Battle of Red Cliffs
Part of the wars of the Three Kingdoms
Engravings on a cliff-side mark one widely-accepted site of Chìbì, near modern Chibi City, Hubei. The engravings are at least a thousand years old.
Date Winter, 208 Location Debated. Referred to as Chibi (Red Cliffs), on the southern bank of the Yangtze River Result Decisive Sun Quan and Liu Bei victory
Combatants
Sun Quan (Sun Chuan), Liu Bei (Liu Pei)	Cao Cao (Ts'ao Ts'ao)
Commanders
Zhou Yu (Chou Yü), Cheng Pu, Liu Bei	Cao Cao
Strength
50,000	220,000–240,000
Casualties
Unknown	Unknown, though described as significant

The Battle of Red Cliffs, otherwise known as the Battle of Chibi, (traditional Chinese: 赤壁之戰; pinyin: chìbì zhī zhàn) was a decisive battle immediately prior to the period of the Three Kingdoms in China in the winter of 208 CE between the allied forces of the southern warlords Liu Bei and Sun Quan, and the numerically superior forces of the northern warlord Cao Cao. Liu Bei and Sun Quan successfully frustrated Cao Cao's effort to conquer the land south of the Yangtze River and reunite the former territory of the fallen Eastern Han Dynasty. The allied victory at Red Cliffs ensured the survival of Liu Bei and Sun Quan, gave them control of the Yangtze (de Crespigny 2004:273), and provided a line of defence that was the basis for the later creation of the two southern kingdoms of Shu Han (蜀) and Eastern Wu (吳). For these reasons, it is considered a decisive battle in Chinese history. Red Cliff (Chinese: ), alternatively known as The Battle of Red Cliff, is a Chinese epic film directed by John Woo and starring Chang Chen, Takeshi Kaneshiro, Tony Leung Chiu Wai, Lin Chi-ling, Zhang Fengyi and Zhao Wei. ... The Three Kingdoms period (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is a period in the history of China, part of an era of disunity called the Six Dynasties. ... Photo of the traditional site of Chibi, north of Wulin, taken in 2003. ... Chibi City (赤壁市) is a Chinese city of about 133,000 in Hubei province. ... Hubei (Chinese: 湖北; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Hu-pei; Postal System Pinyin: Hupeh) is a central province of the Peoples Republic of China. ... hello my name is marco u ... The Yangtze River or Chang Jiang (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), or Drichu in Tibetan (Tibetan: འབ; Wylie: bri chu) is the longest river in Asia and the third longest in the world, after the Nile in Africa, and the Amazon in South America. ... Sun Quan (孫權 pinyin: SÅ«n Quán) (182 - 252), son of Sun Jian, was the third ruler of the State of Wu and the founder of Kingdom of Wu, during the Three Kingdoms period, in China. ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is 劉 (Liu) Liú Bèi (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) (161 – 223), courtesy name Xuándé (玄徳), was a powerful warlord and the founding emperor of the Kingdom of Shu during the Three Kingdoms era in ancient China. ... Cáo Cāo (155 – March 15, 220, pronounced Tsau Tsau) was a regional warlord and the second last Chancellor of the Eastern Han Dynasty who rose to great power during its final years in ancient China. ... Zhou Yu (175 - 210) was a famous militarist and strategist of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. ... Cheng Pu was a veteran warrior skilled at using the serpent spear who served the Sun family for three generations. ... The Three Kingdoms period (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is a period in the history of China, part of an era of disunity called the Six Dynasties. ... Combatants Yellow Turbans Han Dynasty Commanders Zhang Jiao Zhang Bao Zhang Liang He Jin Huangfu Song Lu Zhi Zhu Jun Dong Zhuo Cao Cao Strength 360,000 Various Casualties Unknown Unknown The Yellow Turban Rebellion, sometimes also translated as the Yellow Scarves Rebellion, (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ) was a... Combatants Anti-Dong Zhuo Coalition Dong Zhuo Commanders Yuan Shao Dong Zhuo The Campaign against Dong Zhuo (董卓討伐戰) in 190 was initiated by a coalition of regional officials hoping to end Chancellor Dong Zhuos influence in the ailing Han court in China. ... 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Combatants Cao Cao, Liu Bei Lü Bu Commanders Cao Cao, Liu Bei Lü Bu The Battle of Xiapi (下邳之戰) occurred in the winter of 198 between the forces of Lü Bu against the forces of Liu Bei and Cao Cao in the prelude to the Three Kingdoms period of China. ... Combatants Yuan Shao Gongsun Zan Heishan bandits Commanders Yuan Shao Gongsun Zan† Zhang Yan The Battle of Yijing (易京之戰) took part shortly before the fall of the Han Empire in China, which began the era known as the Three Kingdoms. ... The Battle of Guandu (官渡之戰) was a battle in Chinese history. ... Combatants Liu Bei Cao Cao Commanders Liu Bei Xiahou Dun The Battle of Bowang (博望之戰), more famously known as the Battle of Bowang Slope (博望坡之戰), was a battle fought near Fangcheng, Henan between the forces of Cao Cao and Liu Bei during the Three Kingdoms period in China. ... Combatants Sun Quan Huang Zu Commanders Sun Quan Huang Zu† Three Kingdoms Yellow Turbans – Dong Zhuo – Jieqiao – Wancheng – Xiapi – Yijing – Guandu – Bowang – Xiakou – Changban – Red Cliffs – Tong Pass – Chengdu – Hefei – Mount Dingjun – Fancheng – Xiaoting – Southern Campaign – Shiting – Northern Expeditions (Jieting – Wuzhang Plains) The Battle of Xiakou was fought between Sun... Combatants Cao Cao Liu Bei Commanders Cao Cao Liu Bei Strength 5,000 elite cavalry 100,000 mostly unarmed people Casualties Unknown, minimal Unknown The Battle of Changban (Chinese: ; pinyin: ) took place at Changban (near the modern-day city of Dangyang in Hubei Province), China in the year 208. ... Combatants Cao Cao Coalition of Guanxi forces Commanders Cao Cao Ma Chao Han Sui Hou Xuan Cheng Yin Yang Qiu Li Kan† Zhang Heng† Liang Xing Cheng Yi† Ma Wan† Strength  ? 100,000 Three Kingdoms Yellow Turbans – Dong Zhuo – Jieqiao – Wancheng – Xiapi – Yijing – Guandu – Bowang – Xiakou – Changban – Red Cliffs – Tong... Combatants Liu Bei Liu Zhang Commanders Liu Bei Liu Zhang Three Kingdoms Yellow Turbans – Dong Zhuo – Jieqiao – Wancheng – Xiapi – Yijing – Guandu – Bowang – Xiakou – Changban – Red Cliffs – Tong Pass – Chengdu – Hefei – Mount Dingjun – Fancheng – Xiaoting – Southern Campaign – Shiting – Northern Expeditions (Jieting – Wuzhang Plains) The Battle of Chengdu was a campaign that... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Combatants Cao Wei Eastern Wu Commanders Cao Cao Sun Quan The Battle of Ruxu (濡須之戰) was fought between the warlords Sun Quan and Cao Cao in 217, during the Three Kingdoms period in China. ... Combatants Cao Wei Shu Han Commanders Xiahou Yuan† Liu Bei The Battle of Mount Dingjun (定軍山之戰) took place in year 219, during the Three Kingdoms period of China. ... This article does not cite its references or sources. ... Combatants Eastern Wu Shu Han Commanders Lü Meng Guan Yu† Lü Mengs invasion of Jing Province was fought in 219 between Shu Han and Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period in China. ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Combatants Shu Han Shu rebels Nanman Commanders Zhuge Liang Yong Kai Zhu Bao Gao Ding Meng Huo Zhuge Liangs Southern Campaign (Chinese: ; pinyin: ), also known as Battle of Nanzhong (Chinese: ; pinyin: ), refers to the military campaign led by the Zhuge Liang of the Shu Han against the southern rebels... 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The Three Kingdoms period (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is a period in the history of China, part of an era of disunity called the Six Dynasties. ... hello my name is marco u ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is 劉 (Liu) Liú Bèi (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) (161 – 223), courtesy name Xuándé (玄徳), was a powerful warlord and the founding emperor of the Kingdom of Shu during the Three Kingdoms era in ancient China. ... Sun Quan (孫權 pinyin: SÅ«n Quán) (182 - 252), son of Sun Jian, was the third ruler of the State of Wu and the founder of Kingdom of Wu, during the Three Kingdoms period, in China. ... Cáo Cāo (155 – March 15, 220, pronounced Tsau Tsau) was a regional warlord and the second last Chancellor of the Eastern Han Dynasty who rose to great power during its final years in ancient China. ... The Yangtze River or Chang Jiang (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), or Drichu in Tibetan (Tibetan: འབ; Wylie: bri chu) is the longest river in Asia and the third longest in the world, after the Nile in Africa, and the Amazon in South America. ... The Han Dynasty (Traditional Chinese characters: 漢朝, Simplified Chinese characters: 汉朝, pinyin Hàncháo 202 BC - AD 220) followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. ... For the film also known as The Battle of Red Cliff, see Red Cliff (film). ... The Kingdom of Shu (蜀 shǔ) (221 – 263) was one of the Three Kingdoms competing for control of China after the fall of the Han Dynasty. ... The Kingdom of Wu (Chinese: 吳, pinyin: wú) refers to a historical nation and several states in a region of China. ... ...

Descriptions of the battle differ widely on details; in fact, even the location of battle is still fiercely debated (de Crespigny 2004:256 78n). Although its precise location remains uncertain, the majority of academic conjectures place it on the south bank of the Yangtze River at some location southwest of present-day Wuhan and northeast of Baqiu (modern Yueyang city in Hunan province). The most detailed account of the battle comes from the biography of Zhou Yu in the 3rd-century historical text Records of Three Kingdoms (Sanguo Zhi). An exaggerated and romanticised account is also a central event in Romance of the Three Kingdoms, one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature. For the film also known as The Battle of Red Cliff, see Red Cliff (film). ... For the brand of cymbal, see Wuhan cymbals. ... Yueyang (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Yüeh-yang; Postal map spelling: Yochow) is a prefecture-level city in the Hunan province of China, on the shores of Dongting Lake. ... Yueyang (Simplified: 岳阳; Traditional: 岳陽; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Yüeh-yang; Postal System Pinyin: Yochow) is a prefecture-level city in the Hunan province of China, on the shores of Dongting Lake. ... Not to be confused with the unrelated provinces of Hainan, Henan, and Yunnan. ... Zhou Yu (175 - 210) was a famous militarist and strategist of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. ... The Records of Three Kingdoms (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), is the official and authoritative historical text on the period of Three Kingdoms covering from 189 to 280, that was composed by Chen Shou in the 3rd century. ... For other uses, see Romance of the Three Kingdoms (disambiguation). ... The Four Great Classical Novels, or Four Major Classical Novels (Chinese: ) of Chinese literature, are the four novels commonly counted by scholars to be the greatest and most influential in classical Chinese fiction. ... Chinese literature spans back thousands of years, from the earliest recorded dynastic court archives to the matured fictional novel arising in the medieval period to entertain the masses of literate Chinese. ...

Background

By the early 3rd century, the Eastern Han Dynasty, which had ruled China for four centuries (albeit with a 16-year interruption) was crumbling. Emperor Xian had been merely a figurehead since 189, with no control over the actions of the various warlords controlling their respective territories. The most powerful ruler in northern China was the warlord Cao Cao, who was proclaimed as Imperial Chancellor of Han, a position which gave him unquestioned power over the entire imperial government (de Crespigny 1969:253, 465 6n). By the year 200, Cao Cao had unified northern China and retained absolute control over the North China Plain. He completed a successful campaign against the Wuhuan in the winter of 207, thus securing his northern frontier. Shortly afterwards, in the autumn of 208, his army began a Southern Campaign. Wang Mang (王莽, pinyin: Wáng Măng) (45 BC–October 6, 23), courtesy name Jujun (巨君), was a Han Dynasty official who seized the throne from the Liu family and founded Xin (or Hsin) Dynasty (新朝, meaning new dynasty), ruling AD 8–23. ... Emperor Xian of Han, trad. ... Events Pope Victor I succeeds Pope Eleuterus The Prince of Hongnong succeeds Han Lingdi as Chinese emperor of Han Dynasty Dong Zhuo has the Prince of Hongnong poisoned and installs Han Xiandi as emperor. ... Chancellor of China 丞相 (Cheng Xiang) or 宰相 (Zai Xiang), was the highest rank in the imperial government in former China after the emperor (685 BC-6 BC, 189-1380). ... For the film also known as The Battle of Red Cliff, see Red Cliff (film). ... For other uses, see number 200. ... Cao Caos unification of northern China was an important transitionary period in Chinese history. ... The North China Plain (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), also called the Central Plain(s) (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), is based on the deposits of the Huang He (Yellow River) and is the largest alluvial plain of eastern Asia. ... The Wuhuan (traditional Chinese: 烏桓; simplified Chinese: 乌桓; pinyin: Wūhuán) were a nomadic people who inhabited northern China, in what is now the provinces of Hebei, Liaoning, Shanxi, the municipality of Beijing and the autonomous region of Inner Mongolia. ... Events Sun Quan battles Huang Zu at Xiakou Births Liu Shan, last emperor of the Kingdom of Shu Deaths Guo Jia, brilliant military advisor to Cao Cao Ling Cao, a general under Sun Quan Categories: 207 ... hello my name is marco u ...

The Yangtze River in the area of Jing province (which roughly corresponded to modern Hubei and Hunan provinces) was key to the success of this strategy. If Cao Cao were to have any hope of reuniting the sundered Han empire, he had to achieve naval control of the middle Yangtze and the strategic naval base at Jiangling as a means of access to the southern region (de Crespigny 2003). Two warlords controlled the area of the Yangtze that was a key objective for Cao Cao: Liu Biao, Governor of Jing Province, controlled the river west of the mouth of the Han, roughly encompassing the area around the city of Xiakou and all territory south of that region. Sun Quan controlled the river east of the Han and the southeastern territories abutting it (de Crespigny 2007:773). A third ally, Liu Bei, was living in refuge with Liu Biao at the garrison in Fancheng (modern Xiangfan), having fled the northeast to the Jing Province, following a failed plot to assassinate Cao Cao and restore power to the imperial dynasty (de Crespigny 2007:480; de Crespigny 1969:258). Hubei (Chinese: 湖北; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Hu-pei; Postal System Pinyin: Hupeh) is a central province of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Not to be confused with the unrelated provinces of Hainan, Henan, and Yunnan. ... A province, in the context of China, is a translation of sheng (省 shÄ›ng), which is an administrative division of China. ... Jiangling is a city in Hubei, China. ... For the film also known as The Battle of Red Cliff, see Red Cliff (film). ... Liú BiÇŽo (劉表 142 – 208) was the governor of the Jing province in China towards the end of the Han Dynasty. ... Hankou (漢口; pinyin: Hànkǒu; Wade-Giles: Hankow) is one of the three towns, together with Wuchang and Hanyang, which are included in modern day Wuhan, the capital of the Hubei province, in China. ... For the film also known as The Battle of Red Cliff, see Red Cliff (film). ... The Battle of Fancheng was fought between the Shu and Wei kingdoms during the Three Kingdoms period of ancient China. ... Xiangfan (Simplified Chinese: 襄樊; Pinyin: ) is a prefecture-level city in Hubei province, Peoples Republic of China. ... For the film also known as The Battle of Red Cliff, see Red Cliff (film). ... For the film also known as The Battle of Red Cliff, see Red Cliff (film). ...

Cao Cao

The initial stages of the campaign were an unqualified success for Cao Cao, as the command of the Jing Province had been substantially weakened and the Jing armies had been exhausted by conflict with Sun Quan to the south (de Crespigny 2007:486). Factions had arisen supporting one or the other of Liu Biao's two sons in a struggle for succession. The younger son prevailed, and Liu Biao's dispossessed eldest son, Liu Qi departed to assume a commandery in Jiangxia (de Crespigny 2004:241). Liu Biao died only a few weeks later, while Cao Cao was advancing from the north and under these circumstances Liu Biao's younger son and successor Liu Cong quickly surrendered. Cao Cao thus captured a sizeable fleet and secured the naval base at Jiangling. This gave him with a key strategic military depot, and a base to harbour his massive fleet of ships. Image File history File links Portrait of Cao Cao by unknown artist File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Image File history File links Portrait of Cao Cao by unknown artist File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... Cáo Cāo (155 – March 15, 220, pronounced Tsau Tsau) was a regional warlord and the second last Chancellor of the Eastern Han Dynasty who rose to great power during its final years in ancient China. ... For the film also known as The Battle of Red Cliff, see Red Cliff (film). ... To meet Wikipedias quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup. ... Commandry (British English), or commandery (American English), was the smallest division of the European landed estate or manor under the control of a commendator, or commander, of an order of knights. ... Wuchang (Chinese: ; pinyin: Wǔchāng) is one of the three towns, together with Hankou and Hanyang, which are included in modern day Wuhan, the capital of the Hubei province, in China. ... For the film also known as The Battle of Red Cliff, see Red Cliff (film). ... See also Liu Cong (劉聰) Liu Cong (Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ) was the second son of the famous warlord Liu Biao during the Three Kingdoms Period of China. ... Jiangling is a city in Hubei, China. ...

When Jing fell, Liu Bei quickly fled south, accompanied by a refugee population of civilians and soldiers. This disorganised band was pursued by Cao Cao's elite cavalry, and was surrounded and decisively beaten at the Battle of Changban (near the modern-day city of Dangyang in Hubei). Liu Bei fled further east to Xiakou, where he liaised with Sun Quan's emissary Lu Su. At this point historical accounts are inconsistent; Lu Su may have successfully encouraged Liu Bei to move even further east, to Fankou (樊口).^[1] In either case, Liu Bei was later joined by Liu Qi and levies from Jiangxia (de Crespigny 2004:255). Liu Bei's main advisor, Zhuge Liang, was sent to Chaisang (柴桑) to negotiate forming a mutual front against Cao Cao with the state of Wu (de Crespigny 1969:263). Combatants Cao Cao Liu Bei Commanders Cao Cao Liu Bei Strength 5,000 elite cavalry 100,000 mostly unarmed people Casualties Unknown, minimal Unknown The Battle of Changban (Chinese: ; pinyin: ) took place at Changban (near the modern-day city of Dangyang in Hubei Province), China in the year 208. ... Dangyang City, in Hubei Province, China, lies 70 km east of the Gezhouba Dam on the Yangtze River. ... Hubei (Chinese: 湖北; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Hu-pei; Postal System Pinyin: Hupeh) is a central province of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Wuchang (Chinese: ; pinyin: WÇ”chāng) is one of the three towns, together with Hankou and Hanyang, which are included in modern day Wuhan, the capital of the Hubei province, in China. ... Lu Su (鲁肃) was an advisor for the kingdom of Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of ancient China, having taken over the position from Zhou Yu. ... For the film also known as The Battle of Red Cliff, see Red Cliff (film). ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is Zhuge (諸葛) Zhuge Liang (181 - 234) was one of the greatest Chinese strategists of the Three Kingdoms period, as well as a statesman, engineer, scholar, and inventor. ... For the film also known as The Battle of Red Cliff, see Red Cliff (film). ...

By the time Liu Bei arrived, Cao Cao had already sent Sun Quan a letter boasting of commanding 800,000 men and demanding Sun Quan's surrender. The faction led by the Sun Quan's Chief Clerk Zhang Zhao advocated surrender, citing Cao Cao's overwhelming numerical advantage. However, on separate occasions, Lu Su, Zhuge Liang, and Wu's chief commander, Zhou Yu, all presented arguments to persuade Sun Quan to agree to the alliance against the northerners. Sun Quan finally decided on war and chopped off a corner of his desk during an assembly, saying: "Anyone who still dares argue for surrender will be [treated] the same as this desk." He then assigned Zhou Yu, Cheng Pu, and Lu Su with 30,000 men to aid Liu Bei against Cao Cao (de Crespigny 1996). Zhang Zhao (張昭) (156 - 236) was a brilliantly minded civil officer who served under the Sun family at the time of the Three Kingdoms in China. ... Cheng Pu was a veteran warrior skilled at using the serpent spear who served the Sun family for three generations. ... For the film also known as The Battle of Red Cliff, see Red Cliff (film). ...

Although Cao Cao had boasted that he had 800,000 men, Zhou Yu estimated Cao Cao's full troop strength to be closer to 220,000, but this total included 70,000 troops from the armies of the recently defeated Liu Biao, so the loyalty and morale of a large number of Cao Cao's force was uncertain (Eikenberry 1994:60). With the 20,000 soldiers that Liu Bei gathered, the alliance consisted of approximately 50,000 marines who were trained and prepared for battle. For the film also known as The Battle of Red Cliff, see Red Cliff (film). ...

Battle

 Battle of Red Cliffs, and Cao Cao's retreat (also shown: Battle of Changban). Note that the battlefield location is marked at the site near Chibi City; see Location of Red Cliffs. 

The Battle of Red Cliffs unfolded in three stages: an initial skirmish at Red Cliffs followed by a retreat to the Wulin battlefields on the northwestern bank of the Yangtze, a decisive naval engagement, and Cao Cao's disastrous retreat along Huarong Road. Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Combatants Cao Cao Liu Bei Commanders Cao Cao Liu Bei Strength 5,000 elite cavalry 100,000 mostly unarmed people Casualties Unknown, minimal Unknown The Battle of Changban (Chinese: ; pinyin: ) took place at Changban (near the modern-day city of Dangyang in Hubei Province), China in the year 208. ... Chibi City (赤壁市) is a Chinese city of about 133,000 in Hubei province. ...

The combined Sun-Liu force sailed upstream from either Xiakou or Fankou to Red Cliffs, where they encountered Cao Cao's vanguard force. Plagued by disease and low morale due to the series of forced marches they had undertaken on the prolonged Southern Campaign (de Crespigny 2003), Cao Cao's men could not gain an advantage in the small skirmish which ensued, so Cao Cao retreated to Wulin (north of the Yangtze River) and the allies pulled back to the south. For the film also known as The Battle of Red Cliff, see Red Cliff (film). ...

Cao Cao had moored his ships from stem to stern, possibly aiming to reduce seasickness in his navy, which comprised mostly northerners who were not used to living on ships. Observing this, divisional commander Huang Gai sent Cao Cao a letter feigning surrender and prepared a squadron^[2] of capital ships described as mengchong doujian (蒙衝鬥艦).^[3] The ships had been converted into fire ships by filling them with bundles of kindling, dry reeds, and fatty oil. As Huang Gai's "defecting" squadron approached the midpoint of the river, the sailors applied fire to the ships before taking to small boats. The unmanned fire ships, carried by the southeastern wind, sped towards Cao Cao's fleet and set it ablaze. Within a short time smoke and flames stretched across the sky, and a large number of men and horses either burned to death or drowned (Chen c. 280:54.1262-63). Huang Gai (黃蓋) was an officer of the Kingdom of Wu in during Chinas Three Kingdoms period. ... A Squadron is a small unit or formation of cavalry, aircraft (including balloons), or naval vessels. ... The capital ships of a navy are its important warships; the ones with the heaviest firepower and armor. ... This article is not about the fireboats that fight fire Defeat of the Spanish Armada, 1588-08-08 by Philippe-Jacques de Loutherbourg, painted 1796, depicts Drakes fire ship attack on the Spanish Armada. ... For the film also known as The Battle of Red Cliff, see Red Cliff (film). ...

Following the initial shock, Zhou Yu and the allies led a lightly armed force to capitalize on the assault. The northern army was thrown into confusion and was utterly smashed. Seeing the situation was hopeless, Cao Cao then issued a general order of retreat and destroyed a number of his remaining ships before withdrawing (Chen c. 280). For the film also known as The Battle of Red Cliff, see Red Cliff (film). ...

Cao Cao's army attempted a retreat along Huarong Road, including a long stretch passing through marshlands north of Dongting Lake. Heavy rains had reduced the track to a thick mire, making the road so treacherous that many of the sick soldiers had to carry bundles of grass on their backs and use them to fill the road, to allow the horsemen to cross. Many of these soldiers drowned in the mud or were trampled to death in the effort. To the misery of Cao Cao's army, the allies, led by Zhou Yu and Liu Bei, gave chase over land and water until they reached Nan Commandery (南郡). Combined with famine and disease, this decimated Cao Cao's remaining forces. Cao Cao then retreated north to his home base of Ye, leaving Cao Ren and Xu Huang to guard Jiangling, Yue Jin stationed in Xiangyang, and Man Chong in Dangyang (Chen c. 280). Dongting Lake or Lake Dongting (also Dong Lake, 洞庭湖; Pinyin: Dòngtíng hú; Wade-Giles: Tung-ting Hu) is a large, shallow lake in northeastern Hunan Province of China. ... Lütt-Witt Moor, a bog in Henstedt-Ulzburg in northern Germany. ... Ye was a city in ancient China. ... Cao Ren (168 – 223) was a military general under the powerful warlord Cao Cao during the late Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms period in ancient China. ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is Xu Xu Huang (169 – 227) was a prominent general under the powerful warlord Cao Cao and his successor Cao Pi during the late Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms Period in ancient China. ... An officer who joined Cao Cao early on in his quest for power (not to be confused with Yu Jin), he was a senior general holding a high rank. ... Xiangyang (Traditional Chinese: 襄陽, Simplified Chinese: 襄阳, pinyin: Xiāngyáng) was a Chinese city famous for the Siege of Xiangyang (1267-1273) by Mongol invaders. ... Man Chong (满宠; ? – 242) was an officer of Cao Cao and later the Kingdom of Wei. ... For the film also known as The Battle of Red Cliff, see Red Cliff (film). ...

The allied counterattack might have vanquished Cao Cao and his forces entirely. However, the crossing of the Yangtze River dissolved into chaos as the allied armies converged on the riverbank and fought over the limited number of ferries. To restore order, a detachment led by the allied general Gan Ning established a bridgehead in Yiling to the north, and only a staunch rearguard action by Cao Ren prevented further catastrophe (Eikenberry 1994:60; de Crespigny 2007:239). Gan Ning (甘寧) lived from 175 AD to about 218 AD during the period of Chinese history known as the Three Kingdoms Period. ... Yichang (Chinese: 宜昌; pinyin: Yíchāng) is a city in the Hubei province of China. ... For the film also known as The Battle of Red Cliff, see Red Cliff (film). ... For the film also known as The Battle of Red Cliff, see Red Cliff (film). ...

Analysis

One type of ship used in the battle - the mengchong (蒙衝): leather-covered assault warship designed to break enemy lines.

A combination of Cao Cao's strategic errors and the effectiveness of Huang Gai's ruse had resulted in the allied victory at the Battle of Red Cliffs. Zhou Yu had previously observed that Cao Cao's generals and soldiers comprised mostly cavalry and infantry, and few had any experience in naval warfare. Cao also had little support among the people of Jing province, and thus lacked a secure forward base of operations (Eikenberry 1994:60). Despite the strategic acumen Cao Cao had displayed in earlier campaigns and battles, in this case he had simply assumed that numerical superiority would eventually defeat the Sun and Liu navy. Cao's first tactical mistake was converting his massive army of infantry and cavalry into a marine corps and navy: with only a few days of drills before the battle, Cao Cao's troops were ravaged by sea-sickness and lack of experience on water. Tropical diseases, to which the southerners had long been immune, also plagued the soldiers of the north with the debilitating effects of sickness rampant in Cao Cao's camps. Although numerous, Cao Cao's men were already exhausted by the unfamiliar environment and the extended southern campaign, as Zhuge Liang observed: "Even a powerful arrow at the end of its flight cannot penetrate a silk cloth" (Military Documents 1979:193). Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... For the film also known as The Battle of Red Cliff, see Red Cliff (film). ...

The uncharacteristically poor preparation and miscalculations displayed by Cao Cao during this campaign may have been partly due to the recent death of his strategist and advisor Guo Jia. Cao Cao himself had commented: "Had Guo Jia been with us, I would never have got into such trouble" (Chen c. 280:14:433). Another key advisor, Jia Xu, had recommended after the surrender of Liu Cong that the overtaxed armies be given time to rest and replenish before engaging the armies of Sun Quan and Liu Bei, but Cao Cao disregarded the advice (Eikenberry 1994:60). Cao Cao's own thoughts regarding his failure at Red Cliffs suggest that he held his own actions and misfortunes responsible for the defeat, rather than the strategies utilised by his enemy during the battle: "…it was only because of the sickness that I burnt my ships and retreated. It is out of all reason for Zhou Yu to take the credit for himself." (Chen c. 280:54:1265). Guō Jiā (郭嘉)(170-207), courtesy name Fèngxiào (奉孝), was a famous strategist and advisor for the Kingdom of Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of ancient China. ... For the film also known as The Battle of Red Cliff, see Red Cliff (film). ... Jia Xu (147 - 224 AD) was an advisor to the Wei Kingdom. ... For the film also known as The Battle of Red Cliff, see Red Cliff (film). ... For the film also known as The Battle of Red Cliff, see Red Cliff (film). ...

Aftermath

By the end of 209, the post Cao Cao had established at Jiangling fell to Zhou Yu. The borders of the land under Cao Cao's control contracted about 160 kilometres (100 miles), to the area around Xiangyang (de Crespigny 2004:291). Liu Bei, on the other hand, had gained territory by taking over the four commands south of the Yangtze River. Sun Quan's troops had suffered far greater casualties than Liu Bei's in the extended conflict against Cao Ren following the Battle of Red Cliffs (de Crespigny 2004:291–292), and the death of Zhou Yu in 210 resulted in a drastic weakening of Sun Quan's strength in the Jing province (de Crespigny 2004:297). Liu Bei also occupied the Jing province that Cao Cao had recently lost—a strategic and naturally fortified area on the Yangtze River that Wu claimed for itself. The control of Jing provided Liu Bei with virtually unlimited access to the passage into Shu and important waterways into Wu, as well as dominion of the southern Yangtze River. Events Publius Septimius Geta receives the titles of Imperator and Augustus from his father, Roman emperor Septimius Severus. ... Xiangyang (Traditional Chinese: 襄陽, Simplified Chinese: 襄阳, pinyin: Xiāngyáng) was a Chinese city famous for the Siege of Xiangyang (1267-1273) by Mongol invaders. ... For the film also known as The Battle of Red Cliff, see Red Cliff (film). ... For the film also known as The Battle of Red Cliff, see Red Cliff (film). ... For the film also known as The Battle of Red Cliff, see Red Cliff (film). ...

Never again would Cao Cao command so large a fleet as he had at Jiangling, nor would a similar opportunity to destroy his southern rivals present itself again (de Crespigny 2007:37). The Battle of Red Cliffs and the capture of Jing province by Liu Bei confirmed the separation of Southern China from the northern heartland of the Yellow River valley, and also foreshadowed a north-south axis of hostility which would resonate for centuries (de Crespigny 2004:260). For the film also known as The Battle of Red Cliff, see Red Cliff (film). ... For other Yellow Rivers, see Yellow River (disambiguation). ... For the film also known as The Battle of Red Cliff, see Red Cliff (film). ...

Location

 Three possible locations of the Battle of Red Cliffs. A fourth possibility is an undefined locale in Jiayu County, downriver (northeast) of the Chibi City location.

The precise location of the Red Cliffs battlefield has long been the subject of both popular and academic debates, but has never been conclusively established.^[4] Scholarly debates have continued for at least 1,350 years (Zhang 2006:215), and a number of arguments in favour of alternative sites have been put forward. There are clear grounds for rejecting at least some of these proposals, but four alternative locations are still advocated. According to Zhang (2006), many of the current debates stem from the fact that the course and length of the Yangtze River between Wuli and Wuhan has changed since the Sui and Tang dynasties (Zhang 2006:225). The modern-day debate is also complicated by the fact that the names of some of the key locations have changed over the following centuries. For example, although modern Huarong city is located in Hunan, south of the Yangtze, in the 3rd century the city of that name was due east of Jiangling, considerably north of the Yangtze (Zhang 2006:229; de Crespigny 2004:256 78n). Moreover, one candidate site, Puqi (蒲圻), was renamed "Chibi City" (赤壁市) in 1998 in a direct attempt to tie this location to the historical battlefield.^[5] Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... Image File history File links No higher resolution available. ... For the film also known as The Battle of Red Cliff, see Red Cliff (film). ... For the film also known as The Battle of Red Cliff, see Red Cliff (film). ... The Sui Dynasty of China amongst the Asian, African, and European spheres of the world, 600 AD. The Sui Dynasty (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; 581-618 AD[1]) followed the Southern and Northern Dynasties and preceded the Tang Dynasty in China. ... For the band, see Tang Dynasty (band). ... For the film also known as The Battle of Red Cliff, see Red Cliff (film). ... For the film also known as The Battle of Red Cliff, see Red Cliff (film). ... For the film also known as The Battle of Red Cliff, see Red Cliff (film). ... Chibi City (赤壁市) is a Chinese city of about 133,000 in Hubei province. ... Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar). ...

Historical records state that Cao Cao's forces retreated north across the Yangtze after the initial engagement at Red Cliffs, unequivocally placing the battle site on the south bank of the Yangtze. For this reason, a number of sites on the north bank have been discounted by historians and geographers. Historical accounts also establish east and west boundaries for a stretch of the Yangtze which encompasses all possible sites for the battlefield. The allied forces travelled upstream from either Fankou or Xiakou. Since the Yangtze flows roughly eastward towards the ocean (with northeast and southeast meanders), Red Cliffs must at least be west of Fankou, which is farther downstream. The westernmost boundary is also clear, since Cao Cao's eastern advance from Jiangling included passing Baqiu (modern Yueyang city in Hunan province) on the shore of Dongting Lake. The battle must also have been downstream (northeast) of that location (de Crespigny 2004:256–257; Zhang 2006:217). A meander is a bend in a river, also known as an oxbow loop, or simply an oxbow. ... Yueyang (Simplified: 岳阳; Traditional: 岳陽; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Yüeh-yang; Postal System Pinyin: Yochow) is a prefecture-level city in the Hunan province of China, on the shores of Dongting Lake. ... Not to be confused with the unrelated provinces of Hainan, Henan, and Yunnan. ... Dongting Lake or Lake Dongting (also Dong Lake, 洞庭湖; Pinyin: Dòngtíng hú; Wade-Giles: Tung-ting Hu) is a large, shallow lake in northeastern Hunan Province of China. ... For the film also known as The Battle of Red Cliff, see Red Cliff (film). ... For the film also known as The Battle of Red Cliff, see Red Cliff (film). ...

One popular candidate for the battle site is Chibi Hill in Huangzhou, sometimes referred to as "Su Dongpo's Red Cliffs" or the "Literary Red Cliffs" (文赤壁). Support for this conjecture arises largely due to the famous 11th-century poem "First Rhapsody on the Red Cliffs," which equates the Huangzhou Hill with the battlefield location. The pinyin Romanization of this cliff's name is "Chibi", the same as the pinyin for Red Cliffs. However, the Chinese characters are completely different (赤鼻) as is their meaning ("Red Nose Hill"). This site is also on the north bank of the Yangtze, and is directly across from Fankou rather than upstream from it (Zhang 2006:215). Moreover, if the allied Sun/Liu forces left from Xiakou rather than Fankou, as the oldest historical sources suggest,^[1] then the hill in Huangzhou would have been downstream from the point of departure, a possibility which cannot be reconciled with historical sources. Su Shi (蘇軾) (1037-1101) was a writer, poet, artist, calligrapher and statesman of the Song Dynasty. ... Pinyin, more formally called Hanyu Pinyin (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; Pinyin: ), is the most common variant of Standard Mandarin romanization system in use. ... For the film also known as The Battle of Red Cliff, see Red Cliff (film). ...

Puqi, now named Chibi City, is perhaps the most widely accepted candidate. To differentiate from Su Dongpo's Red Cliffs, the site is also referred to as the "Military Red Cliffs" (武赤壁). It is directly across the Yangtze from Wulin. This argument was first proposed in the early Tang Dynasty (Zhang 2006:217). There are also characters engraved in the cliffs (see image at the top of this page) suggesting that this is the site of the battle. The origin of the engraving can be dated to between the Tang and Song dynasties, making it at least 1,000 years old (Zhang 2006:219;228). For the film also known as The Battle of Red Cliff, see Red Cliff (film). ... For the band, see Tang Dynasty (band). ... Northern Song in 1111 AD Capital Bianjing (汴京) (960–1127) Linan (臨安) (1127–1276) Language(s) Chinese Religion Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism Government Monarchy Emperor  - 960–976 Emperor Taizu  - 1126–1127 Emperor Qinzong  - 1127–1162 Emperor Gaozong  - 1278–1279 Emperor Bing History  - Zhao Kuangyin taking over the throne of the Later Zhou... For the film also known as The Battle of Red Cliff, see Red Cliff (film). ...

Some sources mention the south banks of the Yangtze in Jiayu County (嘉鱼县) in the prefecture-level city of Xianning in Hubei province as a possible location. This would place the battlefield downstream from Puqi (Chibi City), a view that is supported by scholars of Chinese history such as Rafe de Crespigny, Wang Li and Zhu Dongrun, following the Qing Dynasty historical document Shui Jing Zhu (de Crespigny 2004:256). A prefecture-level city (地级市 Pinyin: dìjí shì, literally region-level city) or prefecture-level municipality is an administrative division of the Peoples Republic of China, ranking below a province and above a county in Chinas administrative structure. ... Xianning (simplified Chinese: 咸宁; pinyin: Xianning) is a prefecture-level city in Chinas Hubei province. ... Hubei (Chinese: 湖北; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Hu-pei; Postal System Pinyin: Hupeh) is a central province of the Peoples Republic of China. ... The history of China is told in traditional historical records that refer as far back as the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors about 5,000 years ago, supplemented by archaeological records dating to the 16th century BC. China is one of the worlds oldest continuous civilizations. ... Dr Rafe de Crespigny (full name: Richard Rafe Champion de Crespigny; born 1936) is a retired Adjunct Professor with the China and Korea Centre, Australian National University in Canberra, Australia. ... Wang Li (王力), or Wang Liaoyi (王了一), (1900-1986) was a Chinese linguist, a student of Yuen Ren Chao. ... Flag (1890-1912) Anthem Gong Jinou (1911) Qing China at its greatest extent. ... Translated into English it means Commentary on the Waterways Classic. Work on the ancient geography of what is now China. ... For the film also known as The Battle of Red Cliff, see Red Cliff (film). ...

Another candidate is Wuhan, which straddles the Yangtze at the confluence of the Yangtze and Han rivers. It is east of both Wulin (and Chibi City across the river) and Jiayu. This metropolis was incorporated by joining three cities. There is a local belief in Wuhan that the battle was fought at the junction of the rivers, southwest of the former Wuchang city, which is now part of Wuhan (de Crespigny 2004:256 n 78). Zhang (2006:215;223) asserts that the Chibi battlefield was one of a set of hills in Wuchang that were levelled in the 1930s so that their stone could be used as raw material.^[6] Citing several historical-geographical studies, Zhang (2006) shows that earlier accounts place the battlefield in Wuchang. Sheng Honzhi's 5th-century Jingzhou ji in particular places the Chibi battlefield a distance of 160 li (approximately 80 kilometres; 50 miles) downstream from Wulin, but since the Paizhou and Luxikou meanders increased the length of the Yangtze River between Wuli and Wuchang by 100 li (approximately 50 kilometres; 31 miles; see map) some time in the Sui and Tang dynasties (Zhang 2006:225), later works do not regard Wuchang as a possible site. For the brand of cymbal, see Wuhan cymbals. ... For the brand of cymbal, see Wuhan cymbals. ... Wuchang (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) is one of the three towns, together with Hankou and Hanyang, which are included in modern day Wuhan, the capital of the Hubei province, in China. ... For the film also known as The Battle of Red Cliff, see Red Cliff (film). ... For the film also known as The Battle of Red Cliff, see Red Cliff (film). ... The 1930s (years from 1930–1939) were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles, as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression, also known as the World Depression. ... For the film also known as The Battle of Red Cliff, see Red Cliff (film). ... The li (里 lǐ) is a Chinese unit of distance, until recently usually considered to be about 576 metres, but is now standardised at a half a kilometre or 500 metres (547 yards). ... The li (里 lǐ) is a Chinese unit of distance, until recently usually considered to be about 576 metres, but is now standardised at a half a kilometre or 500 metres (547 yards). ... The Sui Dynasty of China amongst the Asian, African, and European spheres of the world, 600 AD. The Sui Dynasty (Chinese: ; pinyin: ; 581-618 AD[1]) followed the Southern and Northern Dynasties and preceded the Tang Dynasty in China. ... For the band, see Tang Dynasty (band). ... For the film also known as The Battle of Red Cliff, see Red Cliff (film). ...

Fictionalised account

The romantic tradition that originated with the Romance of the Three Kingdoms differs from historical accounts in many details. For example, Cao Cao's army strength was exaggerated to over 800,000 men. This may be attributed to the ethos of later times, particularly of the Southern Song Dynasty (de Crespigny 2007:483). The Shu kingdom in particular was viewed by later literati as the "legitimate" successor to the Han empire, so fictionalised accounts assign greater prominence than the historical records warrant to the roles of Liu Bei, Zhuge Liang and other heroes from Shu. This is generally accomplished by minimising the importance of Wu commanders and advisors such as Zhou Yu and Lu Su (de Crespigny 2004:xi). While historical accounts describe Lu Su as a sensible advisor and Zhou Yu as an eminent military leader and "generous, sensible and courageous" man, the Romance of the Three Kingdoms depicts Lu Su as unremarkable and Zhou Yu as cruel and cynical (de Crespigny 2004:300; 305–306 29n). Both are depicted as being inferior to Zhuge Liang in every respect. For other uses, see Romance of the Three Kingdoms (disambiguation). ... Alternative meaning: Song Dynasty (420-479) The Song dynasty (Chinese: 宋朝) was a ruling dynasty in China from 960-1279. ... For the film also known as The Battle of Red Cliff, see Red Cliff (film). ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is 劉 (Liu) Liú Bèi (Chinese: ; Pinyin: ) (161 – 223), courtesy name Xuándé (玄徳), was a powerful warlord and the founding emperor of the Kingdom of Shu during the Three Kingdoms era in ancient China. ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is Zhuge (諸葛) Zhuge Liang (181 - 234) was one of the greatest Chinese strategists of the Three Kingdoms period, as well as a statesman, engineer, scholar, and inventor. ... For the film also known as The Battle of Red Cliff, see Red Cliff (film). ... For the film also known as The Battle of Red Cliff, see Red Cliff (film). ...

The romances added wholly fictional and fantastical elements to the historical accounts and these were repeated in popular plays and operas. Examples from the Romance of the Three Kingdoms include Zhuge Liang using magic to call forth favourable winds for the fire ship attack, his strategy of "using straw boats to borrow arrows", and Guan Yu capturing and releasing Cao Cao at Huarong Trail. The fictionalised accounts also name Zhuge Liang as a military commander in the combined forces, which is not historically accurate. Magic (also called magick to distinguish it from stage magic) is a supposed way of influencing the world through supernatural, mystical, or paranormal means. ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is Zhuge (諸葛) Zhuge Liang (181 - 234) was one of the greatest Chinese strategists of the Three Kingdoms period, as well as a statesman, engineer, scholar, and inventor. ... This is a Chinese name; the family name is Guan (關) Guan Yu (關羽) (160–219) was a general under the warlord Liu Bei during the late Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms era of China. ...

Modern and cultural impact

Modern day Chibi City in Hubei province was formerly named Puqi. In 1998, the Chinese State Council approved the renaming of the city in celebration of the battle at Red Cliffs. Cultural festivals held by the city have dramatically increased tourism and boosted business and investment in the region. (Xinhua 1997). In 1983, a statue of prominent Song Dynasty poet, Su Shi, was erected at the Huangzhou site of 'Su Dongpo's Red Cliffs' in tribute to his writings regarding Red Cliff. Chibi City (赤壁市) is a Chinese city of about 133,000 in Hubei province. ... Hubei (Chinese: 湖北; Hanyu Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Hu-pei; Postal System Pinyin: Hupeh) is a central province of the Peoples Republic of China. ... The State Council (国务院, pinyin: Guówùyuàn), which is largely synonymous with the Central Peoples Government (中央人民政府), is the chief administrative authority of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Year 1983 (MCMLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar). ... Northern Song in 1111 AD Capital Bianjing (汴京) (960–1127) Linan (臨安) (1127–1276) Language(s) Chinese Religion Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism Government Monarchy Emperor  - 960–976 Emperor Taizu  - 1126–1127 Emperor Qinzong  - 1127–1162 Emperor Gaozong  - 1278–1279 Emperor Bing History  - Zhao Kuangyin taking over the throne of the Later Zhou... Su Shi (蘇軾) (1037-1101) was a writer, poet, artist, calligrapher and statesman of the Song Dynasty, one of the major poets of the Song era. ...

Popular video games based around the Three Kingdoms era (such as the Dynasty Warriors series, Sangokushi Koumeiden, Destiny of an Emperor and Kessen II) have scenarios that include the battle. Other games utilise the Battle of Red Cliffs as their central focus. These include titles popular in Asia, such as the original Japanese version of Warriors of Fate and Dragon Throne: Battle of Red Cliffs. Computer and video games redirects here. ... The Logo of Shin Sangokumusou 5 (Dynasty Warriors 6) Dynasty Warriors ( 真・三國無双:Shin Sangokumusou in Japan; literally meaning True - Unrivaled Three Kingdoms) is a series of video games created by Koei based loosely around the Romance of the Three Kingdoms epic, and is a spinoff series of another Koei game Romance... Sangokushi Koumeiden (三國志孔明伝) is the second game of Sangokushi Eiketsuden tactical role-playing series published by Koei. ... Destiny of an Emperor (Tenchi o Kurau) is a fairly traditional RPG for the Nintendo Entertainment System. ... Kessen II is a strategy game based on the Three Kingdoms period of China. ... Warriors of Fate is the English adaptation of the Japanese arcade game, Tenchi wo Kurau II ), which uses the manga Tenchi wo Kurau (based on the Romance of the Three Kingdoms story) as the background, and also the sequel of Dynasty Wars (Tenchi wo Kurau in Japan). ...

A 2008 film, directed by John Woo and entitled Red Cliff,^[7] will serve to showcase the Red Cliff legacy in the lead up to the 2008 Summer Olympics being hosted by China. For other uses, see John Woo (disambiguation). ... Red Cliff (Chinese: ), alternatively known as The Battle of Red Cliff, is a Chinese epic film directed by John Woo and starring Chang Chen, Takeshi Kaneshiro, Tony Leung Chiu Wai, Lin Chi-ling, Zhang Fengyi and Zhao Wei. ... The 2008 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXIX Olympiad, will be celebrated from August 8, 2008 to August 24, 2008, with the opening ceremony commencing at 08:08:08 pm CST (12:08:08 UTC) at the Beijing National Stadium in Beijing, Peoples Republic of...

Notes

Chen Shou (陳壽) (233-297), courtesy name Chengzuo (承祚) was the author of the Sanguo Zhi, a historical account of the Three Kingdoms period of China. ... The Sānguó Zhì (Chinese 三國志, or 三國誌), variously translated as Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms, Records of the Three States and Records of the Three Kingdoms was the official and authoritative historical text compiled by Chen Shou during the Chinese Jin Dynasty (265-420... The Sānguó Zhì (Chinese 三國志, or 三國誌), variously translated as Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms, Records of the Three States and Records of the Three Kingdoms was the official and authoritative historical text compiled by Chen Shou during the Chinese Jin Dynasty (265-420... Zizhi Tongjian (traditional Chinese character: 資治通鑑; simplified Chinese character: 资治通鉴; pinyin Zīzhì Tōngjìan, Wade-Giles Tzu-chih tung-chien) is known to be a important Chinese history text of annual chronology. ... Sima Guang (Chinese:司马光; Wade-Giles:Szuma Kuang, 1019-1086) was a Chinese historian, scholar and statesman of the Song Dynasty. ... For the film also known as The Battle of Red Cliff, see Red Cliff (film). ... For the film also known as The Battle of Red Cliff, see Red Cliff (film). ... Zizhi Tongjian (traditional Chinese character: 資治通鑑; simplified Chinese character: 资治通鉴; pinyin Zīzhì Tōngjìan, Wade-Giles Tzu-chih tung-chien) is known to be a important Chinese history text of annual chronology. ... For the film also known as The Battle of Red Cliff, see Red Cliff (film). ... For the film also known as The Battle of Red Cliff, see Red Cliff (film). ... For the film also known as The Battle of Red Cliff, see Red Cliff (film). ... For the film also known as The Battle of Red Cliff, see Red Cliff (film). ... For the film also known as The Battle of Red Cliff, see Red Cliff (film). ... For the film also known as The Battle of Red Cliff, see Red Cliff (film). ... Year 1926 (MCMXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. ... The Han River (漢江; pinyin: Han Jiang) in China, was often referred to as Hanshui (漢水) in antiquity. ... Hanyang is also a former name of Seoul, South Korea. ... For the film also known as The Battle of Red Cliff, see Red Cliff (film). ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... is the 329th day of the year (330th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ...

References

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Coordinates: 29°52′11″N, 113°37′13″E Image File history File links Zhongwen. ... Japanese name Kanji: Hiragana: Korean name Hangul: Hanja: Vietnamese name Quốc ngữ: Hán tá»±: A Chinese character or Han character (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: ) is a logogram used in writing Chinese, Japanese, sometimes Korean, and formerly Vietnamese. ... Dr Rafe de Crespigny (full name: Richard Rafe Champion de Crespigny; born 1936) is a retired Adjunct Professor with the China and Korea Centre, Australian National University in Canberra, Australia. ... Dr Rafe de Crespigny (full name: Richard Rafe Champion de Crespigny; born 1936) is a retired Adjunct Professor with the China and Korea Centre, Australian National University in Canberra, Australia. ... Zizhi Tongjian (traditional Chinese character: 資治通鑑; simplified Chinese character: 资治通鉴; pinyin Zīzhì Tōngjìan, Wade-Giles Tzu-chih tung-chien) is known to be a important Chinese history text of annual chronology. ... Sima Guang (Chinese:司马光; Wade-Giles:Szuma Kuang, 1019-1086) was a Chinese historian, scholar and statesman of the Song Dynasty. ... Zizhi Tongjian (traditional Chinese character: 資治通鑑; simplified Chinese character: 资治通鉴; pinyin Zīzhì Tōngjìan, Wade-Giles Tzu-chih tung-chien) is known to be a important Chinese history text of annual chronology. ... Sima Guang (Chinese:司马光; Wade-Giles:Szuma Kuang, 1019-1086) was a Chinese historian, scholar and statesman of the Song Dynasty. ... Front gate of the main building of Xinhua News Agency in Beijing For other uses, see Xinhua (disambiguation). ... is the 162nd day of the year (163rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... For the band, see 1997 (band). ... is the 203rd day of the year (204th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Year 2007 (MMVII) is the current year, a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and the AD/CE era in the 21st century. ... Map of Earth showing lines of latitude (horizontally) and longitude (vertically), Eckert VI projection; large version (pdf, 1. ...