The Battle of Immae was fought between the Roman army of Emperor Aurelian and the armies of Palmyrene Empire, whose leader, Queen Zenobia was perceived as a threat by Rome. Events Roman emperor Aurelian reconquers the kingdom of Palmyra (Egypt and large parts of Asia Minor), forcing queen Zenobia to flee to Parthia. ... Antioch on the Orontes (Greek: Αντιόχεια η επί Δάφνη, Αντιόχεια ή επί Ορόντου or Αντιόχεια η Μεγάλη; Latin: Antiochia ad Orontem, also Antiochia dei Siri), the Great Antioch or Syrian Antioch was an ancient city located on the eastern side (left bank) of the Orontes River about 30 km from the sea and its port, Seleucia of Pieria (Suedia, now Samanda... The Roman Empire was a phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by an autocratic form of government. ... Early morning panorama of Palmyra. ... Lucius Domitius Aurelianus (September 9, 214–275), known in English as Aurelian, Roman Emperor (270–275), was the second of several highly successful soldier-emperors who helped the Roman Empire regain its power during the latter part of the third century and the beginning of the fourth. ... Zenobia coin reporting her title, Augusta. ... Zabdas was the name of the general who led the forces of Queen Zenobia during her rule of the Palmyrene Empire. ... The Battle of Plaentia was fought in January of 271 between a Roman Army led by Emperor Aurelian and the Alemanni. ... The Battle of Fano was fought in 271 between the Roman Empire and the Alemanni. ... The Battle of Pavia was fought in 271 near Pavia (Italy), and resulted in the Roman Emperor Aurelian destroying the retreating Alemanni army. ... The Battle of Emesa was fought in 272 between Roman and Palmyran forces. ... The Battle of Chalons was fought in 273 between Rome and Gaul. ... Lucius Domitius Aurelianus (September 9, 214–275), known in English as Aurelian, Roman Emperor (270–275), was the second of several highly successful soldier-emperors who helped the Roman Empire regain its power during the latter part of the third century and the beginning of the fourth. ... Early morning panorama of Palmyra. ... Zenobia coin reporting her title, Augusta. ...

The Palmyrene heavy cavalry, the clibanarii, was superior to the Roman cavalry. Aurelian thus ordered to his infantry to move away, and to his cavalry to pretend to flee in front of the charge of the clibanarii. When the clibanarii, enclosed in their heavy metal armours, became exausted in charging the faster Roman cavalry, the latter turned around and won the day. The Clibanarii (from the Latin, clibani, meaning campoven) were a late Roman and Byzantine military unit of heavy armored horsemen. ...

After Aurelian won the battle, Zenobia and her general Zabdas entered in Antioch, bringing a man resembling Aurelian in chains. During the night, the Palmyrene fled the city, leaving a small unit on a close hill, which was later defeated by an Aurelian unit adopting the testudo formation. Zabdas was the name of the general who led the forces of Queen Zenobia during her rule of the Palmyrene Empire. ... Antioch on the Orontes (Greek: Αντιόχεια η επί Δάφνη, Αντιόχεια ή επί Ορόντου or Αντιόχεια η Μεγάλη; Latin: Antiochia ad Orontem, also Antiochia dei Siri), the Great Antioch or Syrian Antioch was an ancient city located on the eastern side (left bank) of the Orontes River about 30 km from the sea and its port, Seleucia of Pieria (Suedia, now Samanda... A century of Roman legionaires in testudo formation, as portrayed in the Rome: Total War computer game, copyright 2004 Creative Assembly and Activision In Ancient Roman warfare, the testudo or tortoise formation was a formation utilized commonly by the Roman Legions during battles, particularly sieges. ...

References

• Zosimus, 1.50.2
• "Vaballathus and Zenobia" De Imperatoribus Romanis