The battle of Qādisiyyah (Qadisiyya, Qadisiyyah, Kadisiya) was the decisive engagement between the Arab Muslim army and the Sāsānian Persian army during the first period of Islamic expansion which resulted in the Islamic conquest of Iran. Although there is little doubt that this battle occurred, scholarship suggests that its legend has grown manyfold and a whole mythological literature has developed around it. Particularly, uncertainty with respect to the date of the battle (variously claimed to have occurred in 632, 634, 636, 637, and even 640) and the size of the forces, in addition to scarce mention in non-Muslim annals suggests that the current perception of al-Qādisiyyah differs from the original event. However, this scholarship in no way demeans or marginalizes the role of the Battle in the perception of Muslims today. Rather, it highlights the significant function of history and memory in the modern Middle East; Saddām Husayn's evocation of this battle during the Iran-Iraq War exemplifies the emotive power of this ancient engagement. The History of Islam involves the history of the Islamic faith as a religion and as a social institution. ... Persian can refer to: the Western name for Iranian (see Iran/Persia naming controversy) the Persian Empire the Persians the Persian language the Persian (cat) breed the Persian melon the Persian lamb the Persian rug (or carpet) the Persian type of Pokémon character See also Persia (disambiguation page) List... Jump to: navigation, search The Islamic conquest of Iran led to the collapse of the Sassanid Empire, the eventual decline of the Zoroastrian religion in Iran, and the birth of Islamic civilization. ... Events Abu Bakr becomes first caliph or Successor of the Prophet, leader of Islam Abu Bakr defeats Mosailima in the Battle of Akraba. ... Events The Arabs invade Palestine. ... Events April 20 - Battle of Yarmuk - Byzantine Empire loses Syria to the Arabs The Arabs invade Persia Rothari marries queen Gundeparga, becomes king of the Lombards city of Basra Iraq founded by caliph Omar on a canal. ... Events Arabs take Jerusalem Arabs take Aleppo Battle of al-Qadisiyah: Arabs defeat Persian army, take Persian capital of Ctesiphon Battle of Mag Rath: Dalriada influence in Ulster greatly reduced Births Deaths Categories: 637 ... Events May 28 - Severinus becomes pope, but dies the same year. ... Saddam Hussein Saddām Hussein ʻAbd al-Majid al-Tikrītī (Often spelt Husayn or Hussain; Arabic صدام حسين عبدالمجيد التكريتي; born April 28, 1937 1) was President of Iraq from 1979 to 2003. ... The Iran-Iraq War, also called the First Persian Gulf War, or the Imposed War (جنگ تحمیلی) in Iran, was a war between the armed forces of Iraq and Iran lasting from September 1980 to August 1988. ...

The growing power of the Muslims made certain that a showdown with the Sāsānian Empire to the east would occur, but the Persians moved first. In the spring of 637, Rostam Farrōkhzād, regent for Yazdgird III, led an army of about 100,000 men across the Euphrates River to Qadisiyyah (near the modern Hīllah in Iraq). Expecting the Persian attack, Caliph `Umar ibn al-Khattāb sent forth 30,000 Arabian cavalrymen under the command of Sa`d ibn Abī Waqqās. Sa`d himself did not participate in the battle, however, as he had fallen ill, but he monitored and directed the proceedings from atop a nearby castle. Sassanid Empire at its greatest extent The Sassanid dynasty (also Sassanian) was the name given to the kings of Persia during the era of the second Persian Empire, from 224 until 651, when the last Sassanid shah, Yazdegerd III, lost a 14-year struggle to drive out the Umayyad Caliphate... Events Arabs take Jerusalem Arabs take Aleppo Battle of al-Qadisiyah: Arabs defeat Persian army, take Persian capital of Ctesiphon Battle of Mag Rath: Dalriada influence in Ulster greatly reduced Births Deaths Categories: 637 ... Jump to: navigation, search Rostam Farrōkhzād (رستم فرّخزاد in Persian) was the commander of the Sāsānian Empires armed forced under the reign of Yazdgird III, r. ... Yazdegerd III, (also Yazdgird III) (made by God, Izdegerdes), king of Persia, a grandson of Khosrau II, who had been murdered by his son Kavadh II in 628, was raised to the throne in 632 after a series of internal conflicts. ... The Euphrates (the traditional Greek name for the river, which is in Old Persian Ufrat, Aramaic Prâth/Frot, in Arabic الفرات, in Turkish Fırat and in ancient Assyrian language Pu-rat-tu) is the westernmost of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia (Bethnahrin in Aramaic), the other being the... Al Hillah is a city in central Iraq on the river Euphrates, 100km (62 miles) south of Baghdad, with an estimated population of 364,700 in 1998. ... Jump to: navigation, search Caliph is the term or title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam. ... For other uses of the name, see Umar (disambiguation). ...

The battle began with the usual series of cavalry rushes by the Arabs. But the huge Persian force held its ground and then counterattacked with elephants, which terrified the Arabian horses. Sa`d was barely able to prevent a rout at the end of the first day's combat. Fighting resumed the second day, although the slashing Muslim attacks inflicted heavier casualties than were received. On the third day, the Muslims were reinforced by some veterans of the Syrian campaign who arrived on the scene and knew how to fight elephants with arrows and javalins. The beasts were wounded and then stampeded back through the Persian lines, opening holes for the Arab cavalry to charge through. The Muslims pressed home their attacks throughout the day and during the night (called the "Night of the Clangor"). Jump to: navigation, search Genera and Species Loxodonta Loxodonta cyclotis Loxodonta africana Elephas Elephas maximus Elephas recki † Stegodon † Mammuthus † Girrelephants found again! Girrelephants, they are the new species that are made when baby elephants and girrafes have kids they form the Girrelephant. ...

At daybreak, a sandstorm began blowing in the faces of the Persians. Rostam sought personal safety by swimming across a canal running to the Euphrates. He was caught and beheaded. The Persian army then disintegrated, taking terrible losses from the Arabians, who gave no quarter. Muslim losses in the battle totaled 7,500 killed. In the booty captured by the Arabs was the jewel-encrusted sacred banner of Persia.

Sa`d crossed the Euphrates in pursuit. Yazdgird offered to yield all territory west of the Tigris River. When the Arabs declined his offer, the Persian emperor abandoned his capital at Ctesiphon, which was promptly occupied and sacked. Yazdgird made two further counterattacks to halt the Muslim invaders, both in vain. The Tigris (Old Persian: Tigr, Syriac Aramaic: Deqlath, Arabic: دجلة, Dijla, Turkish: Dicle; biblical Hiddekil) is the eastern member of the pair of great rivers that define Mesopotamia, along with the Euphrates, which flows from the mountains of Anatolia through Iraq. ... Jump to: navigation, search Ctesiphon (Parthian: Tyspwn as well as Tisfun) is one of the great cities of ancient Mesopotamia and the capital of the Iranian Parthian Empire and its successor, the Sassanid Empire, for more than 800 years located in ancient Iranian province of Khvarvaran. ...