The Battle of Muar was the last major battle of the Malayan campaign. It took place from 14 January to 22 January around Gemensah Bridge and on the Muar River. Allied soldiers, under the command of Major General Gordon Bennett, inflicted severe losses on Japanese forces. Members of the Australian 8th Division killed more than 700 personnel from the Japanese Imperial Guards Division, in an ambush at the bridge. Combatants Malaya Command: Indian III Corps Australian 8th Div. ... For other uses, see Pacific War (disambiguation). ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... Bakri often Bukit Bakri is a town in Johor, Malaysia. ... is the 14th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 22nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1942 (MCMXLII) was a common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... District Muar District Area  - Total (District) 2346. ... British Malaya was a set of states that were colonized by the British from the 18th and the 19th until the 20th century. ... A Pyrrhic victory is a victory with devastating cost to the victor. ... The Indian 17th Infantry Division was a formation of the British Indian Army raised during World War II. It had the distinction of being continually in combat during the three-year long Burma Campaign (except for brief periods of refit). ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... The 8th Division of the Australian Army was formed to serve in World War II, as part of the Second Australian Imperial Force, who were in turn, part of the Allies of World War II. The 8th Division was raised from regular army units and new, all-volunteer infantry brigades... Image File history File links Imperial-India-Blue-Ensign. ... The 9th Indian Infantry Division was a Indian division which formed part of Indian III Corps in the British forces during the Battle of Malaya. ... Image File history File links Imperial-India-Blue-Ensign. ... The Indian 17th Infantry Division was a formation of the British Indian Army raised during World War II. It had the distinction of being continually in combat during the three-year long Burma Campaign (except for brief periods of refit). ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... The 18th (East Anglian) Infantry Division was a Division of the British Army in World War II , A duplicate of the 54th (East Anglian) Division . ... The Japanese Twenty-Fifth Army was the Japanese force that invaded and conquered the British colony of Malaya in late 1941 and early 1942. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Japan. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Imperial Guard of Japan. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Japan. ... The 5th Infantry Division ) was an infantry division in the Imperial Japanese Army. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... Lieutenant-General Arthur Ernest Percival, CB, DSO and Bar, OBE, MC, OStJ, DL (December 26, 1887 - January 31, 1966) was a British Army officer and World War I hero. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Lieutenant-General Gordon Bennett Lieutenant-General Henry Gordon Bennett, CB, CMG, DSO (April 16, 1887 – August 1, 1962), Australian soldier, served in both World War I and World War II. Despite highly decorated achievements during World War I, including at Gallipoli, Bennett is best remembered for his role in the... Image File history File links Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom. ... Brigadier Herbert Cecil Duncan (19 August 1895 - 16 January 1942) commanded the 45th Indian Infantry Brigade during the Battle of Malaya. ... Temporary grave of an American machine-gunner during the Battle of Normandy. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Charles Groves Wright Anderson, VC, MC (12 February 1897 – 11 November 1988) was a South African-born, Australian recipient of the Victoria Cross and member of the Australian House of Representatives. ... Image File history File links This is a lossless scalable vector image. ... Image File history File links Flag_of_Japan. ... Takuma Nishimura (1899–1951) was a soldier of the Empire of Japan. ... Geneva Convention definition A prisoner of war (POW) is a soldier, sailor, airman, or marine who is imprisoned by an enemy power during or immediately after an armed conflict. ... On January 23, 1942, the Parit Sulong Massacre was committed against Allied soldiers by members of the Imperial Guards Division of the Imperial Japanese Army. ... Combatants Malaya Command: Indian III Corps Australian 8th Div. ... The Japanese invasion of Malaya began just after midnight on 8th December 1941 before the bombing of Pearl Harbor. ... Operation Krohcol was a British operation in 1942 to move into Siam just after the Japanese attack on Malaya during World War II. It was named Krohcol as it was a column operating on the Kroh-Patani road. ... Combatants United Kingdom Australia Japan Commanders Sir Tom Phillips † J. C. Leach † W. G. Tennant T. A. Vigors N. Nakanishi Shichizo Miyauchi Strength 1 battleship 1 battlecruiser 4 destroyers 10 aircraft 88 aircraft (34 torpedo aircraft, 51 level bombers, 3 scouting aircraft) Casualties 1 battleship, 1 battlecruiser sunk, 840 killed... Combatants 11th Indian Division 1st Leicestershires 2nd East Surreys Imperial Guards Division 5th Division Commanders David Murray-Lyon Tomoyuki Yamashita Casualties 2000 civilians killed The Battle of Jitra was the first major engagement fought between the invading Japanese and British forces in Malaya. ... Combatants 11th Indian Division 41st Infantry Regiment Commanders Archibald Paris Masanobu Tsuji Strength 1,300 4,000 Casualties (Japanese estimate) 150 killed (Japanese estimate) 500 killed The Battle of Kampar was a major engagement of World War II between the 11th Indian Division and the Japanese 5th Division. ... Combatants 11th Indian Division 5th Division Commanders Archibald Paris Hajime Shimada The Battle of Slim River occurred during the Malayan campaign in January 1942 between the Imperial Japanese Army and the British Indian Army on the west coast of Malaya. ... Combatants Malaya Command: Indian III Corps Australian 8th Div. ... is the 14th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... is the 22nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... Gemas is a small town in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia, just near the Negeri Sembilan-Johor state border. ... Muar River is a river which flows through the states of Negeri Sembilan and Johor in Malaysia. ... This article is about the independent states that comprised the Allies. ... Insignia of a United States Air Force Major General German Generalmajor Insignia Major General is a military rank used in many countries. ... Henry Gordon Bennett (April 16, 1887 – August 1, 1962) was an Australian soldier who served in both World War I and World War II. Despite highly decorated achievements during World War I, including at Gallipoli, Bennett is best remembered for his role in the Fall of Singapore in the Pacific... The 8th Division of the Australian Army was formed to serve in World War II, as part of the Second Australian Imperial Force, who were in turn, part of the Allies of World War II. The 8th Division was raised from regular army units and new, all-volunteer infantry brigades... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Imperial Guard of Japan. ...

This is the first engagement between Australian and Japanese forces in the Battle of Malaya. The 53rd Infantry Brigade was also the first and only British unit of the 18th Division to fight the Japanese in Malaya. Combatants Malaya Command: Indian III Corps Australian 8th Div. ... The 18th (East Anglian) Infantry Division was a Division of the British Army in World War II , A duplicate of the 54th (East Anglian) Division . ... The 18th (East Anglian) Infantry Division was a Division of the British Army in World War II , A duplicate of the 54th (East Anglian) Division . ...

Preparations

The ambush was ordered by the head of Malaya Command, Lieutenant General Arthur Percival's own instructions; he strongly felt that ambush was the way to fight the Japanese.^[1] A multinational force under Bennett, codenamed Westforce, was assigned to defend Muar. The Malaya Command was a British Army World War II formation formed for the defence of Malaya and Singapore. ... Lieutenant-General Arthur Ernest Percival, CB, DSO and Bar, OBE, MC, OStJ, DL (December 26, 1887 - January 31, 1966) was a British Army officer and World War I hero. ... District Muar District Area  - Total (District) 2346. ...

Westforce took up positions, covering the front from the mountains to the shore of the Malacca Straits. There were two main areas, and both of these were sub-divided into sectors, which were themselves widely separated and linked with each other chiefly by rather tenuous signal communications. ...

The first area was around the central trunk road and the railway beyond Segamat. The three subordinate sectors were: Segamat (昔加末）is a town and district located in the north of the state of Johor in Malaysia, bordering two other states of Malaysia (Negeri Sembilan on the west and Pahang on the north). ...

• (a) Astride both road and railway near Gemas. Here, the 8th Indian Brigade made up the holding force.
• (b) Further forward along the same road, laid the 27th Australian Brigade. They were charged with a counter-offensive role, and had already prepared an advanced ambush for the enemy several miles ahead.
• (c) Leftwards was the 22nd Indian Brigade tasked with guarding the approaches to Segamat from Malacca, which skirt either side of Mount Ophir.

Sgt Charles Parsons and his gun crew with their 2 pounder gun. The crew later destroyed six Japanese tanks from this position.

The second area was that which covered the West Coast and the roads which run along it to Johore Straits. This had two sectors, actually more in line with one another than those of the first area, but even less effectively in touch. The defence of this area was assigned to the 45th Indian Brigade, reinforced by a single battery of field artillery. It included a seaport of Muar, and stretched some 30 miles up into the jungle towards Segamat, along the winding course of the Muar River, with its deep-wooded, creeper-covered banks. Under orders from General Benett, two of the battalions were disposed along the river line, which they thus divided between them, while the third went into active reserve near the coast. Gemas is a small town in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. ... Segamat (昔加末）is a town and district located in the north of the state of Johor in Malaysia, bordering two other states of Malaysia (Negeri Sembilan on the west and Pahang on the north). ... This article is about the state in Malaysia. ... Gunung Ledang Mount Ophir, known in Malay as Gunung Ledang (after a legendary princess), is a mountain forest reserve located in northwestern of Johor, Malaysia. ... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Ordnance QF 2 pounder Type Anti-tank gun Nationality UK Era WW2 Target armoured vehicles History Date of design 1936 Production period 1936 - Number built Service duration 1936-1945 Operators War service WW2 Specifications Carriage Calibre 40 mm Barrel length 50 calibres Weight 130 kg Ammunition AP Shell weight 2... Muar River is a river which flows through the states of Negeri Sembilan and Johor in Malaysia. ...

A company of the 2/30th Australian Battalion entrenched and concealed themselves on one side of the Gemensah Bridge, spanning a stream, as part of the ambush. The bridge itself had been mined with explosives, and a battery of field artillery sited on higher ground behind the infantry whence it could command the enemy approach to the bridge. This battalion, which would score the most kills, was under Lieutenant Colonel Frederick Galleghan, nicknamed Black Jack. Gemas is a small town in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia, just near the Negeri Sembilan-Johor state border. ... In the U.S. Army, Air Force and Marine Corps, a lieutenant colonel is a commissioned officer superior to a major and inferior to a colonel. ...

The Ambush

Gemensah Bridge (middle distance) in 1945.

The ambush occurred at about 4 o'clock in the afternoon of 14th January, when the advance guard of the enemy approached-mounted on bicycles. They flowed across the bridge, into the ambush area, and beyond it. Then came the main Japanese column, several hundred strong, also cycling, and followed by tanks and engineer trucks. At this point, the bridge went up with a blast, and timber, bicycles and bodies hurtled through the air, while from the ambush lane and the anti-tank traps further on there poured a devastating fire, mowing the procession down like grass by the roadside. Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Gemas is a small town in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia, just near the Negeri Sembilan-Johor state border. ...

Heavy casualties continued to mount for the ambushed Japanese column. However, some of the enemy who passed through the ambush area discovered the field telephone cable hidden in the patchy undergrowth of the jungle's edge which ran back to the gun positions, and promptly cut it. So the friendly artillery received no signal, and never came into play at all.

Soon after, Japanese artillery began to rain down on the Australian battalion. The Japanese column, cluttered with their own dying and wounded men, were also being bombarded by their own shells, which added to the rising death toll (Any soldier of Nippon who could no longer march or fight expected no more regard from the Imperial Army than was given by them to an enemy casualty or prisoner-of-war). The Australian ambush party, having done a substantial slaughter, duly fell back in several groups that same evening and by next day had rejoined their battalion in the position near Gemas. They lost 8 men and suffered 80 wounded. The true name of Japan as said in Japanese ... Gemas is a small town in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. ...

Battle of Muar

The Muar Ferry Crossing, where the 45th Indian Brigade was disposed along 24 miles of river front with detachments forward of the river, to cover the main coast road at Muar against the advance of the Japanese Guards Division.

One of the Japanese Ha-Go tanks destroyed by Australian anti-tank fire on the Muar-Parit Sulong road.

On the morning of 15th January, Japanese aircraft arrived and began dive-bombing the Australians, and also the town of Gemas itself. By 10 a.m. enemy infantry had clashed with the defence lines, and as the day wore on they were supported by an increasing number of tanks. Japanese sappers had wasted no time, either, in repairing the wrecked Gemensah Bridge. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Imperial Guard of Japan. ... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links Metadata No higher resolution available. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... A sapper, in the sense first used by the French military, was one who sapped (undermined) anothers fortifications. ... Gemas is a small town in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia, just near the Negeri Sembilan-Johor state border. ...

The Australians continued to repel assaults, throwing one of them into chaos by a resolute counter-attack. But Japanese reinforcements were now steadily rolling in. As night fell, Lt. Col. Galleghan withdrew his battalion along the Gemas-Segamat road. They have already inflicted upon the enemy extremely disproportionate losses. The withdrawal was in no way harassed by the enemy, and for the next day or so quiet settled over the Segamat area.

On the night of that same day, the Japanese captured a number of barges moored on the southern bank of the Muar river and towed them overstream to flank both the town of Muar and the garrison's only reserve battalion. Packed barges and junks were making their way across the river mouth, meeting no resistance except a subsequent brush with an Indian patrol, which retired after a brief exchange of shots. The patrol never alerted headquarters that the Japanese were on the South bank. As day broke, the outflanking force surprised a company of the 7/6th Rajputana Rifles, and routed them. By noon, they were attacking from upstream both Muar Town and the garrison's line of communications with its only reserve battalion, which was located near Bakri, on the main road south from Muar. Self propelled barge carrying bulk crushed stone A barge is a flat-bottomed boat, built mainly for river and canal transport of heavy goods. ... A junk is a Chinese sailing vessel. ... Bakri may refer to: Abu Abdullah al-Bakri, a Spanish-Arab geographer and historian. ...

At Muar itself, a Japanese attempt to land and seize the harbour were repulsed by Australian artillery, firing at packed barges and junks as they tried to make their way across the river mouth. By late afternoon the Japanese, who had already made the crossing higher up, stormed into Muar Town and captured the garrison headquarters, killing all the officers inside.

By nightfall of 16th January, Muar Town and Harbour had passed into the hands of the enemy. The remnants of the garrison retreated down the coast several miles as far as Parit Jawa. Enemy ambushes were soon deployed to repel any allied counter-attack, while at the same time continuing their relentless charge towards Bakri, Parit Sulong and Batu Pahat. Parit Jawa is a main town in Johor, Malaysia. ... Bakri may refer to: Abu Abdullah al-Bakri, a Spanish-Arab geographer and historian. ... Parit Sulong is a small village in Johor, Malaysia on the Simpang Kiri River, 30 km east of Muar. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ...

Siege of Bakri

Sgt. Parsons' anti-tank gunners firing on Japanese Ha-Go tanks at Point-blank range on the Muar-Parit Sulong road. One of them is already destroyed and five more would suffer the same fate.

On 17th January, the inexperienced 45th Indian Brigade, with the Australian 2/19th and 2/29th Battalions serving as reinforcements, were dispatched to re-capture Muar. They rallied around Bakri and organised a rough perimeter defence of it. Their commander, Herbert Duncan, planned a trident advance from it upon Muar; up the main road between the towns, from the jungle island, and along the coast road. The attack went wrong before it could be launched. The brigade ran into one of the Japanese ambushes, and the counter-offensive was cancelled. The next day, General Nishimura ordered his own three-spear attack on Bakri, and by dawn the Japanese were in action on the main road, nearly surrounding the brigade. Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File linksMetadata No higher resolution available. ... This article does not cite any references or sources. ... In external ballistics, point-blank range is the distance between a firearm and a target of a given size such that the bullet in flight is expected to strike the target at the point of aim without adjusting the elevation of the firearm (see also gun). ... (Redirected from 17th January) January 17 is the 17th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... The 8th Division of the Australian Army was formed to serve in World War II, as part of the Second Australian Imperial Force, who were in turn, part of the Allies of World War II. The 8th Division was raised from regular army units and new, all-volunteer infantry brigades... District Muar District Area  - Total (District) 2346. ... Bakri may refer to: Abu Abdullah al-Bakri, a Spanish-Arab geographer and historian. ... Brigadier Herbert Cecil Duncan (19 August 1895 - 16 January 1942) commanded the 45th Indian Infantry Brigade during the Battle of Malaya. ... District Muar District Area  - Total (District) 2346. ... Takuma Nishimura (1899–1951) was a soldier of the Empire of Japan. ... Bakri may refer to: Abu Abdullah al-Bakri, a Spanish-Arab geographer and historian. ...

The 6th Norfolk Battalion of the 53rd British Brigade, who were assigned to defend a ridge about 5 miles West of Yong Peng, feared they would be captured or annihilated in this now practically-encircled area. Early in the afternoon of 19th January, a Japanese raiding force attacked and drove them off the ridge. The British retired up through the thick jungle to the summit of the northern ridge. The Norfolks were unable to inform headquarters of their position as they had no wireless. The Royal Norfolk Regiment, originally formed as the Norfolk Regiment, was a regiment of the British Army. ... The 18th (East Anglian) Infantry Division was a Division of the British Army in World War II , A duplicate of the 54th (East Anglian) Division . ... For the use of the term in networking, see Wireless networking. ...

At dawn the next morning, the 3/16th Punjabis were ordered to recapture the ridge. By the time they reached it, they came under friendly fire from the Norfolks, who had mistaken them for the enemy. After losses on both sides, it was somehow sorted out. But before a proper defence could be organised, the Japanse had arrived and they drove both the British and Indian troops off the hill. For other uses, see Friendly Fire (disambiguation). ...

Meanwhile, General Duncan was killed when he led a bayonet counter-charge, and with him dead, Colonel Charles Anderson assumed command of the 45th Brigade. Early in the morning of 20th January, they began their march out from Bakri towards Yong Peng. Within a mile or so, they were held by enemy road barriers. Several efforts to break through failed, until a bayonet charge led by Colonel Anderson was successful. Brigadier Herbert Cecil Duncan (19 August 1895 - 16 January 1942) commanded the 45th Indian Infantry Brigade during the Battle of Malaya. ... For other uses, see bayonet (disambiguation). ... Charles Groves Wright Anderson, VC, MC (12 February 1897 – 11 November 1988) was a South African-born, Australian recipient of the Victoria Cross and member of the Australian House of Representatives. ... (Redirected from 20th January) January 20 is the 20th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Bakri may refer to: Abu Abdullah al-Bakri, a Spanish-Arab geographer and historian. ... Yong Peng is a small town located in the northern part of Johor state, Malaysia. ... Charles Groves Wright Anderson, VC, MC (12 February 1897 – 11 November 1988) was a South African-born, Australian recipient of the Victoria Cross and member of the Australian House of Representatives. ...

More road blocks laid ahead for the Indian brigade. By sunset, after a struggle which had raged on throughout all the hours of daylight, the column had covered a distance of only about three miles. Lt. Col. Anderson warned that there was to be no rest that night, and ordered the march to go on. The brigade had now reached the edge of some more open country and passage was easier, though the column was laden with wounded. Charles Groves Wright Anderson, VC, MC (12 February 1897 – 11 November 1988) was a South African-born, Australian recipient of the Victoria Cross and member of the Australian House of Representatives. ...

Battle of Parit Sulong Bridge

Parit Sulong Bridge in 1963. A memorial plaque commemorating fallen Allies was erected there that same year. The bridge was demolished in 1994 to make way for a new one.

Scouts later reported after midnight that the bridge of Parit Sulong was in Japanese hands. The guards which were placed there by the 6th Norfolks, being cut off from all contact with them since the Japanese raiding force drove the battlion from the defile a few miles further on, had left their post and set off along the river bank to Batu Pahat. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Parit Sulong Bridge is a famous bridge in Johor, Malaysia and the site of a battle during World War II. It is located in Parit Sulong on Federal route . ... Parit Sulong is a small village in Johor, Malaysia on the Simpang Kiri River, 30 km east of Muar. ... The Royal Norfolk Regiment, originally formed as the Norfolk Regiment, was a regiment of the British Army. ... This article needs additional references or sources for verification. ...

Colonel Anderson's men made an attempt to dislodge the Japanese from the Parit Sulong bridge on 21st January, but were repulsed by tanks, aircraft and artillery. The brigade was forced into an area measuring only about a quarter-of-a-mile of roadway. Fighting raged all day, and casualties were getting very severe. Charles Groves Wright Anderson, VC, MC (12 February 1897 – 11 November 1988) was a South African-born, Australian recipient of the Victoria Cross and member of the Australian House of Representatives. ... Parit Sulong is a small village in Johor, Malaysia on the Simpang Kiri River, 30 km east of Muar. ... (Redirected from 21st January) January 21 is the 21st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ...

At dusk, with the dead and dying piling up, Anderson sent two ambulances filled with the most dangerously wounded men to the bridge under a flag of truce, asking that they be allowed to pass through to the British lines beyond. The Japanese rejected, and instead demanded that the Indian brigade surrender. They then ordered that the ambulances were to remain on the approach to the bridge to act as a road block, and they would be fired on if they attempted to move. After dark, an officer and a driver, both of whom were themselves wounded, slipped the brakes of the ambulances, and let them run quietly backwards down the slope from the bridge. Amid the roar of gunfire, they started the engines and drove them back to the brigade. An ambulance in San Jose del Cabo, Mexico A Helicopter used as an Ambulance. ... An ambulance in San Jose del Cabo, Mexico A Helicopter used as an Ambulance. ... An ambulance in San Jose del Cabo, Mexico A Helicopter used as an Ambulance. ...

Next morning, two RAF planes arrived from Singapore and dropped both medical supplies and food rations on the trapped 45th Brigade. But from the skies, too, came a massive bombardment by Japanese aircraft, tanks and field artillery of the shrinking British foothold. RAF is an three letter acronym for: Royal Air Force -- the Air Force of the United Kingdom (see also Air Ministry) Red Army Faction (Rote Armee Fraktion) -- a German terror organisation Rigas Autobusu Fabrika -- a factory making buses in Riga, Latvia Rapid Action Force in India Računarski Fakultet RAF...

Anderson's forces again attacked the bridge that same morning, but once again failed. He finally ordered a retreat at 9 a.m., but not before destroying all guns, vehicles and equipment. Wounded allied soldiers who could not walk were to be abandoned to the care of voluntary attendants. Anderson also ordered remnants of the 45th Indian Brigade, who were nearly annihilated, to escape through the jungle to Yong Peng. Eventually, about 500 Australians and 400 Indians survived, out of an original brigade strength of more than 4,000. Charles Groves Wright Anderson, VC, MC (12 February 1897 – 11 November 1988) was a South African-born, Australian recipient of the Victoria Cross and member of the Australian House of Representatives. ... Yong Peng is a small town located in the northern part of Johor state, Malaysia. ...

Japanese War Crimes

Further information: Parit Sulong massacre

For the wounded who were left behind, the Japanese, after treating them with bestial savagery, massacred in cold blood all except a handful who feigned death and, later, crawled away to escape. A captured Australian ambulance column were not even spared. With kicks, clouts and curses, blows from rifle butts and bayonet jabs, their captors crammed them all into a couple of small rooms in a coolie hutment at Parit Sulong village on the Muar highway. The wounded lay piled upon one another's bodies on the floor. They were denied drinking water by the Japanese, who mocked them by bringing bucketfuls of it as far as the doorway-and then pouring it out upon the ground. The history of Malaysia is a relatively recent offshoot of the history of the wider Malay-Indonesian world. ... Image File history File links History_merdeka. ... Caves paintings of Tambun, dated 3000 BC, in Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia. ... The Common Era is the period beginning with a year near the birth of Jesus, coinciding with the period from AD 1 onwards. ... Gangga Negara was believed to be a lost Hindu kingdom somewhere in the state of Perak, Malaysia. ... BCE redirects here. ... Langkasuka (-langkha Sanskrit for resplendent land -sukkha of bliss) was apparently the oldest kingdom on the Malay peninsula. ... A call of pan-pan is a very urgent message concerning the safety of a ship, aircraft or other vehicle, or persons on board who require immediate assistance. ... Map of Southeast Asia at end of 12th century. ... This article or section needs copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone and/or spelling. ... This article or section does not adequately cite its references or sources. ... Portuguese Malacca Capital Malacca Town Language(s) Portuguese, Malay Political structure Colony King  - 1511-1521 Manuel I  - 1640-1641 John IV Captains-major  - 1512-1514 Ruí de Brito Patalim (first)  - 1638-1641 Manuel de Sousa Coutinho (last) Captains-general  - 1616-1635 António Pinto da Fonseca (first)  - 1637-1641 Lu... Dutch Malacca Capital Malacca Town Language(s) Dutch, Malay Political structure Colony Governor  - 1641 - 1642 Jan van Twist  - 1824 - 1825 Hendrik S. van Son British Residents  - 1795 Archibald Brown  - 1803 - 1818 William Farquhar Historical era Imperialism  - Established 14 January, 1641  - British occupation 1795-1818  - Anglo-Dutch Treaty 17 March, 1824... For the province, see Sulu Location of Sulu in the Philippines Capital Jolo Language(s) Arabic (official), Tausug, Malay, Banguingui, Bajau languages Religion Islam Government Monarchy Sultan  - 1450-1480 Shariful Hashem Syed Abu Bakr  - 1884-1899 Jamal ul-Kiram I History  - Established 1450  - Annexed by USA 1899 The Sultanate... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Jementah Civil War happened in 1879 in Jementah, Sultanate of Johor when Tengku Alam, the heir of Sultan Ali of Muar refused to give the district of Muar under temporary administration of Sultan Abu Bakar of Johor. ... State motto: Bersatu, Berusaha, Berbakti State anthem: Ibu Pertiwiku Capital Kuching Ruling party Barisan Nasional  - Yang di-Pertua Negeri Abang Muhammad Salahuddin  - Ketua Menteri Abdul Taib Mahmud History    - Brunei Sultanate 19th century   - Brooke dynasty 1841   - Japanese occupation 1941-1945   - British control 1946   - Accession into Malaysia 1963  Area  - Total 124,450... British Malaya was a set of states that were colonized by the British from the 18th and the 19th until the 20th century. ... The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824, also known as the Treaty of London (one of several), was a treaty signed between the United Kingdom and the United Kingdom of the Netherlands in London on March 17, 1824. ... The Burney Treaty was a treaty signed between Siam and the British in 1826. ... The Straits Settlements were a collection of territories of the British East India Company in Southeast Asia, which were given collective administration in 1826. ... Larut War was a series of four wars started in July 1861 and ended with the signing of the Pangkor Treaty of 1874. ... The Klang War or Selangor Civil War took place in the Malay state of Selangor and was fought between Raja Abdullah bin Raja Jaafar, the administrator of Klang and Raja Mahadi bin Raja Sulaiman from 1867 to 1874. ... The Pangkor Treaty of 1874 was a treaty signed between the British and the Sultan of Perak. ... The Federated Malay States (FMS) was a federation of four states on the Malay Peninsula - Pahang, Perak, Selangor, and Negeri Sembilan - established by the British government in 1895, and lasted until 1946, when they together with the Straits Settlements and the Unfederated Malay States formed the Malayan Union. ... The Unfederated Malay States were five Malay states, namely Johore Terengganu Kelantan Kedah Perlis Together the states were not a single entity but merely a category to describe those states which were not Federated Malay States or Straits Settlements. ... The Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 or Bangkok Treaty of 1909 was a treaty between the United Kingdom and Thailand signed on March 10, 1909 in Bangkok. ... The Battle of Penang occured in 1914, during World War I. It was a naval action. ... Motto: Pergo et Perago (Latin: I undertake and I achieve”) British North Borneo Capital Jesselton Language(s) Malay, English Government Monarchy Monarch  - 1882 - 1901 Victoria  - 1952 - 1963 Elizabeth II Governor  - 1896 - 1901 Robert Scott Historical era New Imperialism  - North Borneo Company May, 1882  - British protectorate 1888  - Japanese invasion January 1... Mat Salleh Rebellion was a series of major disturbances in North Borneo, now Malaysian state of Sabah, from 1894 to 1900. ... Throughout much of the Second World War, British Malaya, North Borneo and Sarawak were under Japanese occupation. ... Combatants Malaya Command: Indian III Corps Australian 8th Div. ... On January 23, 1942, the Parit Sulong Massacre was committed against Allied soldiers by members of the Imperial Guards Division of the Imperial Japanese Army. ... Combatants Malaya Command: Indian III Corps Australian 8th Div. ... During the Japanese Occupation of Malaya, control of the State of Kedah was given to Thailand by the Japanese. ... The Battle of North Borneo was fought from June 17 to August 15 of 1945 between Australia and Japan. ... October 24, 1945. ... The Malayan Union was formed on April 1, 1946 by the British. ... The Federation of Malaya, or in Malay Persekutuan Tanah Melayu, was formed in 1948 from the British settlements of Penang and Malacca and the nine Malay states and replaced the Malayan Union. ... Combatants United Kingdom Australia New Zealand British colonies Federation of Malaya Rhodesia Fiji various British East African colonies Malayan Communist Party Malayan Races Liberation Army Commanders Harold Briggs Henry Gurney † Gerald Templer Henry Wells Chin Peng Strength 250,000 Malayan Home Guard troops 40,000 regular Commonwealth personnel 37,000... Hari Merdeka (Independence Day) is a national day of Malaysia commemorating the independence of the Federation of Malaya from British colonial rule. ... MYS redirects here. ... The Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation was an intermittent war over the future of the island of Borneo, between British-backed Malaysia and Indonesia in 1962–1966. ... Combatants United Kingdom Australia New Zealand Malaya Brunei Parti Rakyat Brunei Indonesia Commanders General Sir Nigel Poett Yassin Affandi Strength  ?  ? Casualties  ?  ? The Brunei Revolt broke out on December 8, 1962 and was led by Yassin Affandi and his armed rebels. ... On 16 September 1963, Singapore joined the Federation of Malaya together with Sabah and Sarawak to form Malaysia. ... Combatants Malaysian Federal Government Malaysian Army Royal Malay Regiment Royal Ranger Regiment Royal Malaysian Air Force Royal Malaysian Police Malayan Communist Party Commanders Abdullah CD (Che Anjang Abdullah) - CPM leader Chin Peng - Secretary general Ah Sek (Ah Sze) Casualties Civilian casualties: The Communist Insurgency War or Second Malayan Emergency was... Under the Malaysian New Economic Policy, Bumiputras are given discounts on real estate. ... The Sultan Abdul Samad Building housed the Supreme Court at the time of the 1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis. ... The Asian financial crisis was a financial crisis that started in July 1997 in Thailand and affected currencies, stock markets, and other asset prices in several Asian countries, many considered East Asian Tigers. ... On January 23, 1942, the Parit Sulong Massacre was committed against Allied soldiers by members of the Imperial Guards Division of the Imperial Japanese Army. ... Parit Sulong is a small village in Johor, Malaysia on the Simpang Kiri River, 30 km east of Muar. ... District Muar District Area  - Total (District) 2346. ...

The prisoners were soon promptly trussed up into small groups with rope or wire, pushed into a roadside scrub at the point of a bayonet, and machine-gunned. Petrol was then flung over the bodies of the shot prisoners, some of whom were still alive, and then set alight to remove any evidence of war crimes committed by the Japanese. One of the victims, Lieutenant Ben Hackney, of the 2/29th Australian Battalion, along with 2 other prisoners, survived to witness the horror. They stayed hidden for 36 days and nights before being caught by the Japanese again, and savagely beaten up. Hackney survived the war and provided information regarding the massacre. Lieutenant is a military, naval, paramilitary, fire service or police officer rank. ...

About 200 Australian and Indian troops who surrendered at Parit Sulong were secretly rounded up and beheaded. General Takuma Nishimura was believed to have carried out these orders. (The sworn evidence of two sepoy survivors were confirmed by the post-war discovery of the remains. The War Crimes Court, in 1950, sentenced Nishimura to death for it). Parit Sulong is a small village in Johor, Malaysia on the Simpang Kiri River, 30 km east of Muar. ... Takuma Nishimura (1899–1951) was a soldier of the Empire of Japan. ... A sepoy (from Persian سپاهی Sipâhi meaning soldier) was a native of India employed as a soldier in the service of a European power, usually of the United Kingdom. ...

Aftermath

Shortage of signal equipment and transport were to blame for the Allies slow movement. During the week, the Japanese were able to operate 250 bombers and 150 fighters from airfields in Malaya and South Siam. Allied aircraft available were probably two or three dozen bombers and about as many fighters. General Percival blamed the 45th Indian Brigade, who were handed the most important tasks despite their lack of training and experience prior to the war. Map of Peninsular Malaysia Peninsular Malaysia (Malay: Semenanjung Malaysia) is the part of Malaysia which lies on the Malay Peninsula, and shares a land border with Thailand in the north. ... For the country formerly called Siam see Thailand SIAM is an acronym for Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. ... Lieutenant-General Arthur Ernest Percival, CB, DSO and Bar, OBE, MC, OStJ, DL (December 26, 1887 - January 31, 1966) was a British Army officer and World War I hero. ...

One vitally important thing was achieved by the Indian Brigade's resistance in nearly a week of night-and-day battle. While they fought on from Muar Harbour to Parit Sulong bridge, holding up the Japanese Imperial Guards strongly backed by air and tank support, the three brigades of Westforce in the Segamat area were enabled to withdraw safely down the central trunk road to Labis, and thence towards the key crossways at Yong Peng. District Muar District Area  - Total (District) 2346. ... Parit Sulong is a small village in Johor, Malaysia on the Simpang Kiri River, 30 km east of Muar. ... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Imperial Guard of Japan. ... Segamat (昔加末）is a town and district located in the north of the state of Johor in Malaysia, bordering two other states of Malaysia (Negeri Sembilan on the west and Pahang on the north). ... Labis is the second largest town in the district of Segamat, Johor, Malaysia, with the population of about 20,000 people. ... Yong Peng is a small town located in the northern part of Johor state, Malaysia. ...

Nevertheless, their losses were devastating, especially in officers, and were never able to rebuild in the last few weeks of the Malayan campaign. A fitting tribute, both to his own outstanding valour and also to the service and self-sacrifice of his men, was the award of the Victoria Cross to the last commander of the brigade, Lt. Col. Charles Anderson. The survivors were assigned to other Indian brigades in the division. For other uses, see Victoria Cross (disambiguation). ... Charles Groves Wright Anderson, VC, MC (12 February 1897 – 11 November 1988) was a South African-born, Australian recipient of the Victoria Cross and member of the Australian House of Representatives. ...

One criticism aimed at General Percival was his decision to deploy the 53rd British Infantry Brigade to the front line. The brigade had disembarked at Singapore on January 13, only three days earlier before being sent to the front, after nearly three months at sea in crowded troopships, travelling from England to the East coast of Africa, where they got no exercise whatsoever. Lieutenant-General Arthur Ernest Percival, CB, DSO and Bar, OBE, MC, OStJ, DL (December 26, 1887 - January 31, 1966) was a British Army officer and World War I hero. ... The 18th (East Anglian) Infantry Division was a Division of the British Army in World War II , A duplicate of the 54th (East Anglian) Division . ... January 13 is the 13th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ...

News of the slaughter at Gemensah Bridge were well received in Singapore. Despite the defeat, many civilians thought the action was the long awaited turning point and that the rout of the Japanese invasion force was not long in coming. The Japanese losses of 700 infantry was the biggest loss suffered in any single action. Lieutenant Colonel Frederick Galleghan, who commanded the Australians at the bridge, was awarded the Distinguished Service Order on March 15th, 1942, while a POW at Changi Prison.[1] Gemas is a small town in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia, just near the Negeri Sembilan-Johor state border. ... DSO medal The Distinguished Service Order (DSO) is a military decoration of the United Kingdom, and formerly of other Commonwealth countries, awarded for meritorious or distinguished service by officers of the armed forces during wartime, typically in actual combat. ... Geneva Convention definition A prisoner of war (POW) is a soldier, sailor, airman, or marine who is imprisoned by an enemy power during or immediately after an armed conflict. ... Changi chapel, built by Australian POWs in 1944, later relocated to Duntroon, Canberra Changi Prison (Simplified Chinese: ) is a prison located in Changi in the eastern part of Singapore. ...

The bloody battle of Muar passed into history at noon, 22nd January. By this time it had dawned upon High Authority in London that the Battle of Singapore was now near at hand and that neither its duration was likely to be very long nor its outcome very happy for the allied cause. (Redirected from 22nd January) January 22 is the 22nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Combatants Malaya Command: Indian III Corps Australian 8th Div. ...

On January 27th, Percival ordered a full withdrawal of all remaining Allied forces to the island of Singapore, ending the Battle of Malaya. Lieutenant-General Arthur Ernest Percival, CB, DSO and Bar, OBE, MC, OStJ, DL (December 26, 1887 - January 31, 1966) was a British Army officer and World War I hero. ... Combatants Malaya Command: Indian III Corps Australian 8th Div. ...

References

Books

• Frank Owen, The Fall of Singapore, Penguin Books, 2001, ISBN 0-14-139133-2
• Colin Smith (2006). Singapore Burning. England: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-101036-6. 

See also

• Gemensah Bridge