Four battles were fought between Russia and the Ottoman Empire for control over the crucial Shipka Pass during the Russo-Turkish War, 1877-78. The Russian Federation (Russian: Росси́йская Федера́ция, transliteration: Rossiyskaya Federatsiya or Rossijskaja Federacija), or Russia (Russian: Росси́я, transliteration: Rossiya or Rossija), is a country that stretches over a vast expanse of eastern Europe and northern Asia. ... The Ottoman Empire at the height of its power Imperial motto El Muzaffer Daima The Ever Victorious (as written in tugra) Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital İstanbul ( Constantinople/Asitane/Konstantiniyye ) Sovereigns Sultans of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40 million Area 12+ million km² Establishment 1299 Dissolution October 29, 1923... The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 had its origins in the Russian goal of gaining access to the Mediterranean Sea and dominating Constantinople (Istanbul) and the adjacent Turkish Straits. ...
Battle of Shipka Pass I - (July 17-19, 1877), Joseph Gourko captures the pass
Battle of Shipka Pass II - (August 21-26, 1877), Turks attempt to retake the pass and are repulsed
Battle of Shipka Pass III - (September 13-17, 1877), A second attempt by the Turks to take the pass is repulsed
Battle of Shipka Pass IV - (January 5-9, 1878), Gourko launches a final Russian attack which crushes the Turks in the Shipka Pass area
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