Logan's Division Battling the Confederates Near Fourteen Mile Creek

The Battle of Raymond was fought on May 12, 1863, near Raymond, Mississippi during the American Civil War. The bitter fight pitted Union Army elements of General Ulysses S. Grant's Army of the Tennessee against garrison forces of General John C. Pemberton's Confederate Department of the Mississippi and East Louisiana in a losing bid to prevent the federal troops from reaching the Southern Railroad and isolating Vicksburg, Mississippi from reinforcement and resupply. The ranking Confederate General, John Gregg (CSA), attempted to achieve tactical surprise and rout the federal force. He was in turn tactically surprised and routed from the field by federal units under the command of General James B. McPherson. The Union casualties at Raymond comprised 68 killed, 341 wounded, and 37 missing. The Confederate casualties were nearly double: 100 killed, 305 wounded, and 415 captured^[1][2]. Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1398x626, 274 KB) Summary Harpers Weekly, June 13th, 1863, sketch by Theodore Davis Licensing This image is in the public domain in the United States. ... Image File history File links Download high resolution version (1398x626, 274 KB) Summary Harpers Weekly, June 13th, 1863, sketch by Theodore Davis Licensing This image is in the public domain in the United States. ... The Battle of Grand Gulf was fought on April 29, 1863 between Union and Confederate forces. ... The Battle of Snyders Bluff was fought from April 29 to May 1 of 1863. ... The Battle of Port Gibson was fought on May 1, 1863 between Union and Confederate forces. ... Battle of Jackson Grants Operations against Vicksburg The Battle of Jackson, fought on May 14, 1863, in Jackson, Mississippi, was part of the Vicksburg Campaign in the American Civil War. ... Grants Operations against Vicksburg The Battle of Champion Hill, or Bakers Creek, fought May 16, 1863, was the pivotal battle in the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War. ... Grants Operations against Vicksburg The Battle of Big Black River Bridge, or Big Black, fought May 17, 1863, was part of the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War. ... The Battle of Millikens Bend, fought June 7, 1863, was part of the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War. ... Battle of Goodrichs Landing - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ... Battle of Helena Conflict American Civil War Date July 4, 1863 Place Phillips County, Arkansas Result Union victory The Battle of Helena was a land battle of the American Civil War fought on 4 July 1863 at Helena, Arkansas. ... Combatants United States of America Confederate States of America Commanders Ulysses S. Grant John C. Pemberton Strength Army of the Tennessee Army of Vicksburg Casualties 10,142 9,091 (30,000 paroled) The Battle of Vicksburg or Siege of Vicksburg was the final significant battle in the Vicksburg Campaign of... May 12 is the 132nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (133rd in leap years). ... 1863 (MDCCCLXIII) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar). ... Raymond is a city located in Hinds County, Mississippi. ... The Civil War is by far the most common term for this conflict; see Naming the American Civil War. ... The 21st Michigan Infantry, a company of Shermans veterans. ... Ulysses S. Grant (born Hiram Ulysses Grant, April 27, 1822 – July 23, 1885) was an American soldier and politician who was elected the 18th President of the United States (1869–1877). ... The Army of the Tennessee was a Union army in the American Civil War, named for the Tennessee River. ... John C. Pemberton John Clifford Pemberton (August 10, 1814 – July 13, 1881), was a career U.S. Army officer and Confederate general in the American Civil War, noted for his defeat and surrender in the critical Battle of Vicksburg. ... Motto: Deo Vindice (Latin: With God As Our Vindicator) Anthem: God Save the South (unofficial) Dixie (popular) The Bonnie Blue Flag (popular) Capital Montgomery, Alabama February 4, 1861–May 29, 1861 Richmond, Virginia May 29, 1861–April 9, 1865 Danville, Virginia April 3–April 10, 1865 Largest city New Orleans... The 21st Michigan Infantry, a company of Shermans veterans. ... Vicksburg is a city located in Warren County, Mississippi, 234 miles (377 km) north by west of New Orleans on the Mississippi and Yazoo rivers. ... John Gregg (September 28, 1828-October 7, 1864) was an American judge and soldier. ... James B. McPherson James Birdseye McPherson (November 14, 1828 – July 22, 1864) was a career U.S. Army officer who served as a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War. ...

The small battle had an inordinately large impact on the Vicksburg Campaign. Union interdiction of the railroad interrupted Pemberton's attempt to further consolidate his forces and prevented him from linking up with his commanding officer, Joseph E. Johnston. As a result, Pemberton was limited to three options: abandon Vicksburg, withdraw into Fortress Vicksburg and accept a siege, or fight a meeting engagement against a superior force. Facing conflicting orders from his superiors and open insurrection from his subordinates, Pemberton would be forced into the latter choice on May 16th, 1863 at the Battle of Champion Hill. Lithograph of the Mississippi River Squadron running the Confederate blockade at Vicksburg on April 16, 1863. ... Joseph E. Johnston Joseph Eggleston Johnston (February 3, 1807 – March 21, 1891) was a career U.S. Army officer and one of the most senior generals in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. ... Vicksburg is a city located in Warren County, Mississippi, 234 miles (377 km) north by west of New Orleans on the Mississippi and Yazoo rivers. ... A siege is a prolonged military blockade and assault of a city or fortress with the intent of conquering by force or attrition. ... In warfare, a meeting engagement is a combat action that occurs when a moving force, incompletely deployed for battle, engages an enemy at an unexpected time and place. ... Grants Operations against Vicksburg The Battle of Champion Hill, or Bakers Creek, fought May 16, 1863, was the pivotal battle in the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War. ...

Preparations for battle

As part of Pemberton's plan to hold Grant's army in check along a broad front roughly delineated by Fourteen Mile Creek, Pemberton ordered all reinforcements arriving in Jackson, Mississippi to march to Raymond, 20 miles to the southeast. There they would form the left wing of a force superior in size to the federal army. In Raymond, arriving reinforcements would be supported by Wirt Adams' Cavalry Regiment, who were scouting the roads for indications of a federal movement towards Jackson. Wirt Adams had been ordered by Pemberton to leave his regiment in Raymond and ride to Edwards, Mississippi 15 miles away to organize the assorted cavalry attached to the Confederate main body^[3]. However, Adams elected to obey a subsequent order from Confederate General John Bowen (CSA) instructing him to bring his whole force to Edwards^[4]. The over-strength brigade of Tennesseans and Texans under General John Gregg (CSA) arrived in Raymond late in the afternoon of May 11th to find the network of roads posted by a five-man detachment of Confederate cavalry and a company (military unit) of state cavalry^[5]. Flag Seal Nickname: The Best of the New South; The Bold, New City Location Coordinates , Government Country   State   County United States  Mississippi   Hinds Founded 1822 Mayor Frank Melton Geographical characteristics Area     City 276. ... Edwards is a town located in Hinds County, Mississippi. ... Motto: Deo Vindice (Latin: With God As Our Vindicator) Anthem: God Save the South (unofficial) Dixie (popular) The Bonnie Blue Flag (popular) Capital Montgomery, Alabama February 4, 1861–May 29, 1861 Richmond, Virginia May 29, 1861–April 9, 1865 Danville, Virginia April 3–April 10, 1865 Largest city New Orleans... Brigade is a term from military science which refers to military echelon under a division, above a regiment where that exists as such, nowadays often a group of several battalions (typically two to four), and directly attached supporting units (normally including at least an artillery battery and additional logistic support). ... John Gregg (September 28, 1828-October 7, 1864) was an American judge and soldier. ... Motto: Deo Vindice (Latin: With God As Our Vindicator) Anthem: God Save the South (unofficial) Dixie (popular) The Bonnie Blue Flag (popular) Capital Montgomery, Alabama February 4, 1861–May 29, 1861 Richmond, Virginia May 29, 1861–April 9, 1865 Danville, Virginia April 3–April 10, 1865 Largest city New Orleans... Kircholm, a 1925 painting by Wojciech Kossak. ... A company is a military unit, typically consisting of 100-200 soldiers. ...

Unbeknownst to anyone in the Confederate army, General James B. McPherson's men of the XVII Corps (ACW), had been encamped along an excellent water source near Utica, Mississippi for two days while the remainder of Grant's army probed north towards the railroad. Having uncovered Pemberton's main body, Grant ordered McPherson to force march nearly 15 miles into Raymond by mid-day on the 12th of May. Rising before daylight, federal cavalry screening General John Logan's Third Division triggered the alarum from the state cavalry posted on the Utica road around 8 o'clock. Motto: Deo Vindice (Latin: With God As Our Vindicator) Anthem: God Save the South (unofficial) Dixie (popular) The Bonnie Blue Flag (popular) Capital Montgomery, Alabama February 4, 1861–May 29, 1861 Richmond, Virginia May 29, 1861–April 9, 1865 Danville, Virginia April 3–April 10, 1865 Largest city New Orleans... James B. McPherson James Birdseye McPherson (November 14, 1828 – July 22, 1864) was a career U.S. Army officer who served as a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War. ... XVII Corps was a corps of the Union Army during the American Civil War. ... Utica is a town located in Hinds County, Mississippi. ... For the screenwriter John Logan, see John Logan (screenwriter). ...

Because the roads had not been properly posted, news of the arrival of thousands of Confederate troops in Raymond had spread like wildfire. Having discovered from the locals that a large Confederate force was waiting just up the road, Logan deployed the Second Brigade into line and marched nearly a mile through almost impassable tangles before emerging into a small field that bordered Fourteen Mile Creek.

Word had reached Gregg that the federal main body was due south of Edwards, so he estimated that this body of troops must be a raiding party. To much fanfare, he marched his men through the streets of Raymond to meet the threat. Arriving on the hills overlooking Fourteen Mile Creek, he ordered his troops to conceal themselves, then asked his own regiment, the veteran 7th Texas Infantry Regiment, if any volunteers for dangerous duty would step forward. Of those who stepped forward, Gregg selected 35 to picket the bridge over the creek. His plan appears to have been to lure the raiding party into making a rash charge over the bridge to save it from being burned. Once the federal force was on the Confederate side of the bridge, Gregg's 3000 men, bolstered by local volunteers, would erupt from their hiding places and drive the Union force into the creek bed where they would be pinned for the slaughter. Hoe can you let me edit this For most of history, states did not have any fixed standing army. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Infantry of the Royal Irish Rifles during the Battle of the Somme in World War I. Infantry are soldiers who fight primarily on foot with small arms in organized military units, though they may be transported to the battlefield by horses, ships, automobiles, skis, or other means. ... A regiment is a military unit, consisting of a group of battalions, usually four and commanded by a colonel. ...

Gregg watched with anticipation as the federal skirmish line crossed the field and engaged his pickets. Anticipation turned to surprise, however, when at 10 o'clock the skirmishers halted in the tree line and called up a battery of Union artillery to clear the bridge with a few rounds of canister shot. The presence of artillery could only mean one thing: the force occupying the field before him was no mere raiding party, but at least a full federal brigade. Gregg remained undaunted, and merely altered his plan for attack. His main body would shift to the left, leaving the fields that were now threatened by the federal artillery a mere 500 yards away for the safety of the hills above Fourteen Mile Creek. Two large regiments of infantry would launch the ambush when the federal brigade crossed the creek, while two more large regiments would slip silently through the woods into the rear of the federal line, capturing the artillery battery, and trapping the Union troops in the bed of Fourteen Mile Creek, where they would be forced to surrender. In the heat of preparation, Gregg forgot to inform Pemberton of these plans. A 155 mm artillery shell fired by a United States 11th Marine regiment M-198 howitzer Historically, artillery refers to any engine used for the discharge of projectiles during war. ... Canister shot was a kind of anti-personnel ammunition used in cannons. ...

Pemberton's plan had been to allow Grant to dictate the focus of the federal attack. Grant could turn east and attack Raymond, or turn west and attack Edwards. In doing so, Grant's vulnerable rear would be open to attack by whichever force was not engaged. Pemberton had explicitly ordered Gregg not to bring on a general engagement with a larger force, but to withdraw to Jackson in the face of overwhelming odds while Pemberton dealt the federal army a heavy blow from behind. Technically, Gregg did not feel he was violating that order, because the over-strength Confederate brigade of 3000 men, bolstered as it was by hundreds of local volunteers and expecting reinforcements soon, outnumbered the average federal brigade by over 2-to-1 odds. What Gregg could not see, because it was obscured from sight by a rise in the middle of the field, was the entire Third Division of McPherson's Corps deploying into the field beside the Second Brigade.

Knowing that the woods ahead hid a large Confederate force, McPherson began to suspect an ambush. After having his men stack arms, eat lunch, and rest for the fight ahead, he deployed a brigade to the rear for reserves, and posted his left flank with cavalry and his right flank with the 31st Illinois Infantry Regiment and additional cavalry. The men were just wrapping up lunch when an artillery duel opened up between the Union artillery near Fourteen Mile Creek and Gregg's artillery, which had been called forward by General Gregg to a hilltop 700 yards distant. At nearly noon, McPherson ordered Logan forward.

Chaos and irony

The men of the first and third brigades faced the same challenge faced by second brigade earlier in the day. The vines in this area hung likes ropes, and some of them boasted thorns three inches long. To compound matters, though Fourteen Mile Creek was just inches deep, the nearly vertical banks rose over 10 feet above the creek bed in places. The men of the 23rd Indiana Infantry Regiment experienced what must have seemed like a stroke of luck at the time: because of a turn in the creek, their right flank rested just 100 feet from the creek. A gentle sandy "beach" led down to the bottom of the creek, and the opposite side here was cut by a ditch with hard clay sides. The regiment appears to have marched by the right flank, down the beach, and up the ditch. With a little effort, the unit was across the creek and standing in formation. In order to close the gap created by the march, the unit quick-stepped it back the other direction looking for the rest of the brigade, and stumbled sideways into the jaws of the Confederate trap^[6]. The only thing that saved the 23rd Indiana Infantry from wholesale slaughter was that the Confederates had never been issued bayonets.

Colonel Manning Force, the commander of the 20th Ohio Infantry Regiment heard the rebel yell followed by the sounds of musketry, and panicked. He ordered his regiment to charge, running through the nearly impassible tangle and then leaping into the creek bed. There his men must have been strickened with horror at their mistake: the rest of the division was holding their ground to the rear, and the walls of the creek were too steep to either move forwards or retreat. Luckily the creek made a turn here, and the soldiers utilized it as a bunker as they traded blows with the right battalion of the 7th Texas Infantry, the ends of the Texans' rifles discharging just inches away as the Confederates utilized the other side of the creek bed in the same manner. Force crawled out of the creek bed with difficulty and sought help from the rest of the division, begging the nearest regiment to move forward and connect the federal line. Colonel is a military rank of a commissioned officer, with the corresponding ranks existing in nearly every country in the world. ... Manning Ferguson Force (December 17, 1824–May 8, 1899) was a Union officer in the American Civil War. ...

The left battalion of the 7th Texas Infantry, and the 3rd Tennessee Infantry, wild with their easy victory over the 23rd Indiana Infantry, had pushed across the creek and past the 20th Ohio in a wave, encountering the union battle line still standing in the woods. For a few minutes, the Union line and Confederate line stood obscured in the thick woods and smoke and killed each other at short range. Just after Force returned to the creek bed, the federal line was ordered to leave the woods for the safety of the fence line, allowing the Union commanders to sort out what had happened. The Confederates, perceiving that the federals were withdrawing, imagined that the federal line was being forced back. The rebels pushed forward with vigor, only to be ripped apart by a volley from federal troops now hiding behind the fence. Aggravating the situation for the Confederates was the fact that the 31st Illinois, hearing the fighting erupt behind them, had merely to about-face from their position on the Union right flank, and step forward in line a few yards before they were in firing position to enfilade the line of the 3rd Tennessee Infantry.

On the Confederate extreme flank, two Confederate regiments were sneaking forward in complete silence, ready to stream into the field in the federal rear and seal the trap. Skirmishers of the leading regiment chased off the cavalry pickets with a few ill-aimed shots. In the field behind the federal army, General Logan must have been near panic. The cavalry protecting his right flank was scrambling from the woods, his rightmost infantry regiment was nowhere to be seen, and what was left of the next regiment in line had emerged from the woods in disorganized groups of three and four, and was attempting in vain to regroup. Normally calm in battle, Logan was noted to be riding behind the lines screeching like an eagle for his troops to plug the perceived gaps. He pulled the 8th Illinois and the 81st Illinois out of line, sending the former to the left where the 23rd Indiana was reforming, and the latter to the right where the 23rd Indiana should have been, and then sent the remaining two regiments to probe for the force that had scattered his cavalry picket.

The commander of the Confederate flanking force emerged from the woods ahead of his skirmishers, and his heart sunk. To his right, a line of blue stretched as far as he could see. To the left, he could hear troops moving on his flank. General Gregg had made a grave miscalculation. The federal infantry brigade he had been ordered to rout from the field had somehow turned into an entire federal division. The Confederate force withdrew with haste, and for a moment was too stunned to do anything but stand in formation waiting for orders.

At this point, McPherson sent a note back to Grant stating that he had been engaged with a Confederate force of about 1,000 men for two hours and was about to get the upper hand^[7]. This was an incredibly accurate statement. So far, the Confederates had only managed to commit the 7th Texas and 3rd Tennessee Infantry Regiments, both 500 strong. Strangely enough, the Confederates engaged now found themselves caught in the same trap that they had planned for the federals: they had been lured in a disorganized mass across a nearly impassable creek, and now faced the danger of being driven into the creek and slaughtered. The enfilading fire on the 3rd Tennessee began to take its toll, and the Confederate left flank crumbled. Colonel Hiram Granbury of the 7th Texas decided to order a withdrawal, then had second thoughts and sent a courier to his right battalion with a message to rescind the order. A timely bullet killed the courier before he delivered the message, meaning that for a few valuable minutes five companies of the 7th Texas regiment were holding back an entire federal army division. This allowed hundreds of Confederates to withdraw safely across the creek. A final push by the fresh 8th Illinois Infantry regiment finally broke the 7th Texas. A proud veteran regiment who once boasted that they had never been broken in battle was now reduced to fleeing for its life in scattered groups, with hundreds of federals in pursuit.

Confederate fight for survival

Randall McGavock, the commander of the 10th/30th Consolidated Tennessee Infantry Regiment, having assumed command of the flanking force, sent a courier to find General Gregg. The courier returned, not with orders from General Gregg, but with news that the Confederate center had been routed. In a panic, McGavock ordered his regiment to the center without pausing to issue orders to the other regiment on the Confederate left flank. Marching double time by the right flank back to the position he had occupied earlier that morning, McGavock emerged from the woods in time to see scattered groups of Confederates being pursued by a massive wave of blue. Before all his troops had even emerged from the woods, McGavock ordered a charge directly into the midst of the blue mass. In a dramatic flourish, he threw back his cape, exposing the red liner and inspiring his men as he led the attack. The red cape also served to make him a fine target, and he was quickly riddled with bullets. The 10th/30th scattered the pursuing federal force, then quickly realized what McGavock had led them into. The seven companies who had actually arrived in time to participate were now trapped in a bowl-shaped depression surrounded by federals on all sides. Lt. Colonel Turner immediately had the unit retrace their steps, loading and firing the entire time, until the regiment had rejoined their comrades firing away at the federals from the safety of the hilltop. Helping stem the federal tide was the fact that the hill had become a rallying point for stragglers from other units, most notably the right battalion of the 7th Texas Infantry.

At this point, the battle devolved into a contest of sniping, as the federal commanders attempted to reform the men into organized units in the difficult tangle while suppressing the fire from the hill top. Gregg, meanwhile, found himself scrambling to provide enough time to allow the routed units to reform for the retreat. The 1st Tennessee Infantry Battalion spent the afternoon feinting in various directions, and suffered heavy casualties for their efforts. The 50th Tennessee, having grown tired of standing around waiting for orders from McGavock, traversed the battlefield from left to right in order to check a federal movement on the right flank, while the 41st Tennessee from Gregg's reserves traversed the battlefield from right to left, passing the 50th Tennessee, to check a threat to the left flank.

Eventually, McPherson began to extend his right flank beyond the Confederate hilltop. The position having been turned and his routed units reasonably reformed, Gregg ordered a withdrawal through Raymond towards Jackson. Here, the federal artillery finally made their mark in the battle, pounding the Confederate ranks as Gregg continued the delaying action to allow his battered units to withdraw. As his disorganized force came scrambling over fences and through yards in Raymond, they were met by the 3rd Kentucky Mounted Infantry, the leading element of reinforcements headed to Raymond from all over the Confederacy. Help had arrived too late to do anything but provide cavalry rear guard protection to General Gregg's spent force.

Results of the battle

The Union casualties at Raymond consisted of 68 killed, 341 wounded, and 37 missing. The Confederate casualties were nearly double: 100 killed, 305 wounded, and 415 captured. Indicative of the number of locals who joined Gregg's ranks is the fact that the Union Army buried and captured more Confederates at Raymond than the number of casualties reported by General Gregg, total (500). Many of the Confederate dead were interred in the Confederate Cemetery at Raymond, Mississippi, by the townspeople. Raymond is a city located in Hinds County, Mississippi. ...

Grant's plan had been to lure Pemberton into splitting his force, allowing the Confederate army to be defeated in detail. News that Pemberton's left wing had retreated to the rail center at Jackson, Mississippi where it was receiving reinforcements from across the Confederacy, led Grant to change his plan of attack. Where initially he had planned to detach McPherson's two divisions to destroy Jackson, Grant now planned a full scale assault on the Mississippi capital^[8]. This led to the Battle of Jackson on May 14, 1863, which was essentially a rear-guard action for the suddenly timorous Joseph E. Johnston. The threat of Confederate reinforcement having been eliminated, Grant turned and defeated Pemberton at the Battle of Champion Hill on May 16th, and the Battle of the Big Black River Bridge on May 17th. Pemberton, his army all but shattered, retreated into Fortress Vicksburg, where his men rallied to thwart three federal assaults, but finally accepted the inevitable and surrendered on July 4th, 1863. Flag Seal Nickname: The Best of the New South; The Bold, New City Location Coordinates , Government Country   State   County United States  Mississippi   Hinds Founded 1822 Mayor Frank Melton Geographical characteristics Area     City 276. ... The Battle of Jackson, fought on May 14, 1863, in Jackson, Mississippi, was part of the Vicksburg Campaign in the American Civil War. ... May 14 is the 134th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (135th in leap years). ... 1863 (MDCCCLXIII) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar). ... Joseph E. Johnston Joseph Eggleston Johnston (February 3, 1807 – March 21, 1891) was a career U.S. Army officer and one of the most senior generals in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. ... Grants Operations against Vicksburg The Battle of Champion Hill, or Bakers Creek, fought May 16, 1863, was the pivotal battle in the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War. ...

Battlefield preservation

Although the Raymond battlefield remained nearly unchanged for over a century, commercial and residential development along Mississippi State Highway 18 vaulted Raymond onto the Civil War Preservation Trust's list of the Top Ten Endangered Civil War Battlefields for 2005.

In 1998, in response to the planned conversion of pasture land into a strip mall fronting the highway, a group of concerned citizens formed the Friends of Raymond to promote the preservation of the land comprising the Raymond battlefield. The organization initially purchased the 40 acres which was to host the commercial development, and additional non-contiguous acreages have been added since. A battlefield park has been constructed on the north side of Highway 18, featuring a walking trail, several cannon, and planned interpretive markers. Unfortunately, the field which saw Gregg's 3rd Tennessee and 7th Texas mauled by Logan's Division is still under threat by an owner who is not friendly to battlefield preservation and interpretation.

References

• Davis, Theodore R., "How a Battle is Sketched," St. Nicholas Magazine.
• Dwight, Henry O., "The Affair on the Raymond Road," The New York Semi-Weekly Tribune.
• Grabau, Warren E., Confusion Compounded: The Pivotal Battle of Raymond, McNaughton and Gunn for the Blue and Gray Education Society, 2001.
• Grant, Ulysses S., Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant, Charles L. Webster & Company, 1885–86, ISBN 0-914427-67-9.
• Simon, John Y. (ed.), The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant, Volume 8: April 1 – July 6, 1863, Southern Illinois University Press, 1979, ISBN 0-8093-0884-3.
• U.S. War Department, The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1880–1901.

The Official Records of the American Civil War or often more simply the Official Records or ORs, constitute a unique, authentic, and comprehensive collection of first-hand accounts, orders, reports, and correspondence drawn from War and Navy Department records of both Confederate and Union governments during the American Civil War. ...

Notes

1. ^ Memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant, Chapter 34
2. ^ Grabau, page 66
3. ^ OR Series 1 - Volume 24 (Part III) Chapter XXXVI page 851
4. ^ OR Series 1 - Volume 24 (Part III) Chapter XXXVI page 853
5. ^ OR Series 1 - Volume 24 (Part I) Chapter XXXVI page 736
6. ^ OR Series 1 - Volume 24 (Part I) Chapter XXXVI pages 711 and 712
7. ^ PUSG, page 206
8. ^ OR Series 1 - Volume 24 (Part I) Chapter XXXVI page 50

External links

• Battle of Raymond
• Order of Battle
• Raymond Battlefield Preservation