Battle of Shanghai (1932)
Part of the Second Sino-Japanese War
Chinese 19th Route Army in defensive position
Date: January 28 - March 3 1932 Location: in and around Shanghai Result: ceasefire; Shanghai demilitarized Casus belli: {{{casus}}} Territory changes: {{{territory}}}
Combatants
Republic of China, 19th Route Army, 5th Army	Empire of Japan, Imperial Japanese Army, 2nd Independent Tank Company, Shanghai Expeditionary Force
Commanders
19th Route Army: Jiang Guangnai (Chinese: 蔣光鼐), 5th Army: Zhang Zhizhong (Chinese: 張治中)	Commander: Yoshinori Shirakawa (Japanese: 白川義則), Chief of staff: Kanichiro Tashiro (Japanese: 田代皖一郎) Combatants National Revolutionary Army, Republic of China Imperial Japanese Army, Empire of Japan Commanders Chiang Kai-shek, Yan Xishan, Feng Yuxiang, Zhu De, He Yingqin Tojo Hideki, Matsui Iwane, Minami Jiro, Kesago Nakajima, Toshizo Nishio, Neiji Okamura. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Shanghai_1932_19th_route. ... 1932 (MCMXXXII) is a leap year starting on Friday. ... Shanghai (Chinese: 上海 pinyin: â–¶ (help· info); Shanghainese IPA: ; Lumazi: Zanhe) , situated on the banks of the Yangtze River Delta, is Chinas largest city. ... Casus belli is a Latin expression from the international law theory of Jus ad bellum. ... National motto: None Official language Mandarin Chinese Capital and largest city Taipei President Chen Shui-bian Vice President Annette Lu Premier Su Tseng-chang Area  - Total  - % water Ranked 138th 35,980 km² 2. ... Flag of Imperial Japan The Empire of Japan (: 大日本帝國; Shinjitai: 大日本帝国; pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku) commonly refers to Japan from the Meiji Restoration until the end of World War II. Politically, it covers the period from the enforced establishment of prefectures in place of feudal domains (廃藩置県; Hai-han Chi-ken) in July... The Imperial Japanese Army ((: 大日本帝國陸軍 Shinjitai: 大日本帝国陸軍 Dai-Nippon Teikoku Rikugun) was the official ground based armed force of Japan from 1867 to 1945. ...
Strength
50,000	90,000
Casualties
13,000, including 4000 KIA, plus 10,000 ~ 20,000 civilian deaths	5,000, including 800 KIA
{{{notes}}}

The Battle of Shanghai (Traditional Chinese: 淞滬抗戰; Hanyu Pinyin: sōnghù kàngzhàn) (January 28 - March 3, 1932) was a battle between the armies of the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan, before official hostilities of the Sino-Japanese War commenced in 1937. In Chinese literature, the 1931 battle of Shanghai is often known as the January 28 Incident, while in Japan it is the First Shanghai Incident. The second Battle of Shanghai occurred in 1937. Combatants National Revolutionary Army, Republic of China Imperial Japanese Army, Empire of Japan Commanders Chiang Kai-shek, Yan Xishan, Feng Yuxiang, Zhu De, He Yingqin Tojo Hideki, Matsui Iwane, Minami Jiro, Kesago Nakajima, Toshizo Nishio, Neiji Okamura. ... The Mukden Incident of September 18, 1931, also called the Manchurian Incident, occurred in southern Manchuria when a section of railroad, owned by Japans South Manchuria Railway, near Mukden (todays Shenyang) was blown up. ... Resistance at Nenjiang Bridge was a small war fought between small forces of Chinese militias against the Japanese Imperial Army and collaborationist forces, after the Mukden Incident in which Manchuria was lost to Japan. ... The Defense of the Great Wall (Traditional Chinese: 長城抗戰; Simplified Chinese: 长城抗战; pinyin: ) (January 1 - May 31, 1933) was a battle between the armies of Republic of China and Empire of Japan, before official hostilities of the Sino-Japanese War commenced in 1937. ... The Marco Polo Bridge Incident (盧溝橋事變; also known as 七七事變, 七七盧溝橋事變) was a battle between Japans Imperial Army and Chinas National Revolutionary Army, marking the beginning of the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945). ... The Battle of Beiping-Tianjin (Traditional Chinese: 平津作戰; Simplified Chinese: 平津作战; pinyin: ) (25 July - 31 July 1937) was a battle fought during the Second Sino-Japanese War in the proximity of Beiping (now Beijing) and Tianjin. ... The Battle of Shanghai (Traditional Chinese: 淞滬會戰; Simplified Chinese: 淞沪会战; pinyin: ; literally Battle at the ports of Shanghai), also known as the Defence of Shanghai was the first of the 22 major engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War. ... Combatants 524th Regiment, 88th Division, National Revolutionary Army Imperial Japanese Army Commanders Xie Jinyuan Strength 453 troops More than 2,000 troops Casualties 95 dead More than 200 dead The Eight Hundred Heroes (Traditional: 八百壯士; Simplified: 八百壮士; Hanyu Pinyin: ), also known as the Lost Battalion - not to be confused with the American... The Battle of Pingxingguan, commonly called the Great Victory of Pingxingguan (平型关大捷) in Mainland China, was an engagement fought between the 8th Route Army of the Chinese Communist Party and the Imperial Japanese Army on September 25, 1937. ... Combatants National Revolutionary Army, China Imperial Japanese Army, Japan Commanders Yan Xishan Strength Casualties The Battle of Xinkou (Traditional Chinese: 忻口會戰; Simplified Chinese: 忻口会战; pinyin: ) was the second of the 22 major engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War. ... The Battle of Nanjing began after the fall of Shanghai in October 9, 1937 ,and ended with the fall of the capital city of Nanjing in December, 1937 to Japanese troops, a few days after the Republic of China Government had evacuated the city and relocated to Chongqing. ... The Battle of Taiyuan is a major battle fought between China and Japan near Taiyuan, which lies in the 2nd China Theater. ... The Battle of Taierzhuang (Traditional Chinese: 臺兒莊會戰; Simplified Chinese: 台儿庄会战; pinyin: ) was a battle of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1938, between armies of Chinese Kuomintang and Japan, and is sometimes considered as a part of Battle of Xuzhou. ... The Battle of Xuzhou was fought between Japanese and Chinese forces in May of 1938 during World War Two. ... Combatants National Revolutionary Army Military Region 5,9, Soviet Air Force volunteers Imperial Japanese Army Commanders Chiang Kai-shek, Xue Yue, Wu Qiwei, Zhang Fakui, Wang Jingjiu, Ou Zhentong, Yu Jishi，Duan Langru, Feng Shenfa, Wang Yaowu, Zhang Lingpu, Li Tsung-jen, Sun Lianzhong, Song Xiqian, Tian Zhennan, Feng Anbang... During the Second Sino-Japanese War, Japanese artillery forces marched a long distance into the vast area of continental China. ... For the Chinese Civil War battle in 1927, see Nanchang Uprising. ... The Battle of Suixian-Zaoyang (Traditional Chinese: 隨棗會戰; Simplified Chinese: 随枣会战; pinyin: ), also known as the Battle of Suizao was one of the 22 major engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War. ... Battle of Changsha (September 17, 1939 _ October 6, 1939) was the first attempt by Japan to take the city of China, during the second Sino-Japanese War. ... Combatants National Revolutionary Army, China Imperial Japanese Army, Japan Commanders Strength 120,000 troops in 12 armies 70,000 troops in 4 divisions Casualties The Battle of South Guangxi (Traditional: 桂南會戰; Simplified: 桂南会战; Hanyu Pinyin: ), was one of the 22 major engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial Japanese Army during... The Battle of Zaoyang-Yichang (Traditional Chinese: 棗宜會戰; Simplified Chinese: 枣宜会战; pinyin: ), also known as the Battle of Zaoyi was one of the 22 major engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War. ... The Hundred Regiments Offensive (Chinese: 百團大戰) (August 20, 1940 - December 5, 1940) was a major campaign of the Communist Party of Chinas Red Army commanded by Peng Dehuai against the Imperial Japanese Army in Central China. ... Combatants National Revolutionary Army, China Imperial Japanese Army, Japan Commanders Li Zongren Strength 3 armies 3 divisions Casualties 9,000 troops The Battle of South Henan (Traditional: 豫南會戰; Simplified: 豫南会战; Hanyu Pinyin: ), was one of the 22 major engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino... The Battle of Shanggao (Traditional Chinese: 上高會戰; Simplified Chinese: 上高会战; pinyin: ) was one of the 22 major engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War. ... Combatants National Revolutionary Army, China Imperial Japanese Army, Japan Commanders Wei Lihuang (衛立煌)  ? Strength 180,000 troops in 8 armies 100,000 troops in 6 divisions, 3 brigades Casualties  ? more than 20,000 troops The Battle of South Shanxi (Traditional: 晉南會戰; Simplified: 晋南会战; Hanyu Pinyin: ), also known as the Battle of Jinnan was... The Battle of Changsha (September 6, 1941 _ October 8, 1941) was Japans second attempt in taking the city of China, as part of the second Sino-Japanese War. ... The Battle of Changsha (December 24, 1941 _ January 15, 1942) was the third attempt by Japan to take the city of China during the China following their attack on Pearl Harbor. ... The Battle of Zhejiang-Jiangxi refers to a campaign by the Japanese Imperial Army and allied Chinese forces in the Chinese provinces of Zhejiang and Jiangxi in 1942. ... Combatants National Revolutionary Army, China Imperial Japanese Army, Japan Commanders Bai Chongxi Strength 14 armies 7 divisions Casualties ~60,000 25,830 troops The Battle of West Hubei (Traditional: 鄂西會戰; Simplified: 鄂西会战; Hanyu Pinyin: ), was one of the 22 major engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial Japanese Army during the... The Battle of Changde (Traditional Chinese: 常德會戰; Simplified Chinese: 常德会战; pinyin: ) was a major engagement in the Second Sino-Japanese War. ... The Battle of Henan-Hunan-Guangxi (Traditional Chinese: 豫湘桂會戰; Simplified Chinese: 豫湘桂会战; pinyin: ) also known as Operation Ichigo or Tairiku Datsu Sakusen (Japanese:一号作戦 or 大陸打通作戦) was a series of major battles between the Imperial Japanese Army forces and the Republic of China Army, fought from April to December 1944. ... The Battle of Changsha (1944), also known as the Battle of Hengyang or Battle of Hengyang-Changsha, was an invasion of the Chinese province of Hunan by Japanese troops near the end of the Second Sino-Japanese War. ... The Battle of Guilin-Liuzhou (Traditional Chinese: 桂柳會戰; Simplified Chinese: 桂柳会战; pinyin: ), also known as the Battle of Guiliu was one of the 22 major engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War. ... Combatants National Revolutionary Army, China Imperial Japanese Army, Japan Commanders Strength 17 armies 5 divisions, 3 brigades Casualties  ? 15,000 troops The Battle of West Henan-North Hubei (Traditional: 豫西鄂北會戰; Simplified: 豫西鄂北会战; Hanyu Pinyin: ), was one of the 22 major engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial Japanese Army during the... The Battle of Changsha (1944), also known as the Battle of Hengyang or Battle of Hengyang-Changsha, was an invasion of the Chinese province of Hunan by Japanese troops near the end of the Second Sino-Japanese War. ... The Battle of West Hunan was the last of the 22 major engagements involving 100,000 troops in the Second Sino-Japanese War. ... Traditional Chinese characters are one of two standard character sets of printed contemporary Chinese written language. ... Pinyin (拼音, Pīnyīn) literally means join (together) sounds (a less literal translation being phoneticize, spell or transcription) in Chinese and usually refers to Hànyǔ Pīnyīn (汉语拼音, literal meaning: Han language pinyin), which is a system of romanization (phonetic notation and transliteration to roman script) for Standard Mandarin used in the... January 28 is the 28th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. ... March 3 is the 62nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (63rd in leap years). ... 1932 (MCMXXXII) is a leap year starting on Friday. ... National motto: None Official language Mandarin Chinese Capital and largest city Taipei President Chen Shui-bian Vice President Annette Lu Premier Su Tseng-chang Area  - Total  - % water Ranked 138th 35,980 km² 2. ... Flag of Imperial Japan The Empire of Japan (: 大日本帝國; Shinjitai: 大日本帝国; pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku) commonly refers to Japan from the Meiji Restoration until the end of World War II. Politically, it covers the period from the enforced establishment of prefectures in place of feudal domains (廃藩置県; Hai-han Chi-ken) in July... The Second Sino-Japanese War was a major invasion of eastern China by Japan preceding and during World War II. It ended with the surrender of Japan in 1945. ... 1937 (MCMXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will take you to calendar). ... The Battle of Shanghai (Traditional Chinese: 淞滬會戰; Simplified Chinese: 淞沪会战; pinyin: ; literally Battle at the ports of Shanghai), also known as the Defence of Shanghai was the first of the 22 major engagements between the National Revolutionary Army and Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War. ...

Background

In the Mukden Incident, Japan acquired the vast northeastern region of China and would eventually establish the puppet government of Manchukuo. However, the Japanese military was not satisfied and planned to increase Japanese influence further, especially into Shanghai. In order to achieve this, the Japanese needed to create some incidents to provide some pretexts justifying further military action in China. On January 18, Japanese spy Kawashima Yoshiko organized the beating of five Japanese monks near the Sanyou Factory (Traditional Chinese: 三友實業社; Hanyu Pinyin: sānyǒushíyèshè) and blamed it on Chinese citizens. Meanwhile, some instigated Japanese men burnt down the factory and killed one and hurt several police officers sent by the Chinese authorities. This caused an upsurge of anti-Japanese protests against Japanese presence in the city, as residents of Shanghai marched onto the streets. They also called for boycott of Japanese goods. The Mukden Incident of September 18, 1931, also called the Manchurian Incident, occurred in southern Manchuria when a section of railroad, owned by Japans South Manchuria Railway, near Mukden (todays Shenyang) was blown up. ... Manchukuo (1932 to 1945) (Simplified: 满洲国; Traditional: 滿洲國; Hanyu Pinyin: ) was a former country in Manchuria and eastern Inner Mongolia under the leadership of the Emperor Pu Yi, who had also been the last emperor of Qing Dynasty. ... Shanghai (Chinese: 上海 pinyin: â–¶ (help· info); Shanghainese IPA: ; Lumazi: Zanhe) , situated on the banks of the Yangtze River Delta, is Chinas largest city. ... Kawashima Yoshiko (1907 - October 22, 1947) (川島芳子) was a Manchu princess brought up as a Japanese and executed as a Japanese spy by the Kuomintang. ... Traditional Chinese characters are one of two standard character sets of printed contemporary Chinese written language. ... Pinyin (拼音, Pīnyīn) literally means join (together) sounds (a less literal translation being phoneticize, spell or transcription) in Chinese and usually refers to Hànyǔ Pīnyīn (汉语拼音, literal meaning: Han language pinyin), which is a system of romanization (phonetic notation and transliteration to roman script) for Standard Mandarin used in the...

The Battle

Chinese military police in combat

The situation by this time could break out into mass rioting. By January 27, the Japanese military had already concentrated around thirty ships, forty airplanes, and nearly seven thousand troops around the shoreline of Shanghai, to put down any resistance in case violence breaks out. The Japanese also issued an ultimatum to the Shanghai municipal government, demanding a public condemnation and monetary compensation by the Chinese for any Japanese interest damaged in the monk incident, and that the Chinese government actively put down all anti-Japanese protests in the city. In the afternoon of January 28, the Shanghai municipal government agreed to these demands. However, around midnight, three thousand Japanese troops proceeded to attack various targets, such as train stations, around the city. The Chinese 19th Route Army (Traditional Chinese: 十九路軍; Hanyu Pinyin: shíjǐulìujūn) put up a fierce resistance and the Japanese hastily retreated. Chiang Kai-shek also sent his 5th Army, including his elite 87th and 88th divisions, into the fray. Thus the Battle of Shanghai began. Image File history File linksMetadata Shanghai_1932_military_police. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Shanghai_1932_military_police. ... An ultimatum is a final demand made without intent of negotiation. ... Traditional Chinese characters are one of two standard character sets of printed contemporary Chinese written language. ... Pinyin (拼音, Pīnyīn) literally means join (together) sounds (a less literal translation being phoneticize, spell or transcription) in Chinese and usually refers to Hànyǔ Pīnyīn (汉语拼音, literal meaning: Han language pinyin), which is a system of romanization (phonetic notation and transliteration to roman script) for Standard Mandarin used in the... Chiang Kai-shek (JiÇŽng Jiè Shí in standard Mandarin) (October 31, 1887 – April 5, 1975) was a Chinese military and political leader who assumed the leadership of the Kuomintang (KMT) after the death of Sun Yat-sen in 1925. ... The 88th Division (Traditional: 第88師; Simplified: 第88师; Hanyu Pinyin: ) was a German-trained division in the National Revolutionary Army. ...

Japanese troops burning residential districts

Because Shanghai was a metropolitan city with many foreign interests invested in it, other countries, such as the United States and Great Britain, attempted to negotiate with Japan right from the start for a ceasefire. However, Japan refused and continued to mobilize more and more troops into the region around Shanghai to fight the Chinese defenders. On January 12, American, British, and French representatives brokered a half-day respite for humanitarian relief to civilians caught in the crossfire. On February 12, the Japanese issued another ultimatum, demanding that the Chinese retreat twenty kilometers from the Shanghai foreign concession border, which was promtply refused by the Chinese forces. This only intensified fighting in the city. The Japanese were still not able to take the city and by the middle of February their number was increased to nearly ninety thousand, supported by eighty warships and three hundred airplanes. Japanese bombardments also increased to force the Chinese away from their defensive positions, while commercial and residential districts were torched for the same purpose. The Chinese positions deteriorated rapidly as they were without naval and armored support, and their numbers dwindled to less than fifty thousand, while the Japanese had a hundred thousand troops supported by aerial and naval bombardment. Image File history File linksMetadata Shanghai_1932_japan_burning. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Shanghai_1932_japan_burning. ...

On March 2, the 19th Route Army issued a telegram stating that they had to pull out of Shanghai because of lack of supplies and manpower. The next day, the 19th Route Army and the 5th Army retreated from Shanghai, marking the official end of the battle.

Peace Process

Remembrance service for fallen Chinese troops

On March 4, international delegates at the League of Nations passed a resolution demanding a ceasefire, while sporadic fighting persisted. On March 6, the Chinese agreed to stop fighting, even though the Japanese continued. On March 14, representatives from the League of Nations arrived at Shanghai and forced the Japanese to stop fighting and come to the negotiaton table. While negotiation was going on, intermittent fighting continued in both outlying areas and the city itself. On May 5, China and Japan signed the Shanghai Ceasefire Agreement (Traditional Chinese: 淞滬停戰協定; Hanyu Pinyin: sōnghùtíngzhànxiédìng). This agreement made Shanghai a demilitarized zone and forbade China to garrison troops in areas surrounding Shanghai, Suzhou, and Kunshan, while allowing the presence of a few Japanese units in the city. China was allowed to keep a small police force within the city. The agreement was widely regarded by the Chinese as a humiliation to China, because the conditions set forth were extremely unfavorable. In addition, the war was started by the Japanese and that China put up a very tough fight and inflicted nearly heavy casualties to the invaders, who were beaten back numerous times and had to increase troop numbers dramatically. Thus, many thought that the agreement should not have been so favorable to Japan. In reality, the foreign powers, who had vast economic interests in Shanghai, appeased to Japan to end the conflict in the shortest time possible and essentially betrayed Chinese sovereignty in the process. Image File history File linksMetadata Shanghai_1932_aftermath. ... Image File history File linksMetadata Shanghai_1932_aftermath. ... The League of Nations was an international organization founded after the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. ... Traditional Chinese characters are one of two standard character sets of printed contemporary Chinese written language. ... Pinyin (拼音, Pīnyīn) literally means join (together) sounds (a less literal translation being phoneticize, spell or transcription) in Chinese and usually refers to Hànyǔ Pīnyīn (汉语拼音, literal meaning: Han language pinyin), which is a system of romanization (phonetic notation and transliteration to roman script) for Standard Mandarin used in the... Suzhou (Simplified Chinese: 苏州; Traditional Chinese: 蘇州; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Su-chou; sometimes seen transliterated as Su-chow, Suchow, or Soochow) is one of the most famous cities in China. ... Kunshan ( 昆山; pinyin: KÅ«nshān; Wade-Giles: Kun-shan) is a county-level city in Jiangsu, China. ... The factual accuracy of this article is disputed. ...

Aftermath

Yoshinori Shirakawa, the commander of the Shanghai Expeditionary Force and joint leader of the Japanese forces, was assassinated by Korean nationalist Yoon Bong-Gil during the battle and died on May 26. The nature of the search for Korean independence under the repressive Japanese occupation period (1890-1945) has a particularly complicated and diverse history. ... Yoon Bong-Gil (1908-1932) was a member of the Korean resistance group fighting the Japanese occupation of Korea. ...

After the ceasefire was brokered, the 19th Army was reassigned by Chiang Kai-shek to suppress Chinese Communist insurrection in Fujian. They won some battles against the communists but then negotiated peace with them. On November 22, leaders of the 19th Route Army set up their own Republic of China (Chinese: 中華共和國), free from the control of Chiang's Nanjing government. The new Fujian government was not supported by all elements of the communists and was quickly crushed by Chiang's armies in January 1934. The leaders of the 19th Route Army escaped to Hong Kong and the rest of the army was disbanded and reassigned into other units of the National Revolutionary Army. Communist Party of China flag The Communist Party of China (Simplified Chinese: 中国共产党; Traditional Chinese: 中國共産黨; pinyin: Zhōnggu ngchǎndǎng) is the ruling party of the Peoples Republic of China. ... Fujian (Chinese: 福建; pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Fu-chien; Postal System Pinyin: Fukien, Foukien; local transliteration Hokkien from Min Nan Hok-kiàn) is one of the provinces on the southeast coast of China. ... The National Revolutionary Army (NRA) (Chinese: 國民革命軍; pinyin: guo2 min2 ge2 ming4 jun1) was the national army of the Republic of China. ...

See also

• Second Sino-Japanese War

Combatants National Revolutionary Army, Republic of China Imperial Japanese Army, Empire of Japan Commanders Chiang Kai-shek, Yan Xishan, Feng Yuxiang, Zhu De, He Yingqin Tojo Hideki, Matsui Iwane, Minami Jiro, Kesago Nakajima, Toshizo Nishio, Neiji Okamura. ...

References

China's Trial by Fire: The Shanghai War of 1932 by Donald Jordan (ISBN 0472111655)