Battle of Noryang
Part of Japanese invasions of Korea (1592-1598)
Admiral Yi Sun-sin is shot during the ending stages of the battle.
Date 16 December 1598 Location Noryang Strait, off the coast of Namhae Island Result Tactical victory of the allied Joseon and Ming fleets
Combatants
Fleet of Toyotomi Hideyoshi	Combined Joseon and Ming Navy
Commanders
Shimazu Yoshihiro Tachibana Muneshige[1] Wakizaka Yasuharu So Yoshitoshi	Yi Sun-sin† Chen Lin Deng Zilong†
Strength
500 ships and 20,000 men	82 panokseons 3 Turtle Ships 6 Ming war junks 57 Ming war galleys 2 Ming panokseons 150 total allied ships and 15,600 men
Casualties
200 ships sunk, 100 ships captured and 12-15,000 casualties	one Ming panokseon sunk, 270 Joseon and 400 Ming casualties

The Battle of Noryang was the last major battle of the Imjin War and was fought between the Japanese navy and the combined fleets of the Joseon and Ming navies. The battle took place in the early morning of December 16 (November 19 in Lunar calendar), 1598 and ended past dawn. Combatants Korea under the Joseon Dynasty , China under the Ming Dynasty, Jurchen tribes Japan under Toyotomi Hideyoshi Commanders Korea: King Seonjo Prince Gwanghae Yi Sun-sin†, Gwon Yul, Yu Seong-ryong, Yi Eok-gi†, Won Gyun†, Kim Myeong-won, Yi Il, Sin Rip†, Gwak Jae-u, Kim Shi-Min† China... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... -1... Events January 7 - Boris Godunov seizes the throne of Russia following the death of his brother-in-law, Tsar Feodor I. April 13 - Edict of Nantes - Henry IV of France grants French Huguenots equal rights with Catholics. ... Portrait of Toyotomi Hideyoshi drawn in 1601 Toyotomi Hideyoshi (Shinjitai (modern Japanese) writing: ; KyÅ«jitai (historical) writing: 豐臣秀吉; born Hiyoshi-maru ; coming of age (Genpuku) as Kinoshita Tōkichirō and later made Hashiba and martial nobility in the style of Hashiba Chikuzen no Kami Hideyoshi ; 1536 - September 18, 1598), was a... Territory of Joseon after Jurchen conquest of King Sejong Capital Hanseong Language(s) Korean Religion Confucianism Government Monarchy Wang  - 1392 - 1398 Taejo  - 1418 - 1450 Sejong  - 1776 - 1800 Jeongjo  - 1863 - 1897 Proclaimed Emperor Gojong Yeong-uijeong  - 1431 - 1449 Hwang Hui  - 1466 - 1472 Han Myeonghoe  - 1592 - 1598 Ryu Seongryong  - 1894 Kim Hongjip... For other uses, see Ming. ... Shimazu Yoshihiro (島津義弘; August 21, 1535-August 30, 1619) was the second son of Shimazu Takahisa and younger brother of Shimazu Yoshihisa. ... Wakisaka Yasuharu (脇坂 安治; 1554 – September 26, 1626), sometimes referred to as Wakizaka Yasuharu, was a daimyo (feudal lord) of Awaji Island who fought under a number of warlords over the course of Japans Sengoku period. ... So Yoshitoshi ) (1568-1615) was the Japanese Lord of Tsushima Island. ... Yi Sun-sin (April 28, 1545 – December 16, 1598), also commonly transliterated Yi Sun-shin or Yi Soon Shin, was a Korean naval leader noted for his victories against the Japanese navy during the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592-1598) during the Joseon Dynasty. ... Chen Lin (陳璘) (AD. 1543-AD. 1603) was a general of Ming Dynasty. ... Territory of Joseon after Jurchen conquest of King Sejong Capital Hanseong Language(s) Korean Religion Confucianism Government Monarchy Wang  - 1392 - 1398 Taejo  - 1418 - 1450 Sejong  - 1776 - 1800 Jeongjo  - 1863 - 1897 Proclaimed Emperor Gojong Yeong-uijeong  - 1431 - 1449 Hwang Hui  - 1466 - 1472 Han Myeonghoe  - 1592 - 1598 Ryu Seongryong  - 1894 Kim Hongjip... For other uses, see Ming. ... Composition Japanese Left Army under the rule of Ukita Hideie, consisted mainly of the former First division led by Konishi Yukinaga, the Fourth Division led by Shimazu Yoshihiro and the Eight Division led by Ukita Hideie Ukita Hideie (宇喜多秀家) - 10000 men Konishi Yukinaga (小西行長) - 7000 men So Yoshitomo (宗義智) - 1000 men Matsuura Shigenobu... Combatants Fleet of Toyotomi Hideyoshi Korean navy Commanders Todo Takatora Katō Yoshiaki Wakisaka Yasuharu Konishi Yukinaga Shimazu Tadayuta Won Gyun† Choe Ho† Yi Eok-gi† Bae Seol Strength 500-1000 total ships 169 total ships Casualties minimal 157 ships lost The naval Battle of Chilcheollyang took place before dawn on... // Background The Forces : Chinese-Korean forces Ming-Chinese forces 3,000 men: Yang Yuan Korean forces 1,300 (?) men: Yi Pok-nam Yi Chun-won Shin Ho Kim Kyung-no Miscellaneous : Jung Kwi-won Oh Ung-jung Im Hyun Yi Duk-hwae Japanese besiegers forces Southern sector : Ukita... Combatants Fleet of Toyotomi Hideyoshi Korean navy Commanders Todo Takatora Kurushima Michifusa† Katō Yoshiaki Wakisaka Yasuharu Yi Sunsin Kim Eokchu Strength 133 warships[1] 13 warships Casualties 31 ships sunk No ships lost The Battle of Myeongnyang was a naval battle between Korean and Japanese forces during the Imjin War... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Jamo redirects here. ... Hanja is the Korean name for Chinese characters. ... The Revised Romanization of Korean is the official Korean language romanization system in South Korea. ... McCune-Reischauer romanization is one of the two most widely used Korean language romanization systems, along with the Revised Romanization of Korean, which replaced (a modified) McCune-Reischauer as the official romanization system in South Korea in 2000. ... Combatants Korea under the Joseon Dynasty , China under the Ming Dynasty, Jurchen tribes Japan under Toyotomi Hideyoshi Commanders Korea: King Seonjo Prince Gwanghae Yi Sun-sin†, Gwon Yul, Yu Seong-ryong, Yi Eok-gi†, Won Gyun†, Kim Myeong-won, Yi Il, Sin Rip†, Gwak Jae-u, Kim Shi-Min† China... // Look up fleet in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... Territory of Joseon after Jurchen conquest of King Sejong Capital Hanseong Language(s) Korean Religion Confucianism Government Monarchy Wang  - 1392 - 1398 Taejo  - 1418 - 1450 Sejong  - 1776 - 1800 Jeongjo  - 1863 - 1897 Proclaimed Emperor Gojong Yeong-uijeong  - 1431 - 1449 Hwang Hui  - 1466 - 1472 Han Myeonghoe  - 1592 - 1598 Ryu Seongryong  - 1894 Kim Hongjip... For other uses, see Ming. ... -1... It has been suggested that lunar year be merged into this article or section. ... Events January 7 - Boris Godunov seizes the throne of Russia following the death of his brother-in-law, Tsar Feodor I. April 13 - Edict of Nantes - Henry IV of France grants French Huguenots equal rights with Catholics. ...

The allied force of about 150 Joseon and Ming Chinese ships, led by Admiral Yi Sun-sin and Chen Lin, attacked and destroyed, as well as captured, more then half of the 500 Japanese ships commanded by Shimazu Yoshihiro, and prevented his link-up with Konishi Yukinaga. The battered survivors of Shimazu's fleet limped back to Pusan and a few days later, left for Japan. In the height of the battle, Admiral Yi was shot by a Japanese arquebus bullet and died shortly after. Yi Sun-sin (April 28, 1545 – December 16, 1598), also commonly transliterated Yi Sun-shin or Yi Soon Shin, was a Korean naval leader noted for his victories against the Japanese navy during the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592-1598) during the Joseon Dynasty. ... Chen Lin (陳璘) (AD. 1543-AD. 1603) was a general of Ming Dynasty. ... Shimazu Yoshihiro (島津義弘; August 21, 1535-August 30, 1619) was the second son of Shimazu Takahisa and younger brother of Shimazu Yoshihisa. ... Konishi Yukinaga (小西 行長 Konishi Yukinaga, born 1555 and died November 6, 1600) was a Japanese (Christian) daimyo under Toyotomi Hideyoshi. ... Pūsan is also a Vedic Hindu god. ... Japanese arquebus of the Edo era (teppo) The arquebus (sometimes spelled harquebus, harkbus[1] or hackbut; possibly related to German Hakenbuechse or Dutch Haakbus) was a primitive firearm used in the 15th to 17th centuries. ...

Prelude

Due to a number of set backs in both land and sea battles, the Japanese armies had been driven back to their network of fortresses, or wajō (和城), on the southeastern Korean coast. However, the wajō could not hold the entire Japanese army so in June 1598, Hideyoshi ordered 70,000 troops of mostly the Japanese Army of the Right to withdrawn back to the archipelago.^[2] On September 18, 1598 Toyotomi Hideyoshi, the Taikō who started the Imjin War, died at Fushimi castle.^[3] Hideyoshi's last orders were for the remaining units of the Japanese army, which garrisoned the network of wajō, to begin their withdrawal as well.^[4] However, due to the strong presence of Joseon and Ming ships, the Japanese garrisons in the wajō could not retreat and stayed in the relative safety of their forts. Waeseong (Korean) or Wajō (Japanese) are Japanese-style castles built along the southern shores of Korea during Hideyoshis Invasions of Korea between 1593 and 1598. ... Composition Japanese Right Army, consisted mainly of the former Second division led by Kato Kiyomasa, the Third Division led by Kuroda Nagamasa and the Seventh Division led by Mori Hidemoto (who replaced his cousin Terumoto) Mori Hidemoto (毛利秀元) - 30000 men Kato Kiyomasa (加藤清正) - 10000 men Nabeshima Naoshige (鍋島直茂) - 12000 men Kuroda Nagamasa (黒田長政) - 5000... Portrait of Toyotomi Hideyoshi drawn in 1601 Toyotomi Hideyoshi (Shinjitai (modern Japanese) writing: ; KyÅ«jitai (historical) writing: 豐臣秀吉; born Hiyoshi-maru ; coming of age (Genpuku) as Kinoshita Tōkichirō and later made Hashiba and martial nobility in the style of Hashiba Chikuzen no Kami Hideyoshi ; 1536 - September 18, 1598), was a... It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with List of Japanese Imperial Advisers. ... This article or section does not cite its references or sources. ... Fushimi Castle Fushimi Castle (伏見城 -jō) is a replica of the original built by Toyotomi Hideyoshi on Momoyama in Fushimi Ward of Kyoto, Japan during the Azuchi-Momoyama period. ...

The Sunch'on wajō was the westernmost Japanese fortress and contained 14,000 troops commanded by Konishi Yukinaga, who was the leader of Japan's vanguard contingent during the first invasion in 1592.^[5] Admiral Yi and Chen Lin blocked Konishi from retreat, but Konishi sent many gifts to Chen in an attempt to bribe the Ming commander into lifting the blockade. At first Chen agreed to withdraw the allied fleet, but Admiral Yi steadfastly refused to comply.^[6] Then Chen Lin suggested that the allied fleet attack smaller, more vulnerable wajō, such as the fort at Namhae. Admiral Yi refused that strategy as well. Yi countered that Konishi, who commanded one of the largest wajō, would be allowed to escape if the allies were to leave and fight elsewhere.^[7] Suncheon (Suncheon-si) is a city in Jeollanam-do, South Korea. ... Dungeon of Suncheon Japanese Castle Suncheon Japanese Castle, also known as Suncheon Waeseong(순천왜성), Yegyo(예교曳橋), Manghaedae(망해대望海臺),etc, in Korean, Juntenjou(順天城) in Japanese, is the only remaining Japanese castle in Jeollanam province, and the battle field of Yi Sunsin who tempted Konishi Yukinaga from here to Noryang Point known as Battle of... A blockade is any effort to prevent supplies, troops, information or aid from reaching an opposing force. ... For the second king of Silla, see Namhae of Silla. ...

On December 15, about 20,000 Japanese troops from the wajō of Sach'on, Goseong and Namhae boarded 500 ships and began to mass east of the Noryang Strait in an attempt to break the allied blockade of Sunch'on. The overall commander of this relief force was Shimazu Yoshihiro, the leader of the Sach'on wajō.^[8] Goseong County (Goseong-gun) is a county in South Gyeongsang Province, South Korea. ...

The objective of the allied fleet was to prevent the link-up of Shimazu's fleet with the fleet of Konishi, then attack and defeat Shimazu's fleet in pitched combat.^[9] The objective of Shimazu's fleet was to cross Noryang Strait, link up with Konishi and retreat to Pusan. Shimazu knew that Konishi was making efforts to cause disunity within the allies and hoped that they would be busy elsewhere or still blockading the Sunch'on wajō and thus vulnerable to an attack on both sides.^[10]

The battle

On December 15, a huge Japanese fleet was massing in Sach'on bay, on the east end of the Noryang Strait. Shimazu was not sure where the allied fleet was. It might have been continuing the blockade of Konishi's wajō, on its way to attack an abandoned wajō further east or blocking their way on the western end of Noryang Strait. Admiral Yi, meanwhile, knew exactly where Shimazu was after receiving reports from scouts and local fisherman. December 15 is the 349th day of the year (350th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

The Joseon fleet consisted of 82 panokseon multi-decked galleys, gathered around three turtle ships.^[11] The Ming fleet consisted of six large war junks (true battle vessels most likely used as flagships) that were driven by both oars and sails, 57 lighter war galleys driven by oars alone (most likely transports converted for battle use),^[12] and two panokseon given to Chen Lin by Admiral Yi. In terms of manpower, the allied fleet had 8,000 sailors and marines under Admiral Yi, 5,000 Ming men of the Guangdong squadron and 2,600 Ming marines who fought aboard Korean ships, a total of almost 16,000 sailors and fighting men.^[13][14] The Ming fleet was divided into two squadrons, the larger of which was commanded by Chen Lin and the smaller by Deng Zilong.^[15] The allied fleet was well equipped with cannon, mortars, archers and arquebusiers. The Japanese had 500 ships, but a significant part of their fleet consisted of light transports. The Japanese ships were well armed with arquebuses and also had a number of captured Joseon cannons. The allied fleet was outnumbered, but made up for it with ships which, on average, had superior firepower and heavier, more sturdy construction.^[16] Panokseon (board roofed or superstructured ships) was the main type of warship used by the Korean Joseon Dynasty during the late 16th century, and was first constructed in 1555. ... The Turtle ship (also known by its Korean name as Kobukson or Geobukseon) was a type of ironclad warship built in Korea during the late 16th century. ...

Part of a Naval Battle Scroll from the Imjin War. Hand to hand combat was fierce in the battle.

The allied fleet waited for Shimazu on the west end of Noryang strait. The battle began at two o'clock, in the early morning of December 16.^[17][18] It was, from the very beginning, a desperate affair with the Japanese determined to fight through the allied fleet and the allies equally determined to keep them from breaking through and advancing.^[19] Image File history File links Navalzhugenu2. ... Image File history File links Navalzhugenu2. ... -1...

Like Admiral Yi's previous battles, the Japanese were unable to respond effectively as the Korean and Chinese cannons prevented them from moving.^[20] The tightness of the Noryang Strait also prevented any manueverability.

When the Japanese fleet was significantly damaged, Chen Lin ordered his fleet to engage in melee combat with the Japanese. This, however, allowed the Japanese to use their arquebuses and fight using their traditional fighting style of boarding enemy ships. When Chen Lin's flagship was attacked, Admiral Yi ordered his fleet to engage in hand to hand combat as well.

Song Hui-rip, the captain of Admiral Yi's flag ship, was struck in the helmet by a arquebus ball and fell unconscious for a time.^[21] The vessels got so close that Joseon ships were able to throw burning wood onto the decks of Japanese ships.^[22]

Heavy Japanese arquebus fire forced the Chinese sailors to keep their heads low, while the Japanese closed in.^[23] Several parties boarded Chen Lin's flagship and in the hand-to-hand fighting that ensued, Chen's own son was injured parrying a sword thrust directed at his father. Seeing Chen's ship in trouble, the Ming left wing commander Deng Zilong and two hundred of his personal guard transferred to a Joseon panokseon (one of two given to the Ming fleet by Admiral Yi) and rowed to his aid.^[24] However, several Ming ships, mistaking the panokseon for a Japanese ship, opened fire and disabled it. The stricken panokseon drifted towards the Japanese and they boarded and killed everyone on board, including Deng.^[25]

By the middle of the battle, as dawn was about to break, the allied fleet had the upper hand and half of Shimazu's ships were either sunk or captured. It was said that Shimazu Yoshihiro's flagship was sunk and that Shimazu himself was clinging to a piece of wood in the icy water while Chinese grappling hooks were trying to drag him aboard. Japanese ships came to his rescue, pulling him on board.^[26] During the course of the battle, the ships fought from the west end of the strait all the way across to the east end, almost to the open water. The Japanese sustained heavy damage and began to retreat along the south coast of Namhae Island, towards Pusan.^[27]

Admiral Yi's death

As the Japanese retreated, Admiral Yi ordered a vigorous pursuit. During this time a stray arquebus bullet from an enemy ship struck Admiral Yi^[28] near the armpit, on his left side.^[29] Sensing that the wound was mortal, the Admiral uttered, "The battle is at its height; do not announce my death..."^[30] and with these words he died just like Admiral Horatio Nelson, at the point where victory was assured, in the height of the battle and in the last naval battle of the war. Lord Nelson Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson (September 29, 1758 – October 21, 1805) was a British admiral who won fame as a leading naval commander. ...

Only three people witnessed his death including Yi Hoe, Admiral Yi's eldest son, and Yi Wan, his nephew.^[31] Admiral Yi's son and nephew struggled to regain their composure and carried the Admiral's body into his cabin before others could notice. For the remainder of the battle, Yi Wan wore his uncle's armor and continued to beat the war drum to let the rest of the fleet know that the Admiral's flagship was still in the fight.^[32]

Chen's ship was again in trouble and Yi's flagship rowed to his rescue. Yi's flag ship fought off and sunk several Japanese ships and Chen Lin called for Yi to thank him for coming to his aid. However, Chen was met by Yi Wan who announced that his uncle was dead.^[33] It is said that Chen himself was so shocked that he fell to the ground three times, beating his chest and crying.^[34] News of Admiral Yi's death spread quickly throughout the allied fleet and both Joseon and Ming sailors and fighting men wailed in grief.^[35]

Aftermath

Out of 500 Japanese ships under Shimazu's command, an estimated 150 to 200 were able to make it back to Pusan Harbor.^[36] Konishi Yukinaga left his fortress on December 16 and his men were able to retreat by sailing through the southern end of Namhae Island, bypassing both the Noryang Strait and the battle.^[37] Although he knew the battle was raging, he made no effort to help Shimazu. All the Japanese fortresses were now abandoned and Ming and Joseon ground forces moved up to capture them, claim abandoned supplies and round-up stragglers. Konishi, Shimazu, Katō Kiyomasa and other Japanese generals of the Left Army congregated in Pusan and withdrew to Japan on December 21st. The last ships sailed to Japan on 24th of December,^[38] finally bringing an end to seven long years of war. Statue of Katō Kiyomasa in front of Kumamoto Castle Katō Kiyomasa (, July 25, 1562-August 2, 1611) was a daimyō during the Sengoku and Edo periods of Japanese history. ...

Admiral Yi Sun-sin's body was brought back to his hometown in Asan to be buried next to his father, Yi Chong (in accordance to Korean tradition). He was honored in all corners of the Joseon kingdom. The court gave him the posthumous rank of Minister of the Right. Shrines, both official and unofficial, were constructed in his honor all throughout the land. In 1643, Admiral Yi was given the title of Chungmugong, "Minister of Loyal Valor."^[39] Asan is a city in South Chungcheong Province, South Korea. ...

Chen Lin would attend Admiral Yi's funeral to give a eulogy. He would then return to Ming China to receive the highest military honors to be bestowed on any Ming commander during the war.^[40]

See also

• List of Korea-related topics
• History of Korea
• Siege of Jinju (1592)
• Battle of Trafalgar

This is a list of Wikipedia articles on Korea-related people, places, things, and concepts. ... This article is about the history of Korea, through the division of Korea in 1945. ... Combatants Japanese army Korean army,citizens Commanders Hosokawa Tadaoki Kim Shi-Min†, Kwak Jae woo Strength 30,000 soldiers 3,800 soldiers,and citizens Casualties Unknown Unknown Jinju castle (진주성; 晋州城) was the site of two battles during the Imjin War; the first in 1592, and the second in 1593. ... Combatants United Kingdom First French Empire, Spain Commanders The 1st Viscount Nelson † Pierre Charles Silvestre de Villeneuve Strength 27 ships of the line 33 ships of the line Casualties 449 dead, 1,214 wounded 4,480 dead, 2,250 wounded, 7,000 captured, 21 ships captured, 1 ship blown up...

References

• Choi Byung-hyon (translated by) 2002 The Book of Corrections: Reflections on the National Crisis during the Japanese Invasion of Korea, 1592-1598. Insitute of East Asian Studies: University of California, Berkeley.
• Ha, Tae-hung (translated by) 1979 Imjin Changch'o: Admiral Yi Sun-Sin's Memorials to Court. Republic of Korea: Yonsei University Press.
• Hawley, Samuel 2005 The Imjin War: Japan's Sixteenth-Century Invasion of Korea and Attempt to Conquer China. Republic of Korea and U.S.A.: Co-Published by The Royal Asiatic Society and The Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley.
• Turnbull, Stephen 2002 Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War. Great Britain: Cassell & Co.