The Battle of Pinkie Cleugh, along the banks of the River Esk near Musselburgh, Scotland on 10 September 1547, was part of the War of the Rough Wooing. It was the last battle to be fought between the Scottish and the English Royal armies and the first "modern" battle to be fought in the British Isles. It was a catastrophic defeat for the Scots caused by the use of Naval artillery by the English for the first time in a land battle in Britain. In Scotland it is known as Black Saturday. The Anglo-Scottish Wars were a series of wars fought between England and Scotland during the sixteenth century. ... is the 253rd day of the year (254th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1547 was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. ... Showing the Brunton Hall, from the west of the town Musselburgh is a town in East Lothian, Scotland, on the coast of the Firth of Forth, six miles east of Edinburgh city centre. ... Lothian (Lowden in Scots, Lodainn in Gaelic) forms a traditional region of Scotland, lying between the southern shore of the Firth of Forth and the Lammermuir Hills. ... This article is about the country. ... This article is about the country. ... For other uses, see England (disambiguation). ... James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran (c. ... Edward Seymour Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset (c. ... The Anglo-Scottish Wars were a series of wars fought between England and Scotland during the sixteenth century. ... Combatants Kingdom of Scotland Kingdom of England Commanders William Douglas, 2nd Earl of Angus George, Earl of Dunbar Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland Strength 4,000 Casualties very few few, 1500 hostages The Battle of Piperdean (1436) was an engagement in the Scottish Borders, fought between the Kingdom of... Combatants Scotland England Commanders Earl of Ormonde Earl of Northumberland Strength 4000 6000 Casualties c600 2000 The Battle of Sark , sometimes known as the Battle of Lochmaben Stone, was fought in October 1448 as part of the intermittent border war between England and Scotland left over from the Wars of... Combatants England Scotland Commanders Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey James IV † Strength 26,000 approx 30,000 approx Casualties 1,500 dead 10,000 dead Western side of the battlefield, looking south-south-east from the monument erected in 1910. ... Combatants Kingdom of Scotland Kingdom of England Commanders George Gordon, 4th Earl of Huntly Robert Bowes Strength  ?  ? Casualties  ? The Battle of Haddon Rig was a battle between Scotland and England in August 24, 1542, during the reign of King James V of Scotland. ... Solway Moss is a moss (lowland peat bog), in Cumbria, England, lying next to the River Sark which marks the Scottish border. ... The Battle of Ancrum Moor was fought during an Anglo-Scottish war towards the end of the reign of Henry VIII of England. ... The River Esk is a river in the county of Lothian in Scotland. ... Showing the Brunton Hall, from the west of the town Musselburgh is a town in East Lothian, Scotland, on the coast of the Firth of Forth, six miles east of Edinburgh city centre. ... This article is about the country. ... is the 253rd day of the year (254th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 1547 was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. ... The War of the Rough Wooing was a war between Scotland and England during the 16th century. ...

This was historically significant as the first "modern" battle fought in Britain, demonstrating active cooperation between the infantry, artillery and cavalry with a naval bombardment in support of the land forces.

Background to the War

In the last years of his reign King Henry VIII had tried to secure an alliance with Scotland, and the marriage of the infant Mary Queen of Scots with his young son, the future Edward VI. When persuasion and diplomacy failed, he launched a ruthless war against Scotland, an episode known as the Rough Wooing. “Henry VIII” redirects here. ... Mary I of Scotland; known as Mary, Queen of Scots Mary I of Scotland (Mary Stuart or Stewart) (December 8, 1542 – February 8, 1587), better known as Mary, Queen of Scots, was the ruler of Scotland from December 14, 1542 – July 24, 1567. ... Edward VI (12 October 1537 – 6 July 1553) became King of England, King of France (in practice only the town and surrounding district of Calais) and Edward I of Ireland on 28 January 1547, and crowned on 20 February, at just nine years of age. ... The War of the Rough Wooing was a war between Scotland and England during the 16th century. ...

After Henry died, Edward Seymour, uncle to Edward VI, became Protector with the title of Duke of Somerset and with initially unchallenged power. He too wished to forcibly ally Scotland to England by marrying Mary to Edward, and also to impose an Anglican Reformation on the Scottish church establishment. Early in September 1547, he led a well-equipped army into Scotland, supported by a large fleet. Edward Seymour Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset (c. ... The term Anglican describes those people and churches following the religious traditions of the Church of England, especially following the Reformation. ... The Protestant Reformation was a movement which began in the 16th century as a series of attempts to reform the Roman Catholic Church, but ended in division and the establishment of new institutions, most importantly Lutheranism, Reformed churches, and Anabaptists. ... Year 1547 was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. ...

The Campaign

Somerset's army was partly composed of the traditional county levies, summoned by Commissions of Array and armed with longbow and bill as they had been at the Battle of Flodden, thirty years before. However, Somerset also had several hundred German mercenary arquebusiers, a large and well appointed train of artillery, and 6000 horse, including a contingent of Spanish mounted arquebusiers under Don Pedro de Gamboa. The cavalry were commanded by Lord Grey, and the infantry by the Earl of Warwick, Lord Dacre of Gillesland, and Somerset himself. The Battle of Flodden or Flodden Field was fought in northern England on September 9, 1513, between an invading Scots army under King James IV and an English army commanded by Thomas Howard. ... For other uses, see Artillery (disambiguation). ... John Dudley John Dudley (1501 – August 22/23, 1553) was a Tudor nobleman and politician, executed for high treason by Queen Mary I of England. ...

Somerset advanced along the east coast of Scotland, to maintain contact with his fleet and thereby keep in supply. Scottish Border Reivers harassed his troops but could impose no major check. See also Border Reivers (Rugby) and Border Reivers (game); or Reavers for other varieties of brigand. ...

Meanwhile, the Scottish Regent, the Earl of Arran, had levied a large army, consisting mainly of pikemen with contingents of Highland archers. Arran also had large numbers of guns, but these were apparently not as mobile or as well-served as Somerset's. His horse consisted only of 2000 lightly equipped riders under the Earl of Home, most of whom were potentially unreliable Borderers. His infantry were commanded by the Earl of Angus, the Earl of Huntly and Arran himself. James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran (c. ... This article needs cleanup. ... George Gordon, 4th Earl of Huntly (1514 - 1562), was a Scottish nobleman. ...

Arran occupied the slopes on the west bank of the River Esk to bar Somerset's progress. The Firth of Forth was on his left flank, and a large bog protected his right. Some fortifications were constructed, in which cannon and arquebuses were mounted. Some guns pointed out into the Forth, to keep English warships at a distance.

Prelude

On September 9, part of Somerset's army occupied Falside Hill (then known as Fawside), three miles east of Arran's main position. In an absurdly chivalric gesture, the Earl of Home led 1500 horsemen close to the English encampment and challenged an equal number of English cavalry to fight. With Somerset's approval, Lord Grey accepted the challenge, but engaged the Scots with 1000 heavily armoured men-at-arms, and 500 lighter demi-lances. The Scottish horsemen were badly cut up, and chased west for three miles. This action cost Arran most of his cavalry. is the 252nd day of the year (253rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Later during the day, Somerset sent a detachment with guns to occupy the Inveresk Slopes, which overlooked the Scottish position. During the night, Somerset received two more anachronistic challenges from Arran. One request was for Somerset and Arran to settle the dispute by single combat. Another was for 20 champions from each side to decide the matter. Somerset rejected both proposals.

The battle

On the morning of September 10, Somerset advanced his army to close up with the detachment at Inveresk. He found that Arran had moved his army across the Esk by a Roman bridge, and was advancing rapidly to meet him. Arran knew himself to be outmatched in artillery, and therefore tried to force close combat before the English artillery could deploy. is the 253rd day of the year (254th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

Arran's left wing came under fire from English ships offshore. (Their advance meant that the guns on their former position could no longer protect them.) They were disordered, and pushed into Arran's own division in the centre.

On the other flank, Somerset threw in his cavalry to delay the Scots' advance. The Scottish pikemen successfully drove them off with the English suffering heavy casualties. Lord Grey himself was wounded by a pike thrust to the face.

However, the Scottish army was now stalled, and under heavy fire from three sides from ships' cannon, artillery, arquebusiers and archers to which they could not reply. When they broke, the English cavalry rejoined the battle. Many retreating Scots were slaughtered, or drowned as they tried to swim the fast-flowing Esk or cross the bogs.

Aftermath

Although they had suffered a resounding defeat, the Scottish government refused to come to terms. The infant Queen Mary was smuggled out of the country, and sent to France to be betrothed to the young dauphin Francis. Somerset occupied several Scottish strongholds and large parts of the Lowlands and Borders, but without peace, these garrisons became a useless drain on the Treasury of England. Coat of Arms of the Dauphins of France. ... Francis II (French: François II) (January 19, 1544 – December 5, 1560) was a King of France (1559 – 1560). ...

A violent Reformation in Scotland was only a few years away, but Scots refused to have Reformation imposed on them by England. During the battle, the Scots taunted the English soldiers as loons [persons of no consequence], tykes and heretics. A thousand monks from various orders formed part of the Earl of Angus's division. Many died in the battle.

Of the Scottish prisoners, few were nobles or gentlemen. It was claimed that most were dressed much the same as common soldiers, and therefore not recognised as being worth ransom.

Although the Scots blamed traitors within their own ranks for the defeat, it is probably fair to say that a Renaissance army defeated a Mediaeval army. Henry VIII had taken steps towards creating standing naval and land forces, which formed the nucleus of the fleet and army with which Somerset gained the victory. Gunpowder warfare is associated with the start of the widespread use of gunpowder and the development of suitable weapons to use the explosive. ... Medieval warfare is the warfare of the Middle Ages. ...

It should be noted that the longbow continued to play key roles in England's battles and Pinkie was no exception. Though the combination of bill and longbow which England used was old, the pike and arquebus tactics used in continental armies did not make it obsolete as the bill and bow could still hold their own against them at this stage in the development of firearms.

The battle-site is now part of East Lothian. East Lothian (Lodainn an Ear in Gaelic) is one of 32 unitary council areas in Scotland, and a lieutenancy Area. ...

Clans at Pinkie

The following is a list (currently incomplete) of clans that fought at the battle of Pinkie.

Clan Agnew is a Scottish clan from Wigtownshire and Galloway in the southwest of Scotland. ... Clan Boyle is a Scottish clan from Ayrshire in Scotland. ... Clan Buchanan is an Armigerous Scottish clan whose origins are said to lie in the 1225 grant of lands on the eastern shore of Loch Lomond to clergyman Sir Absalon of Buchanan by the Earl of Lennox. ... Clan Cameron is a West Highland Scottish clan, with one main branch Lochiel, and numerous cadet branches such as Erracht, Clunes, Glen Nevis, and Fassifern. ... Campbell Clan Badge - A Boars head represents the positive qualities of the boar: courage and fierceness in battle. ... Clan Carnegie Crest Clan Carnegie is a Lowland Scottish clan // History Origins of the Clan The Carnegies took their name from the area around Carmyllie, Angus. ... Clan Cathcart Crest: I hope To Speed Clan Cathcart is a Lowland Scottish clan. ... Clan Colquhoun is a Lowland Scottish clan. ... Clan Elphinstone Crest Clan Elphinstone is a Lowland Scottish clan // The surname Elphinstone is derived from the territory of Elphinstone in the parish of Tranent, meaning of Elphinstone. ... Clan Farquharson of Invercauld is a Scottish clan which derives its name from Farquhar Shaw, 4th son of Alexander Ciar Mackintosh of Rothiemurchus, 5th Chief of the Clan Shaw, who settled in the Braes of Mar, the source of the River Dee. ... Clan Forbes Crest. ... Clan Forrester crest Clan Forrester is a Lowland Scottish clan. ... Clan Gordon Crest Clan Gordon, also known as the House of Gordon, is a traditional Scottish clan name and it is now a common forename. ... Clan Graham is a Scottish clan who had territories in both the Scottish Highlands and Lowlands. ... Clan Hannay is a Lowland Scottish clan. ... Clan Home Crest: A Home Clan Home sometimes called Clan Hume is a Lowland Scottish clan. ... Clan Hunter is a Lowland Scottish clan. ... Clan Irvine crest Clan Irvine is a Lowland Scottish clan. ... Also known as the clan MacOnlea, or the highland Livingstone clan. ... The Clan MacLea is a Highland Scottish clan, which was traditionally located in the district of Lorn in Argyll, Scotland. ... Clan MacFarlane Crest: This Ill defend Clan MacFarlane is a Highland Scottish clan, however there is currently no chief therefore it is regarded as an Armigerous clan. ... Clan MacGregor Crest: S rioghal mo dhream (My race is royal) The Clan MacGregor or Gregor is a Highland Scottish clan. ... Clan MacKenzie Crest: I Shine, Not Burn. ... Clan MacLaran crest: Creag an Turic (the boars rock) Clan MacLaren is a Highland Scottish clan. ... Munro Crest: Dread God (Fear God) and a Golden Eagle Clan Munro is a Highland Scottish clan. ... The Clan Napier is a Scottish clan originally from lands around Loch Lomond, but with presence in Stirlingshire and Edinburgh. ... Clan Ogilvy Crest Clan Ogilvy is a Highland Scottish clan. ... Clan rose Crest Clan Rose is a highland Scottish clan. ... Chiefs Coat of Arms Clan Sempill is a Lowland Scottish clan. ... Clan Skene crest: Virtutis regia merces (A palace the reward of bravery) Clan Skene is a Lowland Scottish clan // History Origins of the Clan The Clan Skene is thought to have originally been an exeptionaly early sept of the Clan Donnachaidh before it became known as the Clan Robertson. ... Clan Stirling crest: Gang Forward Clan Stirling is a Lowland Scottish clan. ... Clan Strange is a Lowland Scottish clan. ... Clan Stuart crest: Virescit vulnere virtus (Courage grows strong at a wound) Clan Stuart or Clan Stewart is a Highland Scottish clan. ... The Coat of Arms of King James I, the first British monarch of the House of Stuart The House of Stuart or Stewart was a royal house of the Kingdom of Scotland, later also of the Kingdom of England, and finally of the Kingdom of Great Britain. ... The Crest Badge of the Chief of Clan Urquhart, which Clan members may wear as a courtesey. ... Clan Wemyss crest: Je pense (I think) Clan Wemyss is a Lowland Scottish clan. ...

Sources

Famous Scottish battles, Philip Warner, Leo Cooper, London, 1975, ISBN 0-85052-487-3

External links

• http://historymedren.about.com/library/prm/blpinkiecleugh.htm