The Battle of Kennesaw Mountain was fought on June 27, 1864 during the Atlanta Campaign of the American Civil War. Despite its name, much of the battle was fought to the southwest of Kennesaw Mountain, near Marietta, Georgia. The main participants in the battle were the Union armies under the command of Gen. William T. Sherman and the Confederate Army of Tennessee under the command of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston.

Prelude

All throughout north Georgia, Sherman had advanced his army southeast along the railroad from Chattanooga, Tennessee towards Atlanta, Georgia. Johnston would take up defensive positions, only to retreat whenever Sherman marched his troops around the Confederate army to flank them. At Kennesaw Mountain, Johnston had a massive network of trenches and earthworks prepared to halt the Union advance. This time, when Sherman tried to march his army southwards around Kennesaw, he was met by an attack at Kolb's farm from Confederate troops under the command of John B. Hood. Although the Union soldiers turned back Hood's hastily-prepared attack, Sherman's army could not flank the Rebel army any further. Muddy roads had become nearly impassable because of a series of June rainstorms. Sherman knew that in these conditions, a march further away from his supply line at the railroad would be too slow. Instead, Sherman believed that Hood's expansion of the southern end of the Confederate line had stretched Johnston's army too thin. The Union general drew up plans for an attack on the middle of the Confederate defences.

The battle

The Union army began the attack early in the morning with a thunderous cannon barrage on the entrenched Rebels. This was followed up by an infantry attack in three parts: the Army of the Cumberland under the command of George Henry Thomas would lead the main attack on William J. Hardee's soldiers in the center; to Thomas's left, the Army of the Tennessee under the command of James B. McPherson would lead a secondary attack aimed at the slopes of Little Kennesaw Mountain; and to Thomas's right, the Army of the Ohio under the command of John Schofield would hold down Hood's corps at the southern end of the line. The fiercest fighting came at a bend near the center of the Confederate line, a place later known as the Dead Angle. Despite repeated attempts to overrun the Confederate defences, the Union army could not dislodge Johnston's well dug-in army. Estimated casualties were 3000 for the Union side, and 1,000 for the Confederates.

Aftermath

Following the battle, both sides sat at a stalemate. By July 1, the roads had dried out enough for Sherman to continue his flanking movements. Johnston, with the advantage of lookouts on top of Kennesaw Mountain, observed Sherman's movements and again retreated before the Union army could go around him. The next major battle would be the Battle of Peachtree Creek.

Military historians have claimed that Sherman's attack was a needless waste of lives against a firmly entrenched opponent. Sherman, however, believed that his actions were justifiable, since they showed Johnston that he was not afraid to fight. Whatever the case, Kennesaw Mountain was one of the few victories for the Confederates during the Atlanta Campaign.

The site of the battleground is now part of Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park.

References

• Foote, Shelby. 1958. The Civil War: a narrative. New York : Random House.
• Bengston, Wayne C. "A Needless Waste of Lives: The Battle of Kennesaw Mountain". Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park.[1] (http://ngeorgia.com/history/kennesaw.html)