The Battle of Lowestoft, 13 June 1665, showing HMS Royal Charles and the Eendracht by Hendrik van Minderhout, painted c. 1665

The naval Battle of Lowestoft took place on 13 June 1665 during the Second Anglo-Dutch War. It remains the worst naval defeat in Dutch history. The Battle of Lowestoft, 13 June 1665, showing HMS Royal Charles and the Eendracht by Hendrik van Minderhout, painted c. ... The Battle of Lowestoft, 13 June 1665, showing HMS Royal Charles and the Eendracht by Hendrik van Minderhout, painted c. ... Events March 4 - Start of the Second Anglo-Dutch War. ... June 13 is the 164th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (165th in leap years), with 201 days remaining. ... Events March 4 - Start of the Second Anglo-Dutch War. ... The Royal Prince and other vessels at the Four Days Fight, 11–14 June 1666 by Abraham Storck depicts a battle of the Second Anglo-Dutch War. ...

A fleet of more than a hundred ships of the United Provinces commanded by Lieutenant-Admiral Jacob van Wassenaer Obdam attacked an English fleet of equal size commanded by James Stuart, Duke of York forty miles east of the port of Lowestoft in Suffolk, England. The Dutch were desperate to prevent a second English blockade of their ports, after the first was broken off by the English for lack of supplies. The leading Dutch politician, Johan de Witt, ordered Van Wassenaer to attack the English aggressively during a period of stable eastern winds which would have given the Dutch the weather gage. Van Wassenaer however, perhaps feeling that his fleet was still too inferior in training and fire power to really challenge the British in full battle, postponed the fight till the wind turned in order to seek a minor confrontation in a defensive leeward position from which he could disengage quickly and return without openly disobeying orders. His attitude would cost him one-sixth of his fleet and his life. The United Provinces (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden/Provinciën, Republic of the Seven United Netherlands/Provinces — 1581–1795) was a European republic which is now known as the Netherlands. ... Jacob, Banner Lord of Wassenaer, Lord Obdam, Hensbroek, Spanbroek, Opmeer, Zuidwijk and Kernhem (1610 – 13 June 1665) was a Dutch Lieutenant-Admiral, and supreme commander of the confederate Dutch navy. ... The Flag of England The Kingdom of England was a kingdom located in Western Europe, in the southern part of the island of Great Britain. ... James II of England and VII of Scotland ( 14 October 1633–16 September 1701 ) became King of England, King of Scots, and King of Ireland from 6 February 1685. ... Map sources for Lowestoft at grid reference TM5492 Sunrise at Ness Point, Lowestoft. ... Suffolk (pronounced suffuk) is a large traditional and administrative county in the East Anglia region of eastern England. ... Royal motto (French): Dieu et mon droit (Translated: God and my right) Englands location within the UK Official language English de facto Capital London de facto Largest city London Area - Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 km² Population - Total (mid-2004) - Density Ranked 1st UK 50. ... Johan de Witt (September 24, 1625 - August 20, 1672) was a significant Dutch political figure. ... The phrase to have the weather gage (or gauge) describes the favorable position of a sailing vessel relative to another with respect to the wind. ... Leeward is the side of a boat away from the direction where the wind is coming (i. ...

On 11 June Van Wassenaer sighted the British fleet of 109 ships carrying 4,542 guns and 22,055 men; it consisted of three squadrons. James himself commanded the van, the squadron of the red flag; Prince Rupert commanded the centre, the squadron of the white flag and Edward Montagu, 1st Earl of Sandwich commanded the rearguard, the squadron of the blue flag. The Dutch fleet of 103 ships carrying 4,869 guns and 21,613 men had no less than seven squadrons: the first (from the Admiralty of Amsterdam) commanded by Van Wassenaer himself in Eendracht; the second commanded by Lieutenant-Admiral Johan Evertsen on Hof van Zeeland; the third (from the Admiralty of the Maas) commanded by Lieutenant-Admiral Egbert Bartholomeusz Kortenaer on Groot Hollandia; the fourth (the Frisian fleet) commanded by Lieutenant-Admiral Auke Stellingwerf on Sevenwolden; the fifth (from the Admiralty of the Northern Quarter) commanded by Vice-Admiral Cornelis Tromp on Liefde; the sixth (the Zealandic fleet) commanded by Vice-Admiral Cornelis Evertsen de Oude on Vlissingen and the seventh commanded by Vice-Admiral Volckert Schram on Wapen van Nassau. The reason for the large number of squadrons was that the smaller admiralties insisted on having their own squadron; the Admiralties of Amsterdam and the Maas (i.e. Rotterdam) then split their fleets to make squadrons of equal size to those of the smaller fleets. June 11 is the 162nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (163rd in leap years), with 203 days remaining. ... for the city in British Columbia, see Prince Rupert, British Columbia Prince Rupert of the Rhine (1619-1682), soldier and inventor, was a younger son of Frederick V, Elector Palatine and Elizabeth Stuart, and the nephew of King Charles I of England. ... Edward Montagu, 1st Earl of Sandwich, 1625–1672 by Sir Peter Lely, painted 1666. ... Eendracht or Eendragt (Unity or Concord) was the usual flagship of the navy of the United Provinces between 1655 and 1665. ... Lieutenant-Admiral Egbert Bartholomeusz Kortenaer by Bartholomeus van der Helst, painted 1660. ... Cornelis Tromp, 1629–1691 by Sir Peter Lely, painted c. ... For other places named Rotterdam, see Rotterdam (disambiguation) Rotterdam is the second largest city in the Netherlands (after Amsterdam), located in the province of Zuid Holland. ...

Both national fleets could only be so large by employing armed merchants: the British used 24 of these; the Dutch twelve, some of them enormous East India Company (VOC) warships, specially brought over from the Indies. The Dutch also had activated 18 laid up warships from the previous war. VOC stands for: a historic trade organization (Vereenigde Oost-indische Compagnie); see Dutch East India Company a group of chemical compounds; see volatile organic compounds vehicle operating costs voice of the customer Creative Voice file, a proprietary audio format developed by Creative Labs for use by their Soundblaster sound cards...

On 11 June there was a calm and no battle could take place. On 12 June the wind again started to blow - and from the east, giving Van Wassenaer the weather gage. However, he simply didn't attack, despite clear orders to do so under these conditions. Next morning the wind had turned to the west and now he approached the enemy fleet. June 12 is the 163rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (164th in leap years), with 202 days remaining. ...

The battle

It's difficult to give a coherent account of the battle. There is a wealth of sources but these have never been properly studied. The British found the behavior of 'foggy Opdam' (as they would sometimes call him) puzzling and ascribed all kinds of intentions to him that he in reality never had. After the defeat the surviving Dutch flag officers to exonerate themselves pretended the fleet had followed the original written orders, blaming misfortune and cowardice among the merchant captains for the disaster.

In the early morning of the 13th the Dutch fleet was positioned to the southeast of the British fleet. Most British historians have assumed Van Wassenaer (who on the 12th of June had sent all of his silverware and other valuables home as to show how much confidence he had in himself) made a sudden dash to the west, trying to regain the weather gage, and the British beat him to it. If so, the wind must have been blowing from the southwest — otherwise there was no gain in this manoeuvre — but this makes it difficult to explain how the British fleet, sailing to the south, could be swifter than the Dutch. An alternative interpretation, more in accordance with the Dutch sources, would be that the wind was blowing from the northwest and Van Wassenaer tried to engage the British from a defensive leeward position, his favorite tactic. Indeed both fleets passed in opposite tack and then turned. During the turn HMS Great Charity became isolated and was boarded and captured by captain Jan de Haen, the later admiral, who immediately returned with his prize to the Netherlands, an obviously unsound practice that would be forbidden after this battle.

Later an English victory tune "The Dutch Armado A Meer Bravado" declared: "Fortune was pleasant when she lent the dutch our 'Charity' a thing they wanted much".

After this there was a second pass. Though the British had some trouble controlling these manoeuvres, the Dutch now completely failed to maintain a line of battle. In theory their being in a leeward position would have given their guns a superior range, allowing them to destroy from a safe distance the rigging of the British ships with chain shot. In reality the several squadrons began to block each other's line of sight, those flagofficers and captains most hungry for battle left the less enthusiastic and older ships quickly behind, while company ships — never trained in these tactics — behaved as if no other vessels were present and this disorder caused a part of the British line to shift over some heavier Dutch ships who only just managed to escape to their main force. Later they would claim they had intentionally tried to directly attack the enemy in accordace with general orders. Some other ships happened to be in an optimal range for the British to concentrate their fire and took heavy damage. The young life of the commander of the Frisian fleet, Lieutenant-Admiral Auke Stellingwerf, was ended when he was shot in two. Veteran Lieutenant-Admiral Kortenaer, probably the most competent Dutch commander present, was fatally wounded in the hip by a cannonball. Quartermaster Ate Stinstra took command of Kortenaer's ship. Van Wassenaer now suspended the squadron command structure, hoping by placing all ships directly under his own guidance to bring some coherence to the Dutch force. This only added to the confusion however.

Again both fleets turned. And now something strange happened that has proven very difficult to explain. After the manoeuvre the British rear should obviously have been to the north of the centre. All sources agree however that it resulted in a reversed order of the British fleet in that the rearguard was now to the south of the centre. The traditional British solution to this riddle has been that their fleet tacked synchronously, i.e. each individual ship turned simultaneously to reverse fleet order, instead of turning one behind the other. If true that would have been a truly unique accomplishment for that age. Dutch sources suggest a different explanation: while executing the third turn the Dutch fleet lost all coherence because the wind suddenly turned to the southwest. It then slammed into the British van and centre. The British rear, avoiding the mass of confused ships, sailed behind the Dutch fleet to the south. A flotilla from the van then closed the trap completely, blocking the intended return to the Dutch coast. This scenario explains why all manoeuvring stopped and why some British flotillas clearly report trying to sail to the west, which would be inexplicable if they hadn't been to the east of the Dutch fleet.

If indeed surrounded the Dutch would have been in a hopeless position. The British main force to the west of them would have had the weather gage precluding boarding as a viable tactic. The British rear, firing from a leeward position, could have damaged the Dutch with impunity. As the Dutch had again the weather gauge in relation to the British rear, some of their ships wore to the east to attack it. Through such an action Montague's flagship was boarded and temporarily taken over by the crew of Oranje, commanded by captain Bastian Senten, who even raised the Dutch flag on the Prince Royal until Rupert himself on Royal James came to the rescue retaking the ship. At that time the entire battle seems to have degenerated into a gigantic melee. During these fights the Earl of Marlborough and the Earl of Portland perished. A few hours later around noon Montague raised the blue squadron flag on his mizen topmast - "A sign for my squadron to follow" - and indeed most captains of the English rear followed their leader when he went straight for the Dutch 'line' and broke through it (most likely he sailed through a gap) effectively dividing the Dutch fleet and surrounding part of it (if the traditional British scenario is true now for the first time a part only of the Dutch fleet was surrounded).

Apart from these positional problems the Dutch had a structural disadvantage: on average their guns were much lighter. Especially the eight largest British vessels were almost unsinkable themselves but could wreck the smallest Dutch ships with a single broadside. The larger Dutch vessels therefore tried to protect the little ones. The Dutch flagship Eendracht duelled Royal Charles. James was nearly killed by a Dutch chain-shot decapitating several of his courtiers, among them a certain Lord Falmouth who was not very high thought of, prompting the "poet of state affairs" (probably Andrew Marvell using the name of John Denham) to later declare: "His shatterd' head the fearless duke distains, and gave the last first proof that he had brains". Around three in the afternoon the duel between Royal Charles and Eendracht ended abruptly when Eendracht exploded, killing Van Obdam and all but five of the crew. Kortenaer was second in command; though fatally wounded he hadn't died yet and the other Admirals were unaware of his condition. For hours the Dutch fleet was therefore without effective command. After Eendracht had exploded, the English immediately became more aggressive, while many Dutch captains faltered: some Dutch ships already fled a little later, followed by Kortenaer's ship Groot Hollandia now commanded by Stinstra. Needless too say all of this had a rather negative effect on Dutch morale. By evening most of the Dutch fleet was in full flight, save for 40 ships or so under Vice-Admiral Cornelis Tromp and Lieutenant-Admiral Johan Evertsen, both having taken over command (showing the utter confusion on the Dutch side), who made possible an escape and covered the flight, thus preventing complete catastrophe, though 16 more ships were lost. The British lost only one ship, the captured Great Charity mentioned above. Eight Dutch ships were sunk by the British; six of these were burnt in two separate incidents when they got entangled while fleeing and set ablaze by a fire ship: this happened to Tergoes entangling with the company ship Maarseveen and the merchant Swanenburg; and also to the Koevorden, Stad Utrecht and Prinse Maurits. The earlier mentioned company ship Oranje exploded after being set on fire by another fire ship following many an attempt to block, board and enter the HMS Charles; in which she was prevented first by the Mary under captain Jeremy Smith (Mary would lose 99 men of its crew), one of York's seconds, and later by HMS Royal Oak, HMS Essex and HMS Royal Katherine. According to some Oranje lost half of its crew of 400 before succumbing, a severely wounded Senten (of Scottish descent!) was picked up by an English vessel and shortly after succumbed himself. During the Dutch flight the English captured nine more ships: Hilversum, Delft, Zeelandia, Wapen van Edam and Jonge Prins; the VOC-ship Nagelboom and the merchants Carolus Quintus, Mars and Geldersche Ruyter. Tromp was captured but escaped. Eight older ships had to be written off later, as the costs of repair would have exceeded their value. The painting Dutch attack on the Medway, June 1667 by Pieter Cornelisz van Soest, painted c. ... Andrew Marvell (March 31, 1621 – August 16, 1678) was an English metaphysical poet, and the son of an Anglican clergyman. ... Sir John Denham (1615 - 1669), poet, son of the Chief Baron of Exchequer in Ireland, was born in Dublin, and educated at Oxford He began his literary career with a tragedy, The Sophy (1641), which seldom rises above mediocrity. ... This article is not about the fireboats that fight fire Defeat of the Spanish Armada, 1588-08-08 by Philippe-Jacques de Loutherbourg, painted 1796, depicts Drakes fire ship attack on the Spanish Armada. ... Seven (or eleven, depending on how one counts) vessels of the British Royal Navy have been named HMS Royal Oak. ... Five ships of the British Royal Navy have been named HMS Essex, after the county of Essex. ... HMS Royal Katherine was an 84-gun second-rate ship of the line, launched in 1664. ...

The English had lost one flag officer: Rear Admiral Sampson, while Vice Admiral Lawson was mortally wounded. Notable English captains present at the battle included Captain of the Fleet William Penn in HMS Royal Charles, ex-buccaneer Christopher Myngs and George Ayscue. It has always been a mystery why the British fleet didn't at least try to pursue the Dutch. Several anecdotes are told to explain this. According to one Penn remarked to James that he was looking foreward to the heavy fighting the next day — since he believed the Dutch were at their best when cornered. James, having narrowly escaped death already, then would have lost his nerve completely. Another legend has it that James' wife ordered Lord Henry Brouncker to keep her husband safe; he obeyed by giving flagcaptain Harman the false order to stop Charles in the night. In the Royal Navy a Captain of the fleet could be appointed to assist an admiral when the admiral had ten or more ships to command. ... Admiral Sir William Penn, 1621–1670 by Sir Peter Lely, painted 1665–1666. ... Two ships of the British Royal Navy have been named HMS Royal Charles, both after King Charles II. The first Royal Charles was an 80-gun ship of the line, launched as Naseby in 1655, renamed in 1660, and captured by the Dutch in the Raid on the Medway in... Buccaneer is a term that was used in the later 17th century in the Caribbean Islands. ... Sir Christopher Myngs (1625 - 1666), British admiral and pirate, came of a Norfolk family. ... Admiral Sir George Ayscue by Sir Peter Lely, painted 1665–1666. ...

The outcome of the battle was partially caused by an inequality in fire-power, but the Dutch had already embarked on an ambitious expansion programme, building many heavier ships. The English failed to take advantage of their victory. They never managed an effective blockade of the Dutch coast and couldn't prevent the VOC-fleet from returning from the Indies. The fleets, now much more equal in quality, met again at the Four Days Battle in June 1666. The Four Days Fight, 11–14 June 1666 by Pieter Cornelisz van Soest, painted c. ... Events September 2 - Great Fire of London: A large fire breaks out in London in the house of Charles IIs baker on Pudding Lane near London Bridge. ...

References

• Warnsinck, J.C.M. Van vlootvoogden en zeeslagen. Van Kampen, Amsterdam, 1941.