters importance. ... Zhang Te (張特) was an officer of the Kingdom of Wei during the Three Kingdoms Period of China. ...

Zhang Te deceived Zhuge Ke with a cunning strategy and repaired the damaged city walls overnight. By the next day, Zhuge Ke discovered he had been tricked by Zhang Te, so he ordered an attack. However, the city was harder to attack now and the weather was becoming unbearable, and the Wu army had suffered heavy casualties and many were down with sickness. Zhuge Ke was furious with his failure to take down Hefei, so he blamed his surbordinates and caused great frustration and discontentment among the Wu troops. Later, Sima Fu of Wei arrived with 200,000 reinforcement troops to Hefei, and attacked the exhausted Wu troops, achieving victory. In July, Zhuge Ke was forced to retreat back to Jiangdong. Sima Fu (180 - 272) was a politician in the latter part of the Han Dynasty, and then in the Three Kingdoms period of Chinese history. ...

Fictional events

In Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Taishi Ci of East Wu was killed in the third battle but in reality, he died of illness. An illustration of the book Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ), written by Luó Guànzhōng in the 14th century, is a Chinese historical novel based upon events in the turbulent years near the end of the Han Dynasty, and the Three Kingdoms period (220... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... The Kingdom of Wu (Chinese: 吳, pinyin: wú) refers to a historical nation and several states in a region of China. ...

Further reading

Guanzhong, Luo. The Romance of the Three Kingdoms