The Battle of Saint Gotthard (Hungarian: Szentgotthárd) was fought on August 1, 1664 between an Austrian army led by Raimondo Montecuccoli and an Ottoman army under the command of Ahmed Köprülü. The battle took place at Szentgotthárd in Western Hungary, near the present-day Austro-Hungarian border. The Turks were militarily defeated but were able to negotiate the Peace of Vasvár, which was highly favorable to them. The wars of the Ottoman Empire in Europe marked the better part of the history of southeastern Europe, notably, giving infamy to the Balkans. ... is the 213th day of the year (214th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events March 12 - New Jersey becomes a colony of England. ... Szentgotthárd ( in German; MonoÅ¡ter in Slovenian) is a town in Western Hungary, with a population of 8,680 as of 1991. ... VAS is a three-letter abbreviation with multiple meanings, as described below: Vaccine Associated Sarcoma Value-added service, a telecommunications industry concept Value-added software Vehicle activated sign, road traffic signs triggered by traffic Vermont Astronomical Society Virtual address space, a feature of modern operating systems Virtual-Agent Services, a... The extent of the Holy Roman Empire in c. ... Motto دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1680, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299–1326) Bursa (1326–65) Edirne (1365–1453) Constantinople (Ä°stanbul, 1453–1922) Language(s) Ottoman Turkish Government Monarchy Sultans  - 1281–1326 Osman I  - 1918–22 Mehmed VI... Raimondo, Count of Montecuccoli or Montecucculi (born February 21, 1608 or 1609 at the castle of Montecucculo in Modena; died October 16, 1680 at Linz) was prince of the holy Roman Empire and Neapolitan duke of Melfi, Austrian general. ... Fazıl Ahmed Köprülü (1635 – October 19, 1676), of the Köprülü family, was the grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire from 1661 when he inherited the title from his father Mehmed Köprülü. He captured Crete in 1669 and signed the Treaty of Zorawno on... Combatants Habsburg Dynasty including: Habsburg Spain Holy Roman Empire Kingdom of Hungary Austrian Empire Non-Habsburg Allies: Tsardom of Russia Holy League Allies: Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Republic of Venice Ottoman Turks Barbary States (Under Ottoman Protection) Crimean Khanate The Ottoman-Habsburg wars refers to the conflicts between the Ottoman Empire... This article explains the more well known Battle of Mohacs of 1526. ... Combatants Austria Ottoman Turks Commanders Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor John Szapolyai Strength Unknown Unknown Casualties unknown unknown Following the Battle of Mohacs the Ottomans were forced to withdraw as events elsewhere in their now massive Empire required the Sultans attention[1] Seizing upon their absence was Ferdinand I... Combatants Austria Ottoman Turks Commanders Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor John Szapolyai Suleiman the Magnificent Strength Unknown, 16,000 reserve troops in Vienna[1] Over 120,000 soldiers[2] Casualties Unknown Unknown Following Ferdinand Is daring assault on Ottoman Hungary, Suleiman launched a campaign to take the Austrian capital... // Combatants Austria with Bohemian, German & Spanish mercenaries Ottoman Empire Commanders Nicholas, Graf von Salm Suleiman I Strength over 16,000 [1] 120,000 [1] Casualties Unknown Unknown The Siege of Vienna of 1529, as distinct from the Battle of Vienna in 1683, was the Ottoman Empires first attempt to... Combatants Austria Ottoman Turks Commanders Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor Captain Nikola JuriÅ¡ić John Szapolyai Suleiman the Magnificent Strength Unknown Over 120,000 soldiers[1] Casualties Unknown, heavy Unknown, heavy The Little War is a name[2] given to a series of conflicts between the Habsburgs and their allies... Combatants Austria Ottoman Turks Commanders Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor Captain Nikola JuriÅ¡ić John Szapolyai Suleiman the Magnificent Strength Unknown Over 120,000 soldiers[1] Casualties Unknown, heavy Unknown, heavy The Little War is a name[2] given to a series of conflicts between the Habsburgs and their allies... Combatants Austria Ottoman Turks Commanders Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor Captain Nikola JuriÅ¡ić John Szapolyai Suleiman the Magnificent Strength Unknown Over 120,000 soldiers[1] Casualties Unknown, heavy Unknown, heavy The Little War is a name[2] given to a series of conflicts between the Habsburgs and their allies... The naval Battle of Preveza took place on 28 September 1538 near Preveza in northwest Greece and was an important victory for an Ottoman fleet commanded by Khair ad Din (Barbarossa) over a Spanish-Venetian fleet commanded by the great Genoese admiral Andrea Doria fleet despite the allies having a... Combatants Austria Ottoman Turks Commanders Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor Captain Nikola JuriÅ¡ić John Szapolyai Suleiman the Magnificent Strength Unknown Over 120,000 soldiers[1] Casualties Unknown, heavy Unknown, heavy The Little War is a name[2] given to a series of conflicts between the Habsburgs and their allies... // Combatants Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Hungary Commanders Ahmed Pasha István Dobó Strength Between 150,000 and 200,000 Approx 2,100, including civilians The Siege of Eger occurred in 1552 during the 16th Century Ottoman Wars in Europe It was a major Hungarian victory after a series of crushing... The Battle of Szigetvar was a monumental battle in the small fort of Szigetvár in Hungary in 1566 between the defending forces of the Kingdom of Hungary under the leadership of Croatian ban Miklós Zrinyi, and the invading army of the Ottoman Empire under Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. ... // Combatants Holy League: Spain  Republic of Venice Papal States Republic of Genoa Duchy of Savoy Knights of Malta Ottoman Empire Commanders Don John of Austria Ali Pasha † Strength 206 galleys, 6 galleasses 230 galleys, 56 galliots Casualties 8,000 dead or wounded, 12 galleys lost 20,000 dead or wounded... For other conflicts called the Long War, see Long War. ... Combatants Ottoman Empire [1] Habsburg Austria Transylvania Commanders Mehmed III Archduke Maximilian Sigismund of Transylvania Strength ~150,000 at least 43 cannon ~50,000 including ~5,000 cavalry 97 cannon Casualties Unknown ~ 30,000 [1] The Battle of Keresztes or Battle of Mezokeresztes (MezÅ‘keresztes) took place on October 24... // For siege of Vienna in 1529 see Siege of Vienna Combatants Holy League: Poland-Lithuania, Austria, Saxony, Bavaria, Franconia, Swabia Ottoman Empire, Khanate of Crimea, Transylvania, Wallachia, Moldavia Commanders John III Sobieski, Charles V of Lorraine Kara Mustafa Pasha Strength 70,000 138,000 Casualties 4,000 killed 15,000... Combatants Austria, Croatia, Hungary, Bavaria Ottoman Empire Commanders Duke of Lorraine Maximilian II Emanuel Süleyman PaÅŸa† (Grand Vizier) Strength 60,000[1] 40,000 Mameluk slaves, 40,000 Balkan mercenaries and 800 Ottoman Turks Casualties 15,000-18,000 killed or wounded ~40,000 killed or wounded The... Combatants Austria Ottoman Empire Commanders Prince Eugene of Savoy Sultan Mustafa II Strength 34,000 infantry, 16,000 cavalry, 60 guns above 80,000 Casualties 500 (2) 30,000 (2) The Battle of Zenta or Battle of Senta, fought on September 11, 1697 just south of modern Serbian town of... Combatants Austria Ottoman Empire Commanders Prince Eugene of Savoy Damad Ali † Strength cca 90,000 120,000-190,000 Casualties 5,000 10,000-30,000 The Battle of Petrovaradin was a decisive victory for Austrian forces in the war between Austria and the Ottoman Empire (1716–1718), at Petrovaradin... is the 213th day of the year (214th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. ... Events March 12 - New Jersey becomes a colony of England. ... Raimondo, Count of Montecuccoli or Montecucculi (born February 21, 1608 or 1609 at the castle of Montecucculo in Modena; died October 16, 1680 at Linz) was prince of the holy Roman Empire and Neapolitan duke of Melfi, Austrian general. ... Motto دولت ابد مدت Devlet-i Ebed-müddet (The Eternal State) Anthem Ottoman imperial anthem Borders in 1680, see: list of territories Capital Söğüt (1299–1326) Bursa (1326–65) Edirne (1365–1453) Constantinople (Ä°stanbul, 1453–1922) Language(s) Ottoman Turkish Government Monarchy Sultans  - 1281–1326 Osman I  - 1918–22 Mehmed VI... Fazıl Ahmed Köprülü (1635 – October 19, 1676), of the Köprülü family, was the grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire from 1661 when he inherited the title from his father Mehmed Köprülü. He captured Crete in 1669 and signed the Treaty of Zorawno on... Szentgotthárd ( in German; MonoÅ¡ter in Slovenian) is a town in Western Hungary, with a population of 8,680 as of 1991. ... The Peace of Vasvár was a treaty between the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy and the Ottoman Empire which followed the Battle of Saint Gotthard of August 1, 1664. ...

Preparations

Ottoman dominance in Hungary began with the Battle of Mohács in 1526, which resulted in the conquest of most of Hungary by Suleiman the Magnificent. Meanwhile, the parts of Hungary that remained under Austrian control became known as Royal Hungary. Although the Ottomans had been in relative decline since the death of Suleiman I, Ottoman power saw a resurgence under the extremely capable Köprülü family, who sought to destroy the Austrian Habsburgs once and for all. They found their casus belli when the Habsburgs supported a Transylvanian rebellion against Ottoman rule. // Combatants Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Hungary Commanders Suleiman I Louis II of Hungary † Pál Tomori † György Zápolya Strength ~ 100,000 supported by 10,000 to 20,000 irregulars 160 to 300 cannons ~ 25,000 to 28,000 53 cannons (85 initial) John Zápolyas 8,000... January 14 - Treaty of Madrid. ... Suleyman I (Ottoman Turkish: Sulaymān, Turkish: ; formally Kanuni Sultan Süleyman in Turkish) (November 6, 1494 – September 5/6, 1566), was the tenth and longest‐serving Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, reigning from 1520 to 1566. ... Consequences of the Battle of Mohács, and the conquest of Buda in 1541 by the Ottomans: the Kingdom is partitioned. ... The Köprülü (also Kiuprili, Koprili Kuprili and Kuprilic) was an Ottoman noble family of Albanian origin. ... Casus belli is a modern Latin language expression meaning the justification for acts of war. ...

Transylvania had escaped Ottoman conquest during the invasion of Hungary and retained its independence by playing off of their powerful neighbors: Poland, Austria and the Ottomans. They recognized Ottoman suzerainty and paid a tribute to the Porte but were given political and religious autonomy in return. In 1658, seeking new land for his principality, Prince George Rákóczy II invaded Poland with his Swedish allies in the Second Northern War. After initial success, he was defeated by the Poles and fled back to Transylvania. On hearing about Rákóczy's unauthorized war, the Ottomans declared war on their vassal. It was not long before Grand Vizier Mehmed Köprülü (Vizier 1656-1661) defeated Rákóczy and conquered Transylvania. The new Transylvanian prince, Janos Kemény, fled to Vienna, seeking Austrian support. Map of Romania with Transylvania in yellow Transylvania (Romanian: or ; Hungarian: ; German: ; Serbian: / or / ) is a historical region in central and western Romania. ... Synonym of the government of the Ottoman Empire. ... Events January 13 - Edward Sexby, who had plotted against Oliver Cromwell, dies in Tower of London February 6 - Swedish troops of Charles X Gustav of Sweden cross The Great Belt (Storebælt) in Denmark over frozen sea May 1 - Publication of Hydriotaphia, Urn Burial and The Garden of Cyrus by... György Rákóczi II (January 30, 1621–June 7, 1660), Transylvanian ruler, was the eldest son of George I and Susannah Lorantffy. ... King Charles X of Sweden The Northern Wars (1655-1661) is a name sometimes used for the series of conflicts between Sweden and its adversaries Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (The Deluge, 1655-1660), Russia (1656-1661), Brandenburg-Prussia (1657-1660), the Holy Roman Empire (1657-60) and Denmark (1657-1658, 1658... A Vizier (وزير, sometimes also spelled Wazir) is an Arabic term for a high-ranking religious and political advisor, often to a king or sultan. ... Mehmed Köprülü (1575/1578/1583 – October 31, 1661) was the Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire from 1656 until his death. ... // Events Mehmed Köprülü becomes Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire. ... 1661 (MDCLXI) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Tuesday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar). ... “Wien” redirects here. ...

Emperor Leopold I, not wishing to see Transylvania fall under direct Ottoman control, sent Montecuccoli into Hungary with his small army. Montecuccoli gave no direct support as he was severely outnumbered by the Ottomans. The Ottomans, meanwhile, completed the conquest of Transylvania and built up their forces in Ottoman Hungary. Leopold I, not wishing to face the Turks alone, summoned the Imperial Diet in January 1663. Leopold I can refer to the following: Leopold I, Markgrave of Austria Leopold I, Duke of Austria and Styria Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I of Belgium Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise... refers to either the historic institution of the Reichstag in Germany, or Diet of Japan. ... // Events Prix de Rome scholarship established for students of the arts. ...

Vas County - Hungary

Image File history File links Please see the file description page for further information. ... Image File history File links Please see the file description page for further information. ...

Diplomatic efforts

More so than military power, the Austrian victory was achieved due to diplomatic efforts. Although Leopold personally objected to Protestantism, he had to rely on his Protestant German princes to provide military aid. Even worse was the military aid from France, which was (and continued to be until the Diplomatic Revolution of 1756) Austria's arch-nemesis. Despite numerous objections from some Protestant princes, help was not short in coming. The League of the Rhine - a French dominated group of German princes - agreed to send a corps of 6,000 men independently commanded by Count Coligny of France and Prince Johann Philipp of Mainz. By September 1663, Brandenburg and Saxony had also agreed to contingents of their own. In January 1664, the Imperial Diet agreed to raise 21,000 men, although this army did not yet exist other than on paper. Meanwhile, the Turks had declared war in April 1663, although they were slow in executing their invasion plans. The Diplomatic Revolution refers to the alliances formed in 1756 as a result of the outbreak of the Seven Years War. ...   (Lower Sorbian: Bramborska; Upper Sorbian: Braniborska) is one of Germanys sixteen Bundesländer (federal states). ... The Free State of Saxony (German: Freistaat Sachsen; Sorbian: Swobodny Stat Sakska) is the easternmost federal state of Germany. ... Events March 12 - New Jersey becomes a colony of England. ...

Raimondo Montecuccoli

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Battle

Köprülü's army might have numbered 120-160,000 Probably included some 60,000 Janissaries and spahis, 100,000 azaps, akincis, silidars,tatars and vassals The Janissaries comprised infantry units that formed the Ottoman sultans household troops and bodyguard. ... Spahis (also spelled as Sipahis, Sepahis or Spakh, in Turkish sipahi) were an elite mounted force within the Six Divisions of Cavalry of the Ottoman Empire. ... Azaps were irregular light infantry of the Ottoman Army. ... Akıncı was the light cavalry division of the Ottoman Army. ... Historically, the term Tatar (or Tartar) has been ambiguously used by Europeans to refer to many different peoples of Inner Asia and Northern Asia. ... Look up vassal in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...

The Turkish invasion began in the spring of 1664, a full year after their declaration of war. This delay was key to the defense of Austria, as Montecuccoli was waiting for help to arrive. Finally in July 1664 the Imperial forces were assembled and they set out for the River Rába, which separated the Turkish forces from the Austrian duchy itself. If they were allowed to cross, the Turks could threaten both Vienna and Graz. Montecuccoli intercepted the Turks before they crossed the river but the division of command made effective deployment of troops impossible. On 1 August 1664 Turkish forces crossed the river near the monastery of Saint Gotthard and beat the Austrians back. Although initially plagued by disunity, Montecuccoli was finally able to convince Coligny and Leopold Wilhelm of Baden-Baden (commander of the Imperial detachment) to mass their forces and attack the Turkish troops, who were reorganizing in a nearby forest. The attack stunned the Turks, who fled in confusion back to the river, with a large number of them drowning. Due to the confusion of the panicked troops, Ahmed Köprülü (Vizier 1661-1676) was not able to send the rest of his army across the river and instead retired from the field. Rába (-Hungarian, in German: Raab, in Slovenian Raba) is a river in south-eastern Austria and western Hungary, tributary to the river Danube. ... The Grazer Schloßberg Clock Tower Graz [graːts] (Slovenian: Gradec IPA: /gra. ...

Casualties were heavy on the Ottoman side and significantly, most of the casualties were in the elite corps of the army. Köprülü was left with an army of ill-trained irregulars and auxiliaries while Montecuccoli's casualties were light and mostly in the Imperial contingent. Despite the victory, the Austrians were still outnumbered nearly three to one^{[citation needed]}.

In his work THE OTTOMAN CENTURIES, Lord Kinross reported that the Turks took huge casualties from the French bayonetmen in the Austrian ranks. This was the first Turkish experience at fighting soldiers using the bayonet and musket in disciplined ranks. But the Turks, in their conservatism, were slow to adopt new economic, military, and social methods, and thus were becoming at this time gradually outclassed by Western European states. The US Marine Corps OKC-3S Bayonet A bayonet (from French baïonnette) is a knife- or dagger-shaped weapon designed to fit on or over the muzzle of a rifle barrel or similar weapon. ...

Aftermath

Although many in Europe, especially the Croat and Magyar nobility, expected the Austrians to finally liberate Hungary once and for all, Leopold abandoned the campaign. Many have criticized him for this decision (both in the past and the present) but at the time he wasn't left a choice. Although Montecuccoli's army was largely intact, there was no interest among the allies to liberate Hungary. Any invasion of Hungary would undoubtedly have to be done without the help of the French and German troops. In addition, although the Magyar nobility was anxious to liberate Hungary from Turkish rule, they played little to no role in the battle. Leopold also noticed that the French officers had begun to fraternize with the Magyar nobles and encouraged them to rebel against Austrian rule. Without significant military aid from the Hungarian nobles (whom Leopold could neither trust nor count on), any liberation of Ottoman Hungary was out of the question. Croats (Croatian: Hrvati) are a south Slavic people mostly living in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina (where theyre one of the constitutive nations). ... Hungarians (Hungarian: ) or Magyars[5] are an ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary. ...

In addition, Leopold had always been a member of the "Spanish faction" in Vienna. With the last Spanish Habsburg, Carlos II, about to die at any given moment, Leopold wanted to ensure that his hands were free for the inevitable struggle against Louis XIV of France. Although the liberation of Hungary was a strategic interest of the Habsburgs, it would have to wait until later. Throughout his reign, Leopold had always been more interested in the struggle against France rather than the Ottomans. Therefore, he signed the humiliating Peace of Vasvar, which did not take into account the Battle of Saint Gotthard. The Battle of Saint Gotthard is still significant, however, for it stopped any Turkish invasion of Austria, which certainly would have prolonged the war and led to an even more disastrous resolution. The Austrians would also use the twenty-year truce to build up their forces and begin the liberation of Hungary in 1683. Charles II of Spain. ... “Sun King” redirects here. ... The Peace of Vasvár was a treaty between the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy and the Ottoman Empire which followed the Battle of Saint Gotthard of August 1, 1664. ... Events June 6 - The Ashmolean Museum opens as the worlds first university museum. ...

Notes

See also

• Battle of Saint Gotthard (Rákóczi's War for Independence)

References

• John P. Spielman, Leopold I of Austria (1977) ISBN 0-8135-0836-3
• Charles W. Ingrao, The Habsburg Monarchy 1618-1815 (1994) ISBN 0-521-78505-7