Battle of Long Island Part of the American Revolutionary War Date August 27 - 30, 1776 Location Brooklyn, Long Island, New York Result British victory Combatants United States Kingdom of Great Britain Commanders George Washington, Israel Putnam William Howe, Charles Cornwallis, Henry Clinton Strength 11,000-13,000 unknown, nearly 20,000 (about 10,000 of which were militia ) 22,000 (including 9,000 Hessians) Casualties 1,719 total (312 dead, 1,407 wounded, captured or missing) 377 total (63 dead, 314 wounded or missing)

New York and New Jersey, 1776–1777 Long Island – Kip's Bay – Harlem Heights – Pell's Point – White Plains – Fort Washington – 1st Trenton – 2nd Trenton – Princeton – Forage War – Bound Brook

The Battle Pass area, also known as Flatbush Pass, in the area of modern-day Prospect Park and Green-Wood Cemetery. Etching, c.1792

The Battle of Long Island, also known as the Battle of Brooklyn, fought on August 27, 1776, was the first major battle in the American Revolutionary War following the United States Declaration of Independence, the largest battle of the entire conflict, and the first battle an army of the United States ever engaged in. This article is about military actions only. ... Download high resolution version (1275x900, 166 KB)Battle of Long Island Map, Public domain 1200x900 pixels; additional graphics by user:alex756, no copyright claimed. ... This article is about the borough of New York City. ... This article is about the island in New York State. ... This article is about the state. ... Image File history File links Grand_Union_Flag. ... Image File history File links Union_flag_1606_(Kings_Colors). ... For an explanation of terms such as Scotland, Wales, England, (Great) Britain and United Kingdom, see British Isles (terminology). ... George Washington (February 22, 1732 – December 14, 1799)[1] led Americas Continental Army to victory over Britain in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), and in 1789 was elected the first President of the United States of America. ... Maj. ... Sir William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe, KB, PC (August 10, 1729 – July 12, 1814) was an English General who was Commander-in-Chief of British forces during the American Revolutionary War, one of the three Howe brothers. ... Cornwallis redirects here. ... General Sir Henry Clinton K.B. Commander-in-Chief of British troops in America. ... Lebanese Kataeb militia The term Militia is commonly used today to refer to a military force composed of ordinary [1] citizens to provide defense, emergency, law enforcement, or paramilitary service, and those engaged in such activity, without being paid a regular salary or committed to a fixed term of service. ... The term Hessian refers to the inhabitants of the German state of Hesse. ... Combatants United States Great Britain Commanders George Washington, Charles Lee Sir William Howe, Lord Cornwallis Strength 19,000 regulars and militia 25,000 soldiers, 10,000 seamen The New York and New Jersey campaign was a series of engagements in the American Revolutionary War between British forces under General Sir... The Landing at Kips Bay was a British maneuver during the New York Campaign in the American Revolutionary War. ... The Battle of Harlem Heights was a skirmish in the New York Campaign of the American Revolutionary War. ... The Battle of Pells Point, also known as the Battle of Pelham, was a skirmish during the American Revolutionary War. ... Combatants United States Britain Commanders George Washington William Howe Strength 14,500 men 14,000 men Casualties 300 killed and wounded 313 killed and wounded Battle of White Plains Historic Site : George Washingtons HQ The Battle of White Plains was an inconclusive meeting on October 28, 1776 in the... Combatants United States Britain Hessian Army Commanders George Washington Robert Magaw William Howe Wilhelm Knyphausen Strength 2,900 8,000 Casualties 53 killed, 96 wounded, & 2,818 captured 78 killed, 374 wounded Fort Washington was a fort located at the upermost tip of Manhattan, New York overlooking the Hudson River... Combatants Continental Army a Hessian Brigade Commanders George Washington Johann Rall† Strength 2,400 1,400 Casualties 2 dead,On the march 2 wounded 23 dead, 92 wounded, 913 captured The Battle of Trenton was a battle which took place on December 26, 1776, during the American Revolutionary War after... The Second Battle of Trenton took place on January 2, 1777 during the American Revolutionary War. ... Combatants United States Kingdom of Great Britain Commanders George Washington, Hugh Mercer†, John Haslet† Charles Mawhood Strength 4,600 1,200 (Rearguard of main force) Casualties 46 killed c. ... The Forage War was a partisan war consisting of many small skirmishes that took place in New Jersey during the American Revolutionary War in 1777, following the battles of Trenton and Princeton. ... Battlefield Marker The Battle of Bound Brook , one of the battles in New Jersey during the American War for Independence, occurred on April 13, 1777 and resulted in a defeat for the Continental Army who were routed by about 4,000 troops under British command. ... Battle Pass, Brooklyn circa 1792 etching, public domain. ... Battle Pass, Brooklyn circa 1792 etching, public domain. ... Prospect Park is a 585[1] acre (2. ... Green-Wood Cemetery was founded in 1838 as a rural cemetery in Kings County, New York, now in Brooklyn. ... is the 239th day of the year (240th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see 1776 (disambiguation). ... For other uses, see Battle (disambiguation). ... This article is about military actions only. ... The United States Declaration of Independence was an act of the Second Continental Congress, adopted on July 4, 1776, which declared that the Thirteen Colonies in North America were Free and Independent States and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to...

The battle and its immediate aftermath were marked by the British capture of New York City (which it held for the entire war), the execution of the American Nathan Hale and the burning of nearly a quarter of the city's buildings, in the Great Fire of New York. In the following weeks British forces occupied Long Island. However, General George Washington and his Continental Army escaped capture. New York, New York and NYC redirect here. ... For other persons named Nathan Hale, see Nathan Hale (disambiguation). ... The Great Fire was a devastating fire that burned through the night of September 21 – September 22, 1776 on the west end of what then constituted New York City at the southern end of the island of Manhattan. ... This article is about the island in New York State. ... George Washington (February 22, 1732 – December 14, 1799)[1] led Americas Continental Army to victory over Britain in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), and in 1789 was elected the first President of the United States of America. ... Illustration depicting uniforms and weapons used during the 1779 to 1783 period of the American Revolution by showing four soldiers standing in an informal group General George Washington, was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army on June 15, 1775. ...

Background

On March 17, 1776, the British fleet retreated to Halifax, Nova Scotia to refit after the end of the year-long Siege of Boston. Washington, who had successfully taken Boston, expected a new attack on New York. He moved his troops to Long Island and New York City, arrived himself on April 13, and reinforced fortifications there. General Charles Lee succinctly assessed the untenable situation of defending New York City without control of the sea, Washington's essential strategic error: "What to do with this city, I own, puzzles me," he wrote to Washington. "It is so encircled with deep navigable water that whoever commands the sea must command the town." Washington's inexperience led him astray: "Till of late," he wrote after the disaster, "I had no doubt in my own mind of defending this place."^[1] On July 4, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was ratified in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In the same month, Lieutenant General Sir William Howe established his headquarters for their operation on Staten Island in New Dorp at the Rose and Crown tavern near the junction of present New Dorp Lane and Amboy Road which awaited reinforcement from his brother, Admiral Lord Howe. is the 76th day of the year (77th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see 1776 (disambiguation). ... This article is about the navy of the United Kingdom. ... Motto: Template:Unhide = E Mari Merces (Wealth from the Sea) Logo: Location City Information Established: April 1, 1996 Area: (former city) 79. ... Combatants New England militia, Continental Army Great Britain Commanders Artemas Ward, George Washington Thomas Gage, William Howe Strength 17,000 The Siege of Boston (April 19, 1775 – March 17, 1776) was the opening phase of the American Revolutionary War, in which New England militiamen—and then the Continental Army—surrounded... This article is about the island in New York State. ... Charles Lee may refer to: Charles Lee (general) (1732–1782), American Revolutionary War Charles Lee (Attorney General) (1758–1815) This human name article is a disambiguation page — a list of pages that might otherwise share the same title, which is a persons or persons name. ... is the 185th day of the year (186th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see 1776 (disambiguation). ... Nickname: City of Brotherly Love, Philly, the Quaker City Motto: Philadelphia maneto (Let brotherly love continue) Location in Pennsylvania Coordinates: Country United States State Pennsylvania County Philadelphia Founded October 27, 1682 Incorporated October 25, 1701 Mayor John F. Street (D) Area    - City 369. ... Sir William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe, KB, PC (August 10, 1729 – July 12, 1814) was an English General who was Commander-in-Chief of British forces during the American Revolutionary War, one of the three Howe brothers. ... The approximate area of the neighborhood of New Dorp on Staten Island is shown highlighted in orange. ... Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe (8 March 1726 – 5 August 1799) was a British admiral. ...

Battle

On August 22, 1776, Colonel Edward Hand sent word to Lieutenant General George Washington that the British were preparing to cross The Narrows to Brooklyn from Staten Island. is the 234th day of the year (235th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see 1776 (disambiguation). ... Edward Hand (December 31, 1744–September 3, 1802) was an American physician and soldier from Lancaster, Pennsylvania. ... New York Harbor, as seen in a TERRA satellite image. ... This article is about the borough of New York City. ... This article is about the borough in New York City. ...

Under the overall command of Howe, and the operational command of Major Generals Charles Cornwallis and Sir Henry Clinton, the British force numbered 4,000. The British commenced their landing in Gravesend Bay, where, after having strengthened his forces for over seven weeks on Staten Island, Admiral Richard Howe moved 88 frigates. The British landed a total of 34,000 men south of Brooklyn. Cornwallis redirects here. ... General Sir Henry Clinton K.B. Commander-in-Chief of British troops in America. ... Afternoon by the Sea (Gravesend Bay), a pastel by William Merritt Chase, ca 1888 shows traditional catboats in the bay and the Navesink Highlands across Lower New York Bay. ... Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe (8 March 1726 – 5 August 1799) was a British admiral. ... For the bird, see Frigatebird. ...

About half of Washington's army, led by Major General Israel Putnam, was deployed to defend the village of Flatbush near Brooklyn while the rest held Manhattan. In a night march suggested and led by Clinton, the British forces used the lightly defended Jamaica pass to turn Putnam's left flank. The following morning, American troops were counterattacked and fell back. Major Prescott's command of about 2,000 men resisted the attacks, sustaining 90% casualties. The following morning, Howe and Clinton forced the Americans to withdraw, with heavy losses, to fortifications on Brooklyn Heights. Maj. ... Flatbush is a neighborhood of the Borough of Brooklyn, a part of New York City. ... East New York is a neighborhood in Brooklyn which has had a dramatic turn around prior to 15 years ago. ... “Flanking” redirects here. ... Expensive real estate: Brooklyn Heights in the snow taken from the Promenade, 2003 Brooklyn Heights is a neighborhood within the New York City borough of Brooklyn; originally designated through popular reference as Brooklyn Village, it has, since 1834, become a prevalent area of the Brooklyn borough. ...

Later in the day, the British paused. This was not unusual in combat of the time, as horrendous casualties could result from point-blank musket fire and hand-to-hand combat; even the winner of such a battle could find himself unable to proceed. It was not uncommon for a commander, certain of the numerical and tactical superiority of his force, to offer a cornered enemy the option to surrender and thus avoid further bloodshed with the ultimate outcome of the battle certain. If a formal surrender offer was not made, the commander in a hopeless situation could at least be afforded an opportunity to consider his situation and, presumably, decide to surrender. It appears that this happened here; the British commanders surely remembered the Battle of Bunker Hill and the casualties they suffered in that victory. Gunpowder warfare is associated with the start of the widespread use of gunpowder and the development of suitable weapons to use the explosive. ... Muskets and bayonets aboard the frigate Grand Turk. ... Episode no. ... For a list of numerous places and things that are named after this battle, see Bunker Hill. ...

During the night of August 29-August 30, 1776, having lost the battle, the Americans evacuated Long Island for Manhattan. Not wanting to have anymore causalties, the Americans derived a plan. This evacuation of more than 9,000 troops required stealth and luck and the skill of Colonel John Glover and his 14th Continental Regiment from Marblehead, Massachusetts. It was not completed by sunrise as scheduled, and had a heavy fog not beset Long Island in the morning, the army may have been trapped between the British and the East River. However, the maneuver took the British by complete surprise. Even having lost the battle, Washington's withdrawal earned him praise from both the Americans and the British. is the 241st day of the year (242nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 242nd day of the year (243rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see 1776 (disambiguation). ... John Glover (November 5, 1732 – January 30, 1797) was an American fisherman, merchant, and military leader from Marblehead, Massachusetts, who served as a brigadier general in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. ... The 14th Continental Regiment also known as The Marblehead Regiment was rasied as a Massachusetts milita regiment on April 23, 1775 at Marblehead, Massachusetts under the command of John Glover. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... New York City waterways: 1. ... Definition Withdrawing is the act of removing all or part of a military force from combat and moving to a safe location. ...

Aftermath

Western Long Island

On September 11, 1776, the British received a delegation of Americans consisting of Benjamin Franklin, Edward Rutledge, and John Adams at the Conference House on the southwestern tip of Staten Island (known today as Tottenville) on the former estate of loyalist Christopher Billop. The peace conference failed as the Americans refused to revoke the Declaration of Independence. The terms were formally rejected on September 15. is the 254th day of the year (255th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see 1776 (disambiguation). ... Benjamin Franklin (January 17 [O.S. January 6] 1706 – April 17, 1790) was one of the most well known Founding Fathers of the United States. ... Edward Rutledge Edward Rutledge (November 23, 1749–January 23, 1800), South Carolina statesman, was a signer of the Declaration of Independence and later governor of South Carolina. ... For other persons named John Adams, see John Adams (disambiguation). ... The Conference House is a building erected in the late 17th Century and located at the southern-most tip of Staten Island, New York City, and New York State. ... The neighborhood of Tottenville in Staten Island is shown highlighted in orange Tottenville, area approx. ... is the 258th day of the year (259th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

On September 15, after heavily bombarding green militia forces, the British crossed to Manhattan, landing at Kip's Bay, and routed the Americans there as well. The following day, the two armies fought the Battle of Harlem Heights, resulting in a tactical draw. After a further battle at White Plains, Washington retreated across the Hudson to New Jersey. The British occupied New York until 1783, when they evacuated the city as agreed in the Treaty of Paris,.^[2] is the 258th day of the year (259th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Lebanese Kataeb militia The term Militia is commonly used today to refer to a military force composed of ordinary [1] citizens to provide defense, emergency, law enforcement, or paramilitary service, and those engaged in such activity, without being paid a regular salary or committed to a fixed term of service. ... Combatants American milita British Army Commanders William Douglas William Howe Strength 900 4,000 Casualties 60 killed or wounded, 320 captured 12 killed The Landing at Kips Bay was a British maneuver during the New York Campaign in the American Revolutionary War. ... The Battle of Harlem Heights was a skirmish in the New York Campaign of the American Revolutionary War. ... For other places with the same name, see White Plains (disambiguation). ... The Hudson River, called Muh-he-kun-ne-tuk in Mahican or as the Lenape Native Americans called it in Unami, Muhheakantuck, is a river that runs through the eastern portion of New York State and, along its southern terminus, demarcates the border between the states of New York and... Painting by Benjamin West depicting (from left to right) John Jay, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Henry Laurens, and William Temple Franklin. ...

Main article: Great Fire of New York (1776)

On September 21, a fire broke out on Whitehall Street (widely believed to be at the Fighting Cocks Tavern) near the Battery in New York City. High winds carried it to nearly a quarter of the city's buildings, consuming between 300 and 600 buildings. The British accused the rebels of setting the fire, although native New Yorkers instead blamed the British. The Great Fire was a devastating fire that burned through the night of September 21 – September 22, 1776 on the west end of what then constituted New York City at the southern end of the island of Manhattan. ... is the 264th day of the year (265th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

In the wake of the fire, Nathan Hale, a captain in the Connecticut Rangers, volunteered to enter New York in civilian clothes. Posing as a Dutch schoolteacher, Hale successfully gathered intelligence but was captured before he could return to the rebel lines. Hale was captured on September 21, 1776, and hanged the next day on the orders of Howe. According to legend, Hale uttered before being hanged, "I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country".^[3] For other persons named Nathan Hale, see Nathan Hale (disambiguation). ... is the 264th day of the year (265th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see 1776 (disambiguation). ...

Eastern Long Island

While most of the battle was concentrated in western Long Island, within about 10 miles (16 km) of Manhattan, British troops were also deployed to the east to capture the entire 110 mile (180 km) length of Long Island to Montauk. The British met little or no opposition in this operation. The Montauk Lighthouse Montauk is a census-designated place and hamlet located in Suffolk County, New York. ...

Henry B. Livingston was dispatched with 200 Continental troops to draw a line at what is now Shinnecock Canal at Hampton Bays to prevent the port of Sag Harbor from falling. Livingston, faced with insufficient manpower, abandoned Long Island to the British in September. Categories: People stubs | U.S. Supreme Court justices | 1757 births | 1823 deaths ... This article needs to be wikified. ... Hampton Bays is a hamlet (and census-designated place) in Suffolk County, New York, United States. ... Sag Harbor is a village in Suffolk County, New York, United States, shared by the towns of East Hampton and Southampton. ...

Residents of eastern Long Island were told to take a loyalty oath to the British government. In Sag Harbor, families met on September 14, 1776, to discuss the matter at the Sag Harbor Meeting House; 14 of the 35 families decided to evacuate to Connecticut. is the 257th day of the year (258th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see 1776 (disambiguation). ... Official language(s) English Capital Hartford Largest city Bridgeport[3] Largest metro area Hartford Metro Area[2] Area  Ranked 48th  - Total 5,543[4] sq mi (14,356 km²)  - Width 70 miles (113 km)  - Length 110 miles (177 km)  - % water 12. ...

The British planned to use Long Island as a staging ground for a new invasion of New England. They attempted to regulate ships going into Long Island Sound and blockaded Connecticut.^{[citation needed]} This article is about the region in the United States of America. ... New York City waterways: 1. ...

Casualties

The exact number of American soldiers who fought in the battle is unknown, but estimates are that there were at least 10,000, mostly New York militia reinforced from Connecticut, Delaware, and Maryland. Perhaps 1,407 Americans were wounded, captured, or missing, while 312 were killed. A British report claimed the capture of 89 American officers, including Colonel Samuel Miles, and 1,097 others. This article is about the U.S. State of Delaware. ... Official language(s) None (English, de facto) Capital Annapolis Largest city Baltimore Largest metro area Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area Area  Ranked 42nd  - Total 12,407 sq mi (32,133 km²)  - Width 101 miles (145 km)  - Length 249 miles (400 km)  - % water 21  - Latitude 37° 53′ N to 39° 43′ N... Samuel Miles (March 11, 1740–29 December 1805) was an American military officer and politician, active in the state of Pennsylvania before, during, and after the American Revolutionary War. ...

Out of 32,000 British and Germans (including 9,000 Hessians) on Long Island, they sustained a total loss of 377. Five British officers and 58 men were killed, while 13 officers and 275 men were wounded or went missing. Of the Hessian forces under Carl von Donop, two were killed, and three officers and 23 men were wounded. The term Hessian refers to the inhabitants of the German state of Hesse. ... Carl Emil Kurt von Donop (died 1777) was a British in the American Revolutionary War. ...

Monuments

Commemorations of the battle include:

• The Minerva Statue: The battle is commemorated with a statue of Minerva near the top of Battle Hill, the highest point of Brooklyn, in Green-wood Cemetery. The statue on the northwest corner of the cemetery looks toward the Statue of Liberty. In 2006, the statue was evoked in a successful defense to prevent a building from blocking the Manhattan view from the cemetery.
• The Prison Ship Martyrs' Monument: A freestanding Doric column in Fort Greene memorializing all those who died while kept prisoner on the British ships just off the shore of Brooklyn, in Wallabout Bay.
• The Old Stone House http://www.theoldstonehouse.org/: A re-constructed farmhouse (c.1699) serves as a museum of the Battle of Long Island, also known as the "Battle of Brooklyn". It is located in J.J. Byrne Park, at 3rd Street and 5th Avenue, Brooklyn, situated within the boundaries of the original battle, and features models and maps.
• Prospect Park, Brooklyn, Battle Pass. Along the Eastern Side of Center Drive in Prospect Park, Brooklyn is a large granite boulder with a brass plaque affixed.

The inscription reads 'Historic Marker of Battle Pass. At this point the Old Porte Road or Valley Grove Road intersected the line of hills separating Flatbush from Brooklyn and Gowanus. In the Battle of Long Island, August 27, 1776, this pass was barricaded in front by Dongan Oak and other obstructions. It was protected by artillery on Redout [sic] Hill just to the east. Here the American forces stood their ground against the Hessians coming from the south till flanked from the river by a body of British troops. General Sullivan was captured, but most of his troops retreated across what is now the Long Meadow, joining the Maryland and other troops for the final resistance near the old stone house of Gowanus.' Head of Minerva by Elihu Vedder, 1896 For other uses, see Minerva (disambiguation). ... Green-Wood Cemetery was founded in 1838 as a rural cemetery in Kings County, New York, now in Brooklyn. ... For other monuments to freedom, see Monument of Liberty. ... Prison Ship Martyrs Monument Program of the Dedicatory Ceremonies of the Prison Ship Martyrs Monument, November 14, 1908 Erected in Fort Greene Park, Brooklyn, New York. ... Fort Greene is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. ... A small body of water along the northwest shore of Brooklyn, New York. ... The Old Stone House is a 1930 reconstruction of the Vechte-Cortelyou House which was destroyed in 1897. ... Prospect Park is a 585[1] acre (2. ... is the 239th day of the year (240th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For other uses, see 1776 (disambiguation). ...

Order of battle

See Long Island order of battle The following units and commanders of the British and American armies fought in the Battle of Long Island of the American Revolution. ...

In Popular Culture

The Battle of Long Island is referenced in the song "Investigative Reports" on Liquid Swords by the GZA. Liquid Swords is a solo album by Wu-Tang Clan member GZA, widely regarded as a masterpiece of the East Coast hip hop renaissance. ... GZA (IPA pronunciation: ), aka The Genius, (born Gary Grice August 22, 1966 in Brooklyn, New York City) is an American hip hop artist. ...

Notes

Evacuation Day on November 25 marks the day in 1783 when the last vestige of British authority in the United States — its troops in New York — departed from Manhattan. ... For other persons named Nathan Hale, see Nathan Hale (disambiguation). ...

References

• John Gallagher; The Battle of Brooklyn 1776; 1995; 2002 Castle Press edition, ISBN 0-7858-1663-1.
• Schecter, Barnet. The Battle for New York (2002)
• Britishbattles.com - The Battle of Long Island 1776

External links

• The Battle of Long Island
• The Wild Geese Today Honoring Those who saved Washington's Army website with connections to articles on Maryland And Delaware line
• Website on Battle of Long Island
• "The Old Stone House" museum http://www.theoldstonehouse.org/ and http://www.brooklynonline.com/history/stonehouse.html

v • d • e New York in the American Revolutionary War

Pre-war: Sons of Liberty 1770: Battle of Golden Hill 1775: Capture of Fort Ticonderoga – Invasion of Canada 1776: New York and New Jersey campaign – Battle of Long Island – New York Prison Ships Begin – Landing at Kip's Bay – Battle of Harlem Heights – Great Fire of New York – Execution of Nathan Hale – Battle of Valcour Island – Battle of Pell's Point – Battle of White Plains – Battle of Fort Washington 1777: Meigs Raid – Saratoga campaign – Battle of Ticonderoga – Battle of Hubbardton – Battle of Fort Ann – Battle of Oriskany – Battle of Saratoga – Battle of Freeman's Farm – Battle of Bemis Heights 1778: Setauket Spy Ring Launched – Battle of Cobleskill – West Point established – Cherry Valley massacre 1779: Battle of Stony Point – Sullivan Expedition – Battle of Newtown 1780: First Purple Heart – André Capture Reveals Traitor Benedict Arnold 1781: HMS Culloden Runs Aground at Montauk – Washington Calls Off Invasion of New York to Support Yorktown 1782: Washington's Headquarters at Newburgh – Newburgh letter – 1783: Newburgh conspiracy – British Evacuate New York – Washington's Farewell to His Officers