NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Battle of Rheindalen

The Eighty Years' War, or Dutch Revolt from 1568 to 1648 was the secession war in which the proto-Netherlands first became an independent country and in which the region now known as Belgium became established. Events March 23 - Peace of Longjumeau ends the Second War of Religion in France. ... // Events Peace treaty signed at Westphalia ends the Thirty Years War. ...

During the war, the United Provinces of the Netherlands or Dutch Republic became a world power for a time (mainly through its merchant shipping) and experienced a period of unprecedented economic, scientific and cultural growth. This article is about the Dutch United Provinces. ...

Background to the War

Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, was born in Ghent in 1500, and raised in the Netherlands. He abdicated in 1556, in favour of his son Philip II of Spain who was mainly interested in the Spanish side of the empire. Calvinism had been becoming prevalent in the Netherlands. On Assumption of the Virgin day in 1566 a small incident outside Antwerp cathedral started a massive riot by Calvinists, who stormed the churches to destroy statues and images of Catholic saints ('beeldenstorm' in Dutch), which they felt were heretical. The disorders continued, and as a counter measure, Philip II sent the Duke of Alva, nicknamed the Iron Duke, to the Netherlands with an army.
There were several underlying causes for the war but the condemnation of the entire population to death in 1568 on the part of the Holy See and confirmed by the king was a significant one. "On February 16, 1568 a sentence of the Holy Office condemned all the inhabitants of the Netherlands to death as heretics. From this universal doom only a few persons, especially named, were acquitted. A proclamation of the king, dated ten days later, confirmed this decree of the Inquisition and ordered it to be carried out into instant execution without regard to age, sex, and children. This is the most concise death warrant that had ever been framed. Three million people - men, women and children - were sentenced to the scaffold".. from The Rise of the Dutch Republic , by John Lathrop Motley, Volume 1, Part 2, Chapter 2, par. 12, p. 2. Charles V Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain Charles V (Spanish: Carlos I, Dutch: Karel V, German: Karl V.) (24 February 1500â€“21 September 1558) was effectively (the first) King of Spain from 1516 to 1556 (in principle, he was from 1516 king of Aragon and from 1516 guardian... This page is about the Belgian city. ... // Events Europes population was ~60 million. ... Philip II of Spain (Spanish: Felipe II) - (May 21, 1527 â€“ September 13, 1598), the first King of Spain understood as the whole peninsula of Hispania (r. ... Calvinism is a system of Christian theology advanced by John Calvin, a Protestant Reformer in the 16th century, and further developed by his followers, associates and admirers. ... According to Catholic theology and the traditions of the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches, the body of Mary, the mother of Jesus, venerated by these denominations as the Blessed Virgin Mary or Theotokos, respectively, was taken into Heaven along with her soul after her death. ... Events January 7 - Pius V becomes Pope Selim II succeeds Suleiman I as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire Religious rioting in the Netherlands signifies the beginning of the Eighty Years War in the Netherlands. ... The Cathedral of our Lady (Onze-Lieve-Vrouwekathedraal, Antwerp) in the Handschoenmarkt, in the old quarter of Antwerp is the largest cathedral in the Low Countries and home to a number of triptychs by Renaissance Belgian painter Rubens. ... Riots in Newark, New Jersey Riots occur when crowds of people have gathered and are committing crimes or acts of violence. ... In general, the term Saint refers to someone who is exceptionally virtuous and holy. ... Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, the third Duke of Alva (or Alba) (1508-January 12, 1583) was a Spanish general and governor of the Spanish Netherlands (1567 - 1573), nicknamed the Iron Duke because of his cruelty, giving the Protestants of the Low Countries a firsthand taste of the Black Legend. ...

Taxation

During the fifteenth century, the Netherlands became an entrepreneurial and wealthy region in the Habsburg empire. Charles V and Philip II began to tax the Dutch when they needed to raise funds for military expeditions, leading to the widespread Dutch perception of Spain as an exploitative ruling power. Before the Battle of Lepanto (1571) the Habsburgs taxed the Netherlands to finance war against the Turks. After Lepanto, Philip II used the Dutch to finance new wars in the Atlantic. Dutch noblemen objected to these wars against some of their most important trading partners. These noblemen were not landed aristocrats, but had risen through trade and finance. They were alienated by Philip II's actions, putting their fortunes at risk. Entrepreneur is an import from the same French word. ... Habsburg (sometimes spelled Hapsburg, but never so in official use) was one of the major ruling houses of Europe. ... Charles V Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain Charles V (Spanish: Carlos I, Dutch: Karel V, German: Karl V.) (24 February 1500â€“21 September 1558) was effectively (the first) King of Spain from 1516 to 1556 (in principle, he was from 1516 king of Aragon and from 1516 guardian... Philip II of Spain (Spanish: Felipe II) - (May 21, 1527 â€“ September 13, 1598), the first King of Spain understood as the whole peninsula of Hispania (r. ... The naval Battle of Lepanto took place on 7 October 1571 at the northern edge of the entrance to the Gulf of Corinth (then the Gulf of Lepanto), off western Greece. ... The Atlantic Ocean is Earths second-largest ocean, covering approximately one_fifth of its surface. ... Aristocracy is a form of government in which rulership is in the hands of an upper class known as aristocrats. ... Finance studies and addresses the ways in which individuals, businesses and organizations raise, allocate and use monetary resources over time, taking into account the risks entailed in their projects. ...

Protestantism

The Dutch nobles were not Protestants at first. However, Dutch demands for freedom of conscience were added to their grievances. As the Habsburg empire was informed by a politicized Catholicism, Dutch demands grew increasingly repugnant to Philip II. Ruthless Count Alva was thus sent to suppress the Dutch rebellion. The Dutch resented Spanish taxation, and feared the methods of the Inquisition. The resentments fuelled Dutch protests about their rights, liberties, and religious toleration upon which their wealth from free trade relied. Fernando Ãlvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alva. ... Pedro Berruguete. ... Freedom of religion is the individuals right or freedom to hold whatever religious beliefs he or she wishes, or none at all. ...

The Dutch compared their Calvinist values favorably with the luxurious habits of Spain’s Catholic nobility. Symbolic stories from the New Testament, featuring fisherman, shipbuilders and simple occupations resonated among the Dutch. The Calvinist movement emphasized Christian virtues of modesty, cleanliness, frugality and hard work. The Protestant and Calvinist elements of the rebellion represented a moral challenge to the Spanish empire. In an unadorned church, the 17th century congregation stands to hear the sermon. ... The New Testament, sometimes called the Greek Testament or Greek Scriptures is the name given to the part of the Christian Bible that was written after the birth of Jesus. ... Modesty describes a set of culturally determined values that relate to the presentation of the self to others. ... Cleanliness is the absence of dirt, including dust, stains and bad smells. ... Morality is a complex of principles based on cultural, religious, and philosophical concepts and beliefs, by which an individual determines whether his or her actions are right or wrong. ...

Centralisation

Dutch nobles also objected to the limiting of their powers in favor of those of civil servants in Brussels. Philip II wanted the central government to have more authority in matters like law and taxes. Emblem of the Brussels-Capital Region Flag of The City of Brussels Brussels (Dutch: Brussel, French: Bruxelles, German: BrÃ¼ssel) is the capital of Belgium and is considered by many to be the headquarters of the European Union, as two of its four main institutions have their headquarters in the...

The War

In 1568, William I of Orange (William the Silent), stadtholder of the provinces Holland, Zeeland and Utrecht, tried to drive the highly unpopular Alva from Brussels. He did not see this as an act of treason against Philip II, and his view is reflected in the today's Dutch national anthem, the Wilhelmus, in which the last lines of the first stanza read: de koning van Spanje heb ik altijd geëerd (I have always honoured the king of Spain). The Battle of Rheindalen on 23 April 1568 near Roermond is often seen as the unofficial start of the "Tachtigjarige Oorlog" (Eighty Years' War).The Battle of Heiligerlee, commonly regarded as the beginning of the Eighty Years' War, was fought on 23 May 1568. Events March 23 - Peace of Longjumeau ends the Second War of Religion in France. ... William I (William the Silent) William I, Prince of Orange, Count of Nassau (April 24, 1533 â€“ July 10, 1584) was the main leader of the Dutch revolt against the Spanish that set off the Eighty Years War and resulted in the formal independence of the United Provinces in 1648. ... A stadtholder (Dutch: stadhouder meaning representative, a literal translation of the French lieutenant or the Latin locum tenans) was the person who ruled an area in the name of the land owner, in the Netherlands (which includes present-day Belgium) from the 15th to the 18th century. ... Holland is the name of a region in the central-western part of the Netherlands. ... For the South Pacific country, named after the province, see New Zealand; (some notes on how New Zealand got its name are underneath). ... Utrecht is the smallest province of the Netherlands, and is located in the center of the country. ... Fernando Ãlvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alva. ... Emblem of the Brussels-Capital Region Flag of The City of Brussels Brussels (Dutch: Brussel, French: Bruxelles, German: BrÃ¼ssel) is the capital of Belgium and is considered by many to be the headquarters of the European Union, as two of its four main institutions have their headquarters in the... An anthem is a choral composition to an English religious text sung in church services. ... Wilhelmus van Nassouwe (William of Nassau) is the national anthem of the Netherlands. ... The Spanish monarchy, referred to as the Crown of Spain (Corona de España) in the Spanish Constitution of 1978, is the office of the King or Queen of Spain. ... April 23 is the 113th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (114th in leap years). ... Events March 23 - Peace of Longjumeau ends the Second War of Religion in France. ... Roermond is a municipality and a city in the southeastern Netherlands. ... The Battle of Heiligerlee in Friesland on 23 May 1568 was part of the Eighty Years War. ... May 23 is the 143rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (144th in leap years). ... Events March 23 - Peace of Longjumeau ends the Second War of Religion in France. ...

Despite the initial success of his brother Louis of Nassau in Heiligerlee, William received little support, and had to flee. His co-conspirators, the counts of Egmont and Horne, remained, and Alva had them beheaded. Alva also introduced an unapproved tax (tiende penning in Dutch). Louis of Nassau (January 10, 1538 - April 14, 1574) was a brother of William I of Orange. ... Count of Egmont Lamoral, Count of Egmont (November 18, 1522 - June 5, 1568) was a general and statesman in Flanders just before the start of the Eighty Years War. ... Categories: Stub | Eighty Years War | Admirals ... // Beheadingâ€”Facsimile of a Miniature on Wood in the Cosmographie Universelle of Munster: in folio, Basle, 1552. ...

Unions of Atrecht and Utrecht

On January 6, 1579, prompted by the new Spanish governor Alexander Farnese (Duke of Parma), the southern states (today mostly in France and part of Wallonia) signed the Union of Atrecht (Arras), expressing their loyalty to the Spanish king. Over the following ten years he reconquered the major part of Flanders and Brabant, as well as large parts of the northeastern provinces, and restored the Roman Catholic religion to much of the area. 1645 - Siege of the city of Hulst in Zeeuws Vlaanderen during the Eighty Years` War File history Legend: (cur) = this is the current file, (del) = delete this old version, (rev) = revert to this old version. ... January 6 is the 6th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Events January 6 - The Union of Atrecht united the southern Netherlands under the Duke of Parma, governor in the name of king Philip II of Spain. ... Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza (1545 - 1592) was the son of Duke Ottavio Farnese, duke of Parma and Margaret, the illegitimate daughter of the Habsburg Emperor Charles V. Thus Alessandro was the nephew of Philip II of Spain and of Don John of Austria. ... The Duchy of Parma was a small Italian state between 1545 and 1802, and again from 1814 to 1860. ... National motto: Walon todi ! (Walloon forever!) Official languages French, German Capital Namur Minister-President Jean-Claude Van Cauwenberghe Area - Total 16,844 kmÂ² Population - Total (2002) - Density 3,358,560 inhabitants 199. ... Map of the Spanish Netherlands, the Union of Utrecht and the Union of Arras (1579) The Union of Atrecht (French: Arras) was an accord signed on January 6, 1579 in Atrecht (Arras), under which the southern states of the Spanish Netherlands, mostly today in Wallonia and the Nord region in... The Roman Catholic Church, most often spoken of simply as the Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with over one billion members. ...

On January 23, 1579, in response, William united the northern states of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Gelderland and the province of Groningen in the Union of Utrecht. This union later (1581) led to independence from Spain, forming the United Provinces of the Netherlands (also known as the States General or sometimes as the Dutch Republic). Because of the more or less uninterrupted rule of the calvinist dominated "rebels", these provinces were to be thoroughly protestantized in the next decades. January 23 is the 23rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... Events January 6 - The Union of Atrecht united the southern Netherlands under the Duke of Parma, governor in the name of king Philip II of Spain. ... Holland is the name of a region in the central-western part of the Netherlands. ... For the South Pacific country, named after the province, see New Zealand; (some notes on how New Zealand got its name are underneath). ... Utrecht is the smallest province of the Netherlands, and is located in the center of the country. ... Capital Arnhem Queens Commissioner Jan Kamminga Area - Total - % water 2nd 5137 km² ?% Population - Total (2004) - Density 4th 1,966,929 379/km² Anthem Ons Gelderland For the historical duchy also called Gelderland, see Guelders Gelderland (English also Guelders) is a province of the Netherlands, located in the central eastern... Groningen is the northeast province of the Netherlands with a typical dialect (Gronings) with regional nuances. ... The Union of Utrecht (Dutch: Unie van Utrecht) is a treaty signed on January 23, 1579 in Utrecht, the Netherlands, unifying the northern provinces of the Netherlands, until then under control of Spain. ... Events January 16 - English Parliament outlaws Roman Catholicism April 4 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. July 26 - The Northern Netherlands proclaim their independence from Spain in the Oath of Abjuration. ...

Overseas assistance

In 1581, the Spanish sent an army to attempt to recapture the United Provinces, with some success, and on July 10 1584, William was assassinated. With the war going against them the United Provinces sought overseas help from France and England even offering them the monarchy of the Netherlands, which both declined. Events January 16 - English Parliament outlaws Roman Catholicism April 4 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. July 26 - The Northern Netherlands proclaim their independence from Spain in the Oath of Abjuration. ... Events June 1 - With the death of the Duc dAnjou, the Huguenot Henry of Navarre becomes heir-presumptive to the throne of France. ... Royal motto: Dieu et mon droit (French: God and my right) Englands location within the UK Official language English de facto Capital London de facto Largest city London Area - Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 kmÂ² Population - Total (2001) - Density Ranked 1st UK 49,138,831 377/kmÂ² Ethnicity...

England had been unofficially supporting the Dutch for years, and now decided to intervene directly. In 1585, under the Treaty of Nonsuch, Elizabeth I sent the Earl of Leicester to assist, with 5,000 to 6,000 troops and 1,000 horses. William's son, Maurice of Nassau, soon bypassed the Earl and took charge of the armies in 1587, so Leicester returned to England. The presence of the English, who were to stay until 1604, was a major reason for sending the Spanish Armada against England in 1588. Royal motto: Dieu et mon droit (French: God and my right) Englands location within the UK Official language English de facto Capital London de facto Largest city London Area - Total Ranked 1st UK 130,395 kmÂ² Population - Total (2001) - Density Ranked 1st UK 49,138,831 377/kmÂ² Ethnicity... Events January 12 - The Netherlands adopts the Gregorian calendar Beginning of the Eighth War of Religion in France (also known as the War of the Three Henrys) August 8 - John Davis enters Cumberland Sound in quest for the North West Passage. ... The Treaty of Nonsuch was signed by Elizabeth I of England and the United Provinces on August 20, 1585 at Nonsuch Palace in Surrey. ... Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 â€“ 24 March 1603) was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. ... Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester (also referred to as Lord Leycester such as at the Lord Leycester Hospital. ... Maurice of Nassau (in Dutch Maurits van Nassau) (14 November 1567–23 April 1625), Prince of Orange (1618–1625), son of William the Silent and Princess Anna of Saxony, was born at the castle of Dillenburg. ... Events February 8 - Mary, Queen of Scots is beheaded at Fotheringhay Castle in England after she is implicated in a plot to murder her cousin, Queen Elizabeth I. July 22 - Colony of Roanoke: A group of English settlers arrive on Roanoke Island off of North Carolina to re-establish the... Events January 14 – Hampton Court conference with James I of England, the Anglican bishops and representatives of Puritans September 20 - Capture of Ostend by Spanish forces under Ambrosio Spinola after a three year siege. ... The Spanish Armada (Old Spanish: Grande y FelicÃsima Armada, large and most fortunate fleet; but called by the British, with ironic intention, la Armada Invencible, the Invincible Fleet) was a fleet sent by King Philip II of Spain in 1588 in a failed attempt to bring an end to... Events May 12 - Day of the Barricades in Paris. ...

Under Maurice's leadership, the whole north-eastern part of the present day Netherlands was captured by the United Provinces. Spain was hampered by the financial cost resulting from the loss of the Armada and, in 1595, with the declaration of war against Spain by Henri IV of France, became financially bankrupt the following year, not for the first time. Events January 30 - William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet is performed for the first time May 24 - Nomenclator of Leiden University Library appears, the first printed catalog of an institutional library. ... By Frans Pourbus the younger. ... Bankruptcy is a legally declared inability or impairment of ability of an individual or organization to pay their creditors. ...

The Truce

Under financial and military pressure in 1598, Philip ceded the southern states of the Netherlands to Archduke Albert of Austria and his wife Isabella, following the conclusion of the Treaty of Vervins with France. This roughly recreated the territories of the Empire of Burgundy. Events January 7 - Boris Godunov seizes the throne of Russia following the death of his brother-in-law, Tsar Feodor I April 13 - Edict of Nantes - Henry IV of France grants French Huguenots equal rights with Catholics. ... Albert and his wife Isabella Archduke Albert Ernst of Austria (15 November 1559 â€“ 13 July 1621) was appointed for the Spanish monarchy as Governor of the Low Countries in 1595, and from 1598 became joint sovereign of the Seventeen Provinces with his wife, the Isabella Clara Eugenia, daughter of Philip... Coat of arms of the 2nd duchy of JOSH GARLAND Burgundy and later of the French province of Burgundy Burgundy (French: Bourgogne) is a historic region of France, inhabited in turn by Pre-Indo-European people, Celts (Gauls), Romans (Gallo-Romans), and various Germanic tribes, most importantly the Burgundians and...

In 1601, the Spanish sent a small expeditionary force to Ireland, where they were defeated by the English at the Battle of Kinsale. Bold textItalic textLink titlelink title // Headline text Media:Example. ... Siege of Kinsale - Wikipedia /**/ @import /skins/monobook/IE50Fixes. ...

In 1604, after James I became King of England, he concluded peace with Spain in the Treaty of London, 1604. Events January 14 – Hampton Court conference with James I of England, the Anglican bishops and representatives of Puritans September 20 - Capture of Ostend by Spanish forces under Ambrosio Spinola after a three year siege. ... James VI of Scotland and I of England (Charles James) (19 June 1566â€“27 March 1625) was a King who ruled over England, Scotland and Ireland, and was the first Sovereign to reign in the three realms simultaneously. ... This Treaty of London (among many others) ended hostilities between England and Spain. ...

1609 saw the start of a cease-fire, afterwards called the Twelve Years' Truce, between the United Provinces and the southern states, mediated by France and England at The Hague. Events April 4 – King of Spain signs an edit of expulsion of all moriscos from Spain April 9 – Spain recognizes Dutch independence May 23 - Official ratification of the Second Charter of Virginia. ... An armistice is the effective end of a war, when the warring parties agree to stop fighting. ... Arms of The Hague The Hague (with capital T; Dutch: Den Haag, or officially s-Gravenhage) is the administrative capital of the Netherlands, located in the west of the country, in the province South Holland of which it is also the capital. ...

War resumes

Following the death of Maurice in 1625, and in the absence of a permanent peace, his half-brother Frederick Henry resumed the conflict against the south. Events March 27 - Prince Charles Stuart becomes King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland. ... Frederick Henry (January 29, 1584–March 14, 1647), Prince of Orange, the youngest child of William the Silent, was born at Delft about six months before his fathers assassination. ...

In 1622, a Spanish attack on the important fortress town of Bergen op Zoom was repelled. In 1625, however, the Spanish commander Ambrosio Spinola succeeded in conquering the city of Breda (an episode immortalized by the Spanish painter Velasquez in his famous painting "Las Lanzas"). Then the tide started to change in favour of the Dutch Republic. The conquest by Frederick Henry, in 1629, of 's-Hertogenbosch (Bois-le-Duc), the largest town in the northern part of Brabant, which had been considered to be inexpugnable, was a serious blow to the Spanish. In 1632 the Dutch Stadhouder conquered Venlo, Roermond and Maastricht during his famous "March along the Meuse". Attempts in the next years to attack Antwerp and Brussels failed, however. The Dutch were disappointed by the lack of support they received from the local population. It was clear that by now a new generation had grown up in Flanders and Brabant, that had been thoroughly reconverted to Roman catholicism and now distrusted the Calvinist Dutch even more than they loathed the Spanish occupants. Events January 1 - In the Gregorian calendar, January 1 is declared as the first day of the year, instead of March 25. ... Bergen op Zoom is a municipality and a city in the southern Netherlands. ... Events March 27 - Prince Charles Stuart becomes King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland. ... Ambrosio Spinola Doria, marqués de los Balbases (1569 - September 25, 1650), Spanish general, was born in Genoa in 1569. ... Breda may refer to the following: Breda a city in southern Netherlands Breda a municipality in Selva (comarca), Girona (province), Catalonia, Spain. ... Las Meninas, painted in 1656. ... Events March 4 - Massachusetts Bay Colony is granted a Royal charter. ... s-Hertogenbosch (literally Dukes Woods in Dutch; translated in French as Bois-le-Duc), unofficially also called Den Bosch, is a municipality in the Netherlands, the capital of the province of North Brabant. ... See also: 1632 (novel) Events February 22 - Galileos Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems is published July 23 - 300 colonists for New France depart Dieppe November 8 - Wladyslaw IV Waza elected king of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth after Zygmunt III Waza death November 16 - Battle of LÃ¼tzen... Venlo is a municipality and a city in the southeastern Netherlands. ... Roermond is a municipality and a city in the southeastern Netherlands. ... Maastricht (Limburgish: Mestreech; French: Maestricht; local dialect: Mestreech) is a municipality, and capital of the province of Limburg. ...

It became increasingly clear to all parties in the conflict that the Spanish would never succeed in restoring their rule to the territories north of the Meuse-Rhine delta and that the Dutch Republic did not have the strength to reconquer the South.

To assist a last attempt to defeat the northern "rebels", in 1639 Spain sent an armada bound for Flanders, with 20,000 troops, which was defeated by Lieutenant-Admiral Maarten Tromp in the Battle of the Downs. Events January 14 - Connecticuts first constitution, the Fundamental Orders, is adopted. ... // Definitions Flanders (Dutch: Vlaanderen, French: Flandre or Flandres) has two main designations: a historical region (the County of Flanders), and an administrative region of Belgium (the Flemish Region and the Flemish Community). ... Maarten Harpertszoon Tromp, 1597–1653, after an engraving by Jan Lievensz. ... Before the Battle of the Downs, 31 October 1639, showing Tromps flagship Amelia by Reinier Nooms, painted c. ...

Peace

On January 30, 1648, the war ended with the Treaty of Münster, which was part of the Peace of Westphalia that also ended the Thirty Years' War. January 30 is the 30th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. ... // Events Peace treaty signed at Westphalia ends the Thirty Years War. ... The Ratification of the Treaty of Münster by Gerard Terborch (1648) The Peace of Westphalia, also known as the treaties of Münster and Osnabrück, is the series of treaties that ended the Thirty Years War and officially recognized the United Provinces and Swiss Confederation. ... The Ratification of the Treaty of MÃ¼nster by Gerard Terborch (1648) Banquet of the Amsterdam Civic Guard in Celebration of the Peace of MÃ¼nster by Bartholomeus van der Helst, 1648 The Peace of Westphalia, also known as the treaties of MÃ¼nster and OsnabrÃ¼ck, is the series... The victory of Gustavus Adolphus at the Battle of Breitenfeld (1631) The Thirty Years War was a conflict fought between the years 1618 and 1648, principally in the Central European territory of the Holy Roman Empire, but also involving most of the major continental powers. ...

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